Effective Drug Therapies from Functional,Macromolecular Building Blocks with a Biomimetic Design

Summary: The development of suitable delivery systems for intracellular delivery of proteins, peptides and other bioactive materials opens the possibility to establish refined strategies for small drug delivery, gene delivery and vaccination. We present the assembly of advanced drug delivery systems from tailored building blocks to scaffolds and bioactive cargos to afford targeting and transport across biological barriers. In particular, the utilization of novel molecular transporter will advance the bioavailability of small and macromolecular drugs that show targeted intracellular delivery.     

一种以三聚氯氰为桥基的新型小分子功能活性染料的合成

以对氨基苯甲酸甲酯和水合肼为原料,经酰胺化反应制得对氨基苯甲酸甲酰胺,进一步与水杨醛通过还原氨化反应生成席夫(1）;以罗丹明B和水合肼为原料,1经闭环反应制得罗丹明B酰肼（2）; 2在四氢呋喃溶剂中与三聚氯氰经缩合取代反应生成一缩产物（3）; 3进一步在四氢呋喃中与1于45~50 ℃回流6 h,经取代反应生成二缩产物,其结构经¹H NMR, MS, IR和元素分析表征。     

Macromolecular Surface Design: Photopatterning of Functional Stable Nitrile Oxides

The efficient trapping of photogenerated thioaldehydes with functional shelf‐stable nitrile oxides in a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition is a novel and versatile photochemical strategy for polymer end‐group functionalization and surface modification under mild and equimolar conditions. The modular ligation in solution was followed in detail by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to analyze the functionalized surfaces, whereas time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) confirmed the spatial control of the surface functionalization using a micropatterned shadow mask. Polymer brushes were grown from the surface in a spatially confined regime by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) as confirmed by TOF‐SIMS, XPS as well as ellipsometry.     

Catalytic Liquid-Phase Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds Containing Highly Reactive Functional Groups

Improved procedures have been proposed for fast and selective hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds with the goal of obtaining practically important amines.     

Photoinitiators with Functional Groups, 8

Summary: Bimolecular type‐II photoinitiators for radical photopolymerization suffer from a diffusion‐controlled limitation of reactivity and from deactivation by back electron transfer. Here, a very efficient concept to increase the photoinitiator activity by the covalent binding of phenylglycine to benzophenone using a methylene spacer is presented. Photo‐DSC experiments proved that the rate of polymerization can be tripled in comparison to a physical mixture of the components or an industrially applied system with triethanolamine as coinitiator.

Structure of the new photoinitiator synthesized here.     

含有络合功能基的非天然氨基酸的设计、合成及在生物活性肽中的应用

设计合成了一类侧链带有络合基团的非天然氨基酸, 即侧链带有N,N-二羧甲基氨甲基、N,N-二酰胺甲基氨甲基和N,N-二羟乙基氨甲基的苯丙氨酸衍生物, 并将这类非天然氨基酸用于促性腺激素释放激素(LHRH)类似物的固相合成. 高效液相色谱分析结果表明, 粗肽的纯度较好, 易于纯化; 用电喷雾质谱测定了多肽的分子量. 这些非天然氨基酸可作为其它肽类药物合成的构建单元.     

直线群及其在聚合物结构中的应用

对聚合物晶体中各种高分子链的构象进行了研究,找出了它们的三维对称性,并用直线群来表征。在此基础上,讨论了分子链在空间群中排布的规律性,即在空间群中高分子链的对称性与所在位置的对称性相呼应。并利用直线群讨论了有序-无序高分子链所在空间群转变的规律性。     

Distribution of Functional Groups in Carboxymethyl Rhodexman

The distribution of functional groups in the monomeric unit of carboxymethyl rhodexman was studied by periodate oxidation and ¹³C NMR.     

高分子表面改性剂的分子设计

简述高分子表面改性剂对聚合物进行表面改性的微观模型，讨论了高分子表面改性剂的分子结构、分子量以及加工工艺条件对表面改性效果的影响，提出了高分子表面改剂的分子设计原则。     

Chemoselective Oxidations in Water of Functional Groups

The organic functional groups, formyl, cyano, hydroxymethyl and methylsulfenyl, are oxidized with high yields in water only by using TBHP and controlling the pH of the reaction medium. In the presence of (CTA)₂SO₄, the oxidation of the easily oxidizable sulfide group is prevented and a highly chemoselective process is obtained. The role of the surfactant is discussed.     

Green and Functional Aerogels by Macromolecular and Textural Engineering of Chitosan Microspheres

Tremendous interest was recently devoted to the preparation of porous and functional materials through sustainable route, including primarily the use of renewable biopolymers instead of petroleum‐sourced synthetic chemicals. Among the biopolymers available in enormous quantity, chitosan – obtained by deacetylation of chitin – stands as the sole nitrogen‐containing cationic amino‐sugar carbohydrate. This distinctively provides chitosan derivatives with plenty of opportunities in materials science. Particularly, its pH switchable solubility allowed the preparation of three‐dimensional entangled nanofibrillated self‐standing microspheres. These porous hydrogels behave as nano‐reactors to confine exogenous nanoobjects within the polysaccharide network, including sol‐gel metal alkoxide species, organometallic derivatives and isotropic and oriented nanoparticles. Besides, the interfacial interplay of chitosan with lamellar clay and graphene oxide allowed the penetration of the biopolymer inside of the galleries, which result in a complete delamination of the layered nanomaterials. The preserved gelation memory of chitosan in these formulations provides a way to access porous microspheres entangling exfoliated nanometric sheets. CO₂ supercritical drying of functional hydrogel beads enabled efficient removal of water and other liquid solvents without wall collapsing, allowing large‐scale preparation of millimetric hydrocolloidal microspheres with an open macroporous network. These functionalized lightweight biopolymer aerogels find applications in heterogeneous catalysis, sensing, adsorption, insulation and for the design of other sophisticated porous nanostructures. Beyond their tailorable molecular and textural‐engineering, the possibility for macroscopic shaping of these intriguing nanostructures opens many new opportunities, especially in additive‐manufacturing for soft and hybrid robotics.     

Functional Opals from Reactive Polymers: Complex Structures,Sensors, and Modified Photoluminescence

Summary: This paper describes the synthesis and properties of functional opal structures, so-called colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs), from a variety of reactive polymers. Photoprocessable opals are presented as well as opals with incorporated “smart” defect layers that can be actively addressed by external stimuli. In addition, opals with functional bio-macromolecular defects have been developed. They present a new class of materials for optical biomonitoring through shifts of the induced photonic defect mode. Strong modification of photoluminescence according to the photonic bandstructure is observed from opals with embedded exclusively luminescent defect layer.     

阵列纳米通道中氨基官能团质子化研究

质子化过程是大多数酸碱理论的核心,也发生在许多生命过程中。因此,研究限域环境中分子或官能团的质子化过程将为进一步认识酸碱理论和阐述限域环境中生物分子的基本行为提供理论依据。本文提出了一种以荷电电化学探针检测多孔氧化铝阵列纳米通道内表面官能团质子化过程的新方法。该方法利用纳米通道表面官能团的质子化过程改变了表面荷电性质,从而调控荷电电化学探针在纳米通道中的传输行为。实验中以喷涂在阵列氧化铝纳米通道膜一侧的薄金膜为工作电极,检测通过阵列纳米通道荷电电化学探针的流量,以此获得纳米通道限域条件下的质子化过程。同时以多孔氧化铝阵列纳米通道为限域空腔,利用硅烷化反应将氨基修饰在纳米通道的内表面,通过检测不同pH值条件下铁氰酸根离子在纳米通道中流量的变化,获得了纳米通道限域条件下氨基质子化滴定曲线。结果表明,纳米通道限域条件下氨基官能团发生一步质子化,其pK1/2值为5.9。本文提出的方法适用于研究纳米通道限域条件下其它官能团或生物分子的质子化过程。     

Two Colour Photoflow Chemistry for Macromolecular Design

We report a photochemical flow setup that exploits λ‐orthogonal reactions using two different colours of light (λ₁=350 nm and λ₂=410 nm) in sequential on‐line irradiation steps. Critically, both photochemically reactive units (a visible‐light reactive chalcone and a UV‐activated photo‐caged diene) are present in the reaction mixture. We demonstrate the power of two colour photoflow by the wavelength‐selective end group modification of photo‐caged polymer end groups and the subsequent polymer ring closure driven by a [2+2] cycloaddition. Importantly, we evidence that the high energy gate does not induce the visible light reaction of the chalcone, which attests the true λ‐orthogonal nature of the flow reaction system. For the first time, this study opens the realm of photoflow reactions to λ‐orthogonal photochemistry.     

Noncovalent Macromolecular Architectures of Oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)s (OPVs): Role of End Functional Groups on the Gelation of Organic Solvents

Summary: Self-assembly of a few OPV derivatives having different end functional groups to aggregates, fibrous networks and organogels are discussed. OPV1 and OPV2 functionalized with ester moieties form gels in nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents whereas OPV3 with carboxylic acid groups form gel from THF and dichloromethane. OPV4 with dicyano moieties form aggregates but could not gelate solvents. AFM and TEM studies revealed considerable difference in the morphology of the self-assembled structures of OPV1-4 . From the optical, morphological and gelation data it is concluded that the nature of the end functional groups strongly influences upon the self-assembly and gelation properties of OPVs.     

反应性聚烯烃的分子设计、催化聚合及应用

通用高分子材料高性能化研究的一个主要内容是聚烯烃(聚乙烯和聚丙烯)的高性能化和功能化.但是,由于聚烯烃大分子的化学惰性,其化学(分子)改性和物理(材料)改性都存在很大困难.近年来,烯烃聚合催化剂技术不断进步,烯烃聚合理论研究持续深入,从而为通过分子设计手段以可控方式在聚烯烃中引入化学活泼基团而制备结构明确和组成均匀的反应性聚烯烃奠定了基础.本文从反应性聚烯烃的分子设计、催化聚合以及其在聚烯烃高性能化研究中的应用等几个方面综述了近年来反应性聚烯烃领域的研究进展,并对此领域今后的研究发展方向提出了建议.