Acenaphthylene Copolymers. II. Glass Transition Temperatures

Glass transition temperatures are reported for copolymers of acenaphthylene with the following comonomers: methyl meth-acrylate, styrene, maleic anhydride, diethyl maleate, N-vinyl-pyrrolidone, a-methylstyrene, and trans-stilbene. The data are discussed in terms of previously published treatments of the dependence of glass transition temperature on copolymer composition. The drop in glass transition temperature consequent upon incorporation of small quantities of comonomer is not related to the glass transition temperature of the corresponding homopolymer.     

Transparent Epoxy/Silica Nanocomposites with Increased Glass Transition Temperatures

Epoxy/silica nanocomposites were obtained by curing 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate in the presence of silica nanoparticles modified by (3-triethoxysilyl)propylsuccinic acid anhydride. Optimum conditions for the preparation of optically transparent polymer nanocomposites with increased glass transition temperatures are determined. The glass transition temperatures of the above nanocomposites are 30-40 °C higher than those of the neat epoxy resin synthesized under the same conditions (130 °C).     

Effect of Hydrogen Bonds on Structures and Glass Transition Temperatures of Maleimide–Isobutene Alternating Copolymers: Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

The objective of this paper is to use molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to study the influence of hydrogen bonding on the structure and glass transition temperature (T_g) of maleimide–isobutene alternating copolymers (poly(RMI‐alt‐IB)), a promising material used in the optoelectronics industry. The T_g obtained by MD simulation shows that the incorporation of hydrogen bonding increased the T_g for 48 K. The static and dynamic properties of poly(RMI‐alt‐IB)s are examined in this study. All the results prove that intermolecular CO…H O is the main hydrogen bond in the copolymers, while negligible intramolecular hydrogen bonding is observed. The segmental mobility and chain mobility are decreased because of the existance of the hydrogen bonds.

     

乙烯基单体-N-取代马来酰亚胺共聚物玻璃化温度研究

用差示扫描量热仪对乙烯基单体/N-取代马来酰亚胺共聚物的玻璃化温度(T_g)进行测定.研究了共聚物组成、序列结构、乙烯基单体和N-取代马来酰亚胺种类对共聚物T_g的影响.提出了含共聚物组成和序列结构的T_g预测方程,该方程不仅适合于无规共聚物,还适合于具有严重交替倾向的共聚物.     

PPO及其改性物在低于玻璃化转变退火时的热行为研究

用DSC法研究了聚苯醚(PPO)、羧化度为16.0mol%的羧化PPO(C-PPO)和相应的C-PPO的正十二酯(Et-CPPO)在稍低于玻璃化转变温度等温退火的热焓松弛行为,讨论改性基团对热焓松弛速率的影响。发现三种样品在等温退火过程中产生的吸热峰随退火时间或温度的增加而增加。在相同退火条件下,峰宽随侧基链加长而增加,热焓松弛速率降低。     

以化学键为加和单元研究二元共聚物的玻璃化温度

以玻璃化转变的热力学理论为基础,根据相邻C原子的不同取代情况对主链化学键进行分类,假定化学键的刚性能具有加和性,从而对Gibbs-DiMarzio方程进行了修订,提出了新的Tg-序列结构-共聚物组成关系方程.新方程中包含不同三元组序列的摩尔分率和相关均聚物、周期共聚物的Tg,方程中的所有参数可以通过实验测定或计算得到,没有纯粹的拟合参数,在共聚物的结构与Tg之间建立了直接而唯一的关系,因而此方程可以方便地解释各种共聚物Tg-组成关系曲线.如果二元共聚体系的周期共聚物或交替共聚物尚未合成,还可以通过该方程由无规共聚物的Tg-组成曲线对其Tg进行预测.将该方程应用到MMA-St、E-VAc无规共聚物,得到很好的结果.     

关于影响高分子材料玻璃化转变温度因素的教学分析

从《高分子物理》考试试题实例出发,抓住聚合物材料的"结构决定性能,并最终决定用途"这条主线,详述了链结构因素(主链和取代基)和分子间作用力对聚合物玻璃化转变温度(Tg)的影响,并结合不同高分子材料的用途进行分析,使学生真切了解到材料结构与性能及用途之间的关系。这种理论联系实际的案例教学法有利于加深学生对高分子材料的感性认识,引发学生学习的广泛兴趣,促使教师进行自我教育和提高业务水平,从而取得良好的教学效果。     

玻璃与玻璃化转变

玻璃与玻璃态的应用极其广泛。玻璃化转变是一种典型的非晶液-固转变,当转变发生时体系的结构并没有明显变化,因而我们无法将其归类于已有的任何相变类型。作为凝聚态物理和软物质领域的核心问题,玻璃化转变的研究已有近70年的历史。然而,时至今日,人们还是无法回答玻璃态的本质是什么这一基本问题。本文简述了玻璃态的性质以及伴随玻璃化转变发生的一些基本物理现象,并总结了半个世纪以来一些与玻璃化转变相关的理论,以期加深读者对玻璃及玻璃化转变的认识。     

On the Changes in Glass Transition Temperatures of Atactic Polypropylenes Induced by Grafting of Polar Groups

A discussion on the influence of grafted polar groups (succinic anhydride and succinil-fluorescein) in glass transition behaviour of atactic polypropylene is shown in this work, on the basis of the reaction conditions used to obtain the modified polymers, kind and amount of grafted groups, and the degradation processes which may take place. The Box-Wilson experimental design methodology for two independent variables (reactant concentration to obtain the modified polymer) has been used to follow variations in glass transition temperatures. The existence of undesired degradation processes is considered as independent of the grafting reactions, and the model predictions seem to agree with this latter.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Glass Transition Temperature and Chain Flexibility of Ethylene‐Norbornene Copolymers from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Summary: Model chains of ethylene‐norbornene copolymers were built up using the results of ¹³C NMR spectral analysis of copolymer samples synthesized with metallocene‐based catalysts. Our models statistically reproduce the microstructure, composition, and tacticity of the copolymer chains of experimental samples. They were used to test if MD simulations are suitable to investigate the relationships between microstructure and macroscopic properties. In particular, MD simulations were applied to calculate the glass transition temperature and to study the chain flexibility by the analysis of ACF of specific virtual bonds. Plots of specific volume versus temperature computed for models of four copolymer samples having different microstructures and norbornene contents yield T_g values in good agreement with experiments. Moreover, comparison of the ACFs provides some qualitative indications about the relationship between chain stereochemistry and T_g.

ACF functions of the virtual bonds with microstructures NENE (bottom) and ENNE (top).     

The Distribution of Glass Transition Temperatures in Ultrathin Polymer Films Controlled by Segment Density or Interfacial Interaction

Nowadays, the microscopic mechanism controlling the distribution of local glass transition temperatures (T_gs) across thin polymer films is still unclear and thus large‐scale applications of polymer films are restricted. Dynamic Monte Carlo simulations are performed to investigate the key factors dominating the distribution of layer T_gs in two kinds of capped ultrathin films with and without attractive polymer–substrate interactions, respectively. For the film without polymer–substrate interaction, the interfacial layer T_g is lower than the middle layer T_g. Additionally, the layer T_gs and the layer segment densities below T_g are linearly correlated, indicating that polymer density determines the distribution of layer T_gs. However, for the films with polymer–substrate interactions, the interfacial layer T_g increases dramatically with the raise of interfacial interactions, while the middle layer T_g decreases slightly. The interfacial layer T_g is proportional to the strength of interfacial interaction, while the middle layer T_g is linearly correlated with the segment density of the middle layer below T_g. Namely, interfacial interaction is the main factor dominating the interfacial layer T_g, while segment density controls the middle layer T_g.

     

Relations between Glass Transition Temperatures in Miscible Polymer Blends and Composition: From Volume to Mass Fractions

The use of volume fractions in the empirical mixing laws to predict the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of polymer blends provides good agreement with experimental values, even for polymer systems with different densities. No adjustment parameter is therefore required whereas Gordon-Taylor and Kwei equations based on weight fractions need the use of a fitting parameter which has to be determined from experimental data. This assumption was validated from Tg measurements through DSC experiments conducted on PMMA /PVDF blends which have significantly different densities.     

Glass Transition in Crystalline Cyanoadamantane

Preliminary results of a calorimetric investigation of the different states of crystalline cyanoadamantane are presented. Adiabatic calorimetry was used to investigate the equilibrium phases. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the domain of metastability of the rotator phase. Noticeable short range order modifications are revealed at the approach of the glass transition. They are characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments.     

An Analysis of the Solvent Effects on the Monomer Reactivity Ratios Using the Copolymer Glass Transition Temperatures

The glass transition temperatures (T_g) of styrene‐butyl acrylate copolymers obtained by free radical polymerization in bulk, and in 3 mol·L^–1 benzene and benzonitrile solutions, have been measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to verify the bootstrap effect previously reported for this system. The corresponding values have been correlated with copolymer composition and microstructure using the Johnston equation.     

Thermodynamic Behavior of Non-Ionic Tri-block Copolymers in Water at Three Temperatures

Apparent molar volumes (V _Φ) of aqueous solutions of some copolymers, based on ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) units, were determined as functions of concentration at three temperatures. Viscosity measurements were also carried out on some of these systems. The effects studied include how the molecular architecture and the molecular weight affect the aggregation of the copolymer, keeping constant the EO/PO ratio. Modeling of the volumetric data yielded the partial molar volume of the copolymer in the standard (V°) and the aggregated (V _M) states, as well as the equilibrium constant for micellization and the aggregation number. Analysis of the viscosity data supported the insights obtained by modeling of the volumetric data. At a given temperature, both V° and V _M, normalized for the number of the EO and the PO units, are linearly related to the fraction of the EO in the copolymer, regardless of the copolymer nature. These correlations are powerful tools for predicting values of both V° and V _M for copolymers not yet investigated. For macromolecules having the same molecular architecture, the standard Gibbs free energies of micellization () are slightly negative within the errors of their determination, and are hardly affected by temperature changes. Also, their aggregation numbers are small. From the quantitative analysis of the viscosity data, insights were obtained that corroborated the thermodynamic findings. Finally, values of , normalized for the EO and the PO units, show that the same driving forces control the self-assembling processes for copolymers having different molecular weight but the same EO/PO ratio.     

Simulation of the Glass Transition

Enthalpic relaxation has been used to model the development of the glass transition in polymers, using kinetic parameters determined separately. For this purpose the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watt stretched exponential function, relating the extent of relaxation, Φ(t), to time t and an average relaxation time, τ_a, i.e.

PET类共聚酯的玻璃化转变

用DSC,IR和DLI(解偏振光法)等方法研究了聚(对苯二甲酸/间苯二甲酸)乙二醇酯[P(ET/EI)]和聚对苯二甲酸(乙二醇/丁二醇)酯[P(ET/BT)]系列共聚酯的玻璃化转变.结果表明,共聚酯的玻璃化转变是玻璃态有序结构解序后的一种转变.随ET链段含量的减少,两系列共聚酯的玻璃化转变在DSC中均表现出由拐折渐变为峰形,这是由于需要维持构象转变的ET链段在数量上的减少所致.玻璃态共聚酯的有序结构与分子链末端的游离羟基有关,游离羟基与羰基形成氢键是PET及可结晶共聚酯在结晶时必须经历的一个过程,而不能结晶的共聚酯(IPA30)则因该氢键的形成导致其玻璃化转变的消失.     

Morphology Transition of Block Copolymers under Curved Confinement

The morphology transitions in AB diblock and ABA triblock copolymers confined between flat and curved surfaces were investigated by MC simulations. Upon variation of the extent of frustration between thickness d and bulk lamellae period L₀, parallel and vertical or distorted vertical lamellar structures appear in both flat and curved confinements. With increasing curvature, the compatibility of d and L₀ becomes more perturbed so that perfectly parallel lamellae are formed with increasing difficulty. Owing to the smaller L₀ of ABA as compared to AB, the transformation frequency of the incompatible region of d/L_0(ABA) is more notable for ABA and the corresponding transformation period is larger than that of AB.