首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Abstract

The new generalized bond energy scheme has been extended to organic oxygen compounds. About 50 different types of bonds have been identified and their ΔHf°(g) contributions and atomization energies evaluated by a procedure similar to multilinear regression analysis. Recent thermochemical data (1969-1973) on 145 oxygen compounds and about 80 ring compounds have been employed to test the efficiency of the scheme in predicting the gas phase heats of formation. This was found to be about ±0. 8 kcal/mole, which is quite comparable to the group contribution method of Benson and co-workers involving a much larger number of parameters.

The typical chemical bonds identified and resolved in respect of their bond energies bear good consistency and correlation with bond lengths and force constants measurable independently. Heats of formation and polymerization on about 47 monomer-polymer systems and enthalpies of other polymeric reactions have been predicted and compared with available experimental data.  相似文献   

2.
The bond energy scheme is extended to nitrogen compounds by correlating experimental thermochemical data reviewed to 1980. Heats of formation and atomization energy terms are provided for bonds of nitrogen with other elements: H, C, O, N, S, and halogens. An overall precision of 3 kcal/mol was attainable at the best, which is rather low for chemical reaction kinetics purpose. This is attributable mainly to the intrinsically unpredictable bond energies of the nitrogen atom due to the “lone-pair” electrons participation in the valence bonding, rendering nitrogen bonds specific and less transferable. The nearest-neighbor interactions on nitrogen atom are also severe but predictable if sufficient energy terms are generated. The concept of ring strain in five-membered rings (about 5 × 2 kcal/mol in the background of thermochemical data) has been reviewed and amended by providing a special set of energy terms for the (C, O, N, S) -ring skeleton which is considered strain-free if the hydrogen atom is the only substituent. Heats of formation of some common molecular structures are predicted.

Heats of formation of nitrogen-containing polymers and heats of polymer-forming and polymer-modification reactions are estimated and compared with available calorimetric data.  相似文献   

3.
A self-consistent set of bond energy terms permitting estimation of heats of formation of halogen compounds is evolved. The overall precision attained is ±0.7 kcal/mole, which is considerably better than that of the experimental data. Heats of formation of halogen containing monomers and polymers, and heats of polymerization are calculated.  相似文献   

4.
The enthalpy of combustion of 3-nitroisoxazoline has been determined as ΔH c 298.15 =?414±0.3 kcal/mole and that of 3-nitroisoxazoline N-oxide as ΔH c 298.15 =?406.6±0.5 kcal/mole. From the values for the heats of combustion and evaporation, the standard enthalpies of formation have been calculated and the energy of the N→O bond has been evaluated at 64±3 kcal/mole.  相似文献   

5.
Ab initio SCF CI calculations with a minimal STO-3G basis set have been performed on the hydrogen bonded dimers in which H2O is the proton donor to H2CO in its relaxed singlet and triplet n→π* states. Two dimers which are easily interconverted are found in the singet n→π* state with hydrogen bond energies of 1.82 and 1.71 kcal/mole. The equilibrium dimer in the triplet state has a hydrogen bond energy of 2.97 kcal/mole. In both states, hydrogen bond formation occurs at the carbon atom. The structures of the dimers and the nature of the intermolecular surfaces in the regions of hydrogen bond formation are examined. Electron densities and distributions are also discussed.  相似文献   

6.
A new bond-energy scheme is developed for calculating the heats of formation (ideal gas, 298°K, 1 atm) of alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, in continuation of the earlier part of the scheme for alkanes. The over-all precision is about ±0.5 kcal/mole and the scheme is easily applicable to polymers. Both the C–H and C–C bond-energy terms fulfill a linear relationship in respect of the bond strength vs. the bond length, for which least-square equations have been derived. A few other earlier bond energy/group contribution methods are compared with the present scheme, treating all available experimental data reported in literature on about 200 hydrocarbons including 10 polymers.  相似文献   

7.
The I2-catalyzed isomerization of allyl chloride to cis- and trans- l-chloro-l-propene was measured in a static system in the temperature range 225–329°C. Propylene was found as a side product, mainly at the lower temperatures. The rate constant for an abstraction of a hydrogen atom from allyl chloride by an iodine atom was found to obey the equation log [k,/M?1 sec?1] = (10.5 ± 0.2) ?; (18.3 ± 10.4)/θ, where θ is 2.303RT in kcal/mole. Using this activation energy together with 1 ± 1 kcal/mole for the activation energy for the reaction of HI with alkyl radicals gives DH0 (CH2CHCHCl? H) = 88.6 ± 1.1 kcal/mole, and 7.4 ± 1.5 kcal/mole as the stabilization energy (SE) of the chloroallyl radical. Using the results of Abell and Adolf on allyl fluoride and allyl bromide, we conclude DH0 (CH2CHCHF? H) = 88.6 ± 1.1 and DH0 (CH2CHCHBr? H) = 89.4 ± 1.1 kcal/ mole; the SE of the corresponding radicals are 7.4 ± 2.2 and 7.8 ± 1.5 kcal/mole. The bond dissociation energies of the C? H bonds in the allyl halides are similar to that of propene, while the SE values are about 2 kcal/mole less than in the allyl radical, resulting perhaps more from the stabilization of alkyl radicals by α-halogen atoms than from differences in the unsaturated systems.  相似文献   

8.
The atomization energies, ΔH0at,0 of the molecules, AlAu2 and Al2 and Al2Au have been determined as 121 ± 6 and 110 ± 5 kcal mole?1 or 506.3 ± 25.1 and 460.2 ± 20.9 kJ mole?1, respectively.Theses atomization energies are discussed in terms of bond strengths and the Pauling model of a polar bond. Available information suggests that AlAu2 has the structure AuAlAu, but that Al2Au has the structure AlAlAu. For both molecules divalent gold is shown to be unlikely.  相似文献   

9.
The heats of formation of C3 and C4 alkyl nitrites (RONO) have been determined via their heats of combustion by bomb calorimetry, thereby providing a complete set of values of ΔHºf for C1-C4 alkyl nitrites. The experimental values are in excellent agreement with values derived from group additivity rules. For branched compounds these calculations involve corrections for gauche interactions. In these cases, the gauche interactions are reflected in the activation energies E1 determined by recent kinetic studies, required for breaking the RO-NO bond. The heats of formation of the alkoxy radicals involved together with ΔHºf(NO) = 21.6 kcal/mole leads to the result D(RO-NO) = 41.5 ± 1 kcal/mole. The concordance between D(thermochemical) and D(kinetic), unlike previous kinetic studies, implies that E2 = 0 ± 1 kcal/mole.  相似文献   

10.
A pulsed beam of metastable atoms traverses a scattering chamber filled with oxidant gas at low pressures (beam + gas arrangement); the resulting chemiluminescence is spectroscopically resolved as a function of time to yield a time-of-flight (TOF) spectrum for different internal states. From this data, the initial relative translational energy distribution is derived for the reactants that populate the excited internal state observed. Lower bounds are placed on the barium halide (BaX) dissociation energies, using the reactions Ba(3D) + X2 → BaX* + X, where X = Br, I. Arguments are presented to show that these lower bounds represent measurements of the true bond energies: it is concluded that D00(BaBr) = 85.8 ± 2 kcal/mole and D00(BaI) = 72.9 ± 2 kcal/mole. The present work corrects previous determinations of bond energies from single-collision chemiluminescent studies which were in error because of unrecognized metastable contamination in the high-temperature atomic beam.  相似文献   

11.
Rate parameters for the reaction of ground-state atomic sulfur, S(3P), with the olefins cis-2-butene and tetramethylethylene have been determined over a temperature range of ∽280°K. A major finding of this study was that the rate constants for both reactions showed negative temperature dependencies. When k is expressed in the form of an Arrhenius equation, this necessarily leads to negative activation energies: k1 = (4.68 ± 0.70) × 10?12 exp (+0.23 ± 0.09 kcal/mole)/RT (219°-500°K) k2 = (4.68 ± 1.70) × 10?12 exp (+1.29 ± 0.23 kcal/mole)/RT (252°-500°K) Units are cm3 molec?1s?1. When a threshold energy of 0.0 kcal/mole is assumed for reaction (2), the temperature dependence of the preexponential term has a value of T?2. Making the usual simplifying assumptions, neither collision theory nor transition state theory leads to a preexponential factor with a strong enough negative temperature dependence. A comparison of these results with those derived from studies of the reactions of atomic oxygen, O(3P), with the same olefins shows that in both studies simple bimolecular processes were being examined. Also discussed are the possible experimental and theoretical ramifications of these new results.  相似文献   

12.
《Chemical physics letters》1999,291(5-6):449-453
The CCSD(T) atomization energies are extrapolated to the complete basis set limit, and are corrected for zero-point energy, spin–orbit, core-valence, and scalar relativistic effects. Our best heats of formation at 298 K for CF4 and C2F4 are −223.1±1.1 and −160.5±1.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The CF4 value is in excellent agreement with experiment (−223.04±0.18 kcal/mol), while the C2F4 result suggests that the experimental value (−157.6±0.6 kcal/mol) has a larger error than believed. Our value for C2F4 also shows that the G3 value has the expected error of ±2 kcal/mol.  相似文献   

13.
Ab initio SCF LCAO MO calculations for the [H2O…Cl]? complex have been performed. The energy of the linear hydrogen bond has been found to be lower than the energy of the bifurcated one. The difference of the energies is about 3 kcal/mole. The calculated equilibrium distance between the oxygen and chlorine atoms equals 5.75 au. The interaction energy of the chlorine anion and the rigid water molecule amounts to ?19 kcal/mole. The optimization of the OH bond length in the complex (linear hydrogen bond) leads to an interaction energy of ?19.5 kcal/mole (the experimental value equals ?13.1 kcal/mole). As a result of the hydrogen bond formation the OH bond length increases by 0.08 au.  相似文献   

14.
Methane is a primary product of pyrolysis of 3-chloro-l-butene at temperatures in the range 776–835°K, and from its rate of formation values have been obtained for the limiting high-pressure rate constant of the reaction These may be represented by the expression log [(k1)/sec?1] = (16.7 ± 0.3) ? (71.5 ± 1.5)/θ, where θ = 2.303RT kcal/mole. Assuming a zero activation energy for the reverse reaction and that over the experimental temperature range the rates at which a methyl radical adds on to chlorobutene are comparable to those at which it abstracts hydrogen, the activation energy for the dissociation reaction leads to a value of 83.2 ± 1.9 ckal/mole for D(H? CHClCH:CH2) at 298°K. Taking D(H? CHClCH2CH 3) = 95.2 ± 1.0 kcal/mole a value of 12.0 ± 2.1 kcal/mole is obtained for the resonance energy of the chloroallyl radical. This value in conjunction with resonance energies obtained in earlier work indicates that substitution of a hydrogen atom on the carbon atom adjacent to the double bond in the allyl radical leads to no significant variation in the allylic resonance energy.  相似文献   

15.
The structure of 1,2-benzyne (I) has been optimized with respect to its total molecular energy using the MINDO/2 SCF-procedure. The results indicate a bond length of ~1.26 Å for the strained triple bond. The overall geometry suggests that I possesses considerable resonance energy. The calculated heat of formation (ΔHf(I) = 107 kcal/mole) is in good agreement with an estimate from mass spectrometric studies (ΔHfexp(I) = 118 ± 5 kcal/mole). From model calculations for bent acetylene the strain energy of I is estimated to be about 60 kcl/mole. Some chemical reactions of I are discussed in the light of the results.  相似文献   

16.
The gas phase reaction of iodine (2.8–43.3 torr) with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (7.4–303.4 torr) has been studied over the temperature range 280–355°C in a static system. The initial rate of disappearance of I2 is first order in MEK and half order in I2. The rate-determining step is the abstraction of a secondary hydrogen atom by an iodine atom: where k1 is given by and θ = 2.303RT in kcal/mole. This activation energy is equivalent to a secondary C? H bond strength of 92.3 ± 1.4 kcal/mole and ΔH of the methylacetonyl radical = -16.8 ± 1.7 kcal/mole. By comparison with 95 kcal/mole for the secondary C? H bond strength, when delocalization of the unpaired electron with a pi bond is not possible, the resonance stabilization of the methylacetonyl radical is calculated to be 2.7 ± 1.7 kcal/mole. This value is 10 kcal/mole less than the stabilization energy of the isoelectronic methylallyl radical. The difference in pi bond energies in the canonical forms of the methylacetonyl radical is shown to account for the variation in stabilization energies.  相似文献   

17.
Studies are made of the visible chemiluminescence resulting from the reaction of an atomic beam of samarium or europium with O3, N2O, NO2 and F2 under single-collision conditions (~10?4 torr). The spectra obtained for SmO, EuO, SmF, and EuF are considerably more extensive than previously observed. The variation of the chemiluminescent intensity with metal flux and with oxidant flux is investigated, and it's concluded that the reactions are bimolecular. From the short wavelength curoff of the chemiluminescent spectra, the following lower bounds to the ground state dissociation energies are obtained: D00(SmO) > 135.5 +- 0.7 kcal/mole, D00(EuO) > 131.4 ± 0.7 kcal/mole, D00(SmF) > 123.6 ± 2.1 kcal/mole, and D00(EuF) > 129.6 ± 2.1 kcal/mole. Using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the latent heats of sublimation are found to be ΔH1052 (Eu) = 42.3 ± 0.7 kcal/mole for europium and ΔH1084(Sm) = 47.9 ± 0.7 kcal/mole for samarium. Total phenomena- logical cross sections are determined for metal atom removal. Relative photon yields per product molecule are calculated from the integrated chemiluminescent spectra and it is found that Sm + F2 → SmF* + F is the brightest reaction. The comparison of the photon yields under single-collision conditions with those at several torr shows that energy transfer collisons play an important role in the mechanism for chemiluminescence at the higher pressures. A simple model is presented which explains the larger photon yields of the Sm reactions compared to the Eu reactions in terms of the greater number of electronic states correlating with the reactants in the case of samarium.  相似文献   

18.
Results of application of seven well-known bond energy/group contribution methods to the experimental data on heats of formation of 70 alkanes, including a few polymers, are reported. The earlier claims of accuracy of many of these schemes become untenable with the emergence of new data on nonanes and polymers, calling for more parameters to cope with the steric interaction energy in higher branched alkanes. A new general bond energy scheme is developed with low standard error of ±0.28 kcal/mole which is close to the experimental uncertainty. Heats of formation of some polyolefin structures are predicted for the experimental verification in the future. The energy terms of the new scheme are transferable to other non-hydrocarbon organic compounds for which a general scheme is under way.  相似文献   

19.
The equilibrium geometries and transition states for interconversion of the CSiH2 isomers in the singlet electronic ground state are optimized at the MP2 and CCSD(T) levels of theory using a TZ2P basis set. The heats of formation, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, and rotational constants are also predicted. There are three energy minima on the CSiH2 potential energy surface. Energy calculations at CCSD(T)/TZ2P(fd) + ZPE predict that the global energy minimum is silavinylidene (1), which is 34.1 kcal mol−1 lower in energy than trans-bent silaacetylene (2) and 84.1 kcal mol−1 more stable than the vinylidene isomer (3). The barrier for rearrangement 2→1 is calculated at the same level of theory to be 5.1 kcal mol−1, while for the rearrangement 3→2 a barrier of 2.7 kcal mol−1 is predicted. The natural bond orbital (NBO) population scheme indicates a clear polarization of the C(SINGLE BOND)Si bonds toward the carbon end. A significant ionic contribution to the C(SINGLE BOND)Si bonds of 1 and 2 is suggested by the NBO analysis. The C(SINGLE BOND)Si bond length of trans-bent silaacetylene (2) is longer than previously calculated [1.665 Å at CCSD(T)/TZ2P)]. The calculated carbon-silicon bond length of 2 is in the middle between the C(SINGLE BOND)Si double bond length of 1 (1.721 Å) and the C(SINGLE BOND)Si triple bond of the linear form HCSiH (4), which is 1.604 Å. Structure 4 is a higher-order saddle point on the potential energy surface. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

20.
A simple electrostatic model of point dipoles is used which permits direct calculation of the activation energies for the addition of the molecules H2O, H2S, H3N, and H3P to olefins. These calculated values agree with the known experimental data to within ±2 kcal/mole on the average. It was found that the best fit could be obtained with a polar transition state that corresponded to a reduction in bond order from 1 to ½ for the bond-breaking coordinates and an increase in bond order from 0 to 0.18 for the bond-forming coordinates. The replacement of a hydrogen atom of the species H2O, H2S, H3N, or H3P by a polarizable methyl group is expected to stabilize the charge on the central atoms. The following stabilization energies for the pairs H2O? CH3OH, H2S? CH3SH, H3N? CH3NH2, H3P? CH3PH2 were calculated: ?4.8 kcal/mole, ?0.7 kcal/mole, ?1.9 kcal/mole, ?0.8 kcal/mole, respectively.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号