激光入射孔径对柱形腔靶辐照不均匀度的影响

 研究了激光入射孔径对柱形腔靶中 l=2阶靶丸辐照不均匀度的影响，计算得到了激光入射孔径对辐照不均匀度随时间变化的影响可以用源于某一固定点的一族曲线来描述。此固定点是由与激光光斑的位置决定的，与腔靶的半径和入射激光束的入射角有关，而与激光入射孔径的大小无关。辐照不均匀度随时间的变化是由激光光斑的辐射温度的变化和腔壁辐射温度的变化决定的，激光入射孔半径的大小影响着辐照不均匀度随时间变化的曲线的梯度，入射孔越大，曲线的梯度就越大。激光入射孔对l=2阶靶丸辐照不均匀度的影响与入射孔半径近似呈线性关系。     

激光入射孔径对柱形腔靶辐照不均匀度的影响

研究了激光入射孔径对柱形腔靶中 l=2阶靶丸辐照不均匀度的影响,计算得到了激光入射孔径对辐照不均匀度随时间变化的影响可以用源于某一固定点的一族曲线来描述。此固定点是由与激光光斑的位置决定的,与腔靶的半径和入射激光束的入射角有关,而与激光入射孔径的大小无关。辐照不均匀度随时间的变化是由激光光斑的辐射温度的变化和腔壁辐射温度的变化决定的,激光入射孔半径的大小影响着辐照不均匀度随时间变化的曲线的梯度,入射孔越大,曲线的梯度就越大。激光入射孔对l=2阶靶丸辐照不均匀度的影响与入射孔半径近似呈线性关系。     

扇形腔旭日型磁控管结构的理论分析与数字模拟

利用场分析法推导了扇形腔旭日型磁控管的色散关系, 通过CST模拟软件验证了理论推导的正确性, 分析了扇形腔旭日型磁控管的各项结构参数对π 模截止频率和模式分隔度的影响. 研究表明: 色散关系的理论值与模拟值之间的最大相对误差不到3%, π 模截止频率的理论值与模拟值之间的最大相对误差不到1%; π 模截止频率f_πc与阴极半径R_c, 阳极半径R_a, 大腔张角2θ₁成正比关系, 与小腔半径R_d0, 大腔半径R_d1, 小腔张角2θ₀成反比关系, 这一定性结论与同腔型磁控管的定性结论并不完全一致; 在径向比较上, 结构参数对频率的影响由大到小依次为: 阳极半径, 大腔半径, 小腔半径和阴极半径; 在角向比较上, 大腔张角对频率的影响较大, 小腔张角对频率的影响较小; 另外, 模式分隔度γ 与大腔半径R_d1成正比关系, 与阴极半径R_c, 小腔半径R_d0, 小腔张角2θ₀成反比关系, 随阳极半径R_a或大腔张角2θ₁的增大先增大后减小. 关键词： 旭日型磁控管 扇形谐振腔 色散关系 场分析法     

光子晶体的非严格周期性对其传输特性的影响

将时域有限差分法(FDTD)用于光子晶体传输特性研究。以二维方格子光子晶体TM模为研究对象。分别讨论了光子晶体制作过程中圆柱半径和品格常量误差对光子晶体传输特性和光子晶体器件性能的影响。研究表明。圆柱半径和品格常量的误差越大。光子晶体的带隙效果越差。在一定的误差范围里,光子晶体的传输特性能够被很好地保持;由于误差的存在,光子晶体点缺陷所形成的微腔的共振频率位置与理想情况发生了漂移;加工精度误差对光子晶体器件性能有较大影响。     

Seya-Namioka单色仪中光栅曲率半径误差的影响及补偿

Seya-Namioka光栅制作过程中的曲率半径误差会引起离焦像差,该像差会对光栅单色仪的光谱性能造成极大的影响。本文基于光线追迹理论,模拟分析了曲率半径误差对Seya-Namioka光栅的具体影响。分析结果表明,出入臂长度对曲率半径误差有很好的补偿作用,通过调整出入臂长度曲率半径误差的容许范围可增大到2 mm左右。总调整量不变的情况下,任意改变出入臂的长度,补偿效果相似。随着误差的增加需要调整的出入臂长度值变大,过大的误差使用出入臂长度无法进行补偿;出入臂夹角仅能对正向曲率半径误差进行补偿,且补偿所需调整角过大,影响单色仪的结构设计,该方法并不实用。结果可为单色仪的设计和使用提供理论参考。     

强冲击载荷下边界对固支方板的毁伤破坏试验

冲击载荷作用下边界条件对方板的毁伤破坏具有很大影响。利用落锤试验机开展了不同边界支撑下固支方板的冲击试验,为获取固支方板边界撕裂的典型破坏模式,专门设计加工了与固支方板尺寸相当的冲击锤头和可改变倒角的方板支撑框架。研究结果表明:(1)冲击载荷作用下,固支方板呈现出塑性大变形、单边撕裂、双边撕裂等典型破坏模式,倒角越小,方板越容易撕裂;(2)边界支撑对固支方板中心位移、整体变形轮廓影响较小,但对方板的撕裂长度、临界撕裂阈值存在较大影响;(3)不同边界支撑主要改变方板边界处的剪切应变,边界支撑倒角越小,剪切效果越明显,方板边界临界撕裂应变位于[0.191,0.241]区间。     

全视角高精度三维测量仪光学系统误差分析研究

大视角、高分辨率、低畸变光学成像系统是全视角高精度三维测量仪中最为关键的核心器件。现有三维测量仪实际使用过程中不可避免会产生各种误差,因此科学合理地评估和降低全视角高精度三维测量仪的测量误差具有十分重要的科学及工程应用意义。通过多角度、全方面分析定量研究了相机内方位元素标定误差对几何定位误差的影响,以及相机光学系统MTF分析、点扩散函数分析、波像差分析和公差分析对匹配误差产生的影响。研究结果表明,在各种影响三维测量仪光学成像系统测量误差的因素当中,相机的传递函数是影响系统三维定位误差最主要的因素,当系统MTF_N值大于0.4 lp/mm、系统几何畸变小于1个像素,PSF能量集中在以3 μm为半径的圆环内(小于1个像素),且PSF峰值达到了0.9时,三维测量仪的定位误差可达到秒级精度。     

Mutual alignment errors due to localized distortion in free-space laser communication links

Instead of Zernike polynomials, truncated Gaussian function is proposed to express localized wave-front deformation in studying mutual alignment errors in free-space laser communication links, which simplifies the calculation. Mutual alignment errors include pointing and tracking errors which depend on transmitting and receiving optical system, respectively. It is shown that both pointing and tracking errors depend on three parameters (the center value A, the radius a and the distance d) of Gaussian localized distortion and change regularly as they increase. The maximum pointing and tracking errors always appear around A = 0.4λ (rms = π). Moreover, pointing error is more sensitive to localized wave-front deformation than tracking error. Beam truncation ratio has great influence on pointing error, and obscuration ratio has less influence on pointing and tracking errors except that antenna secondary mirror shelters parts of the localized deformation. To reduce the influence of localized aberrations, the principles how to choose the optical devices with large aperture are given, and a method that aligns the pointing direction to compensate pointing and tracking errors is suggested. The work will contribute to the design of free-space laser communication systems.     

高斯光束斜入射非平行法布里-珀罗干涉仪后的透射光强分布

基于多光束干涉原理,推导出了高斯光束斜入射非平行法布里-珀罗干涉仪射后的透射光强表达式,在此基础上,着重研究了高斯光束入射角的大小以及法布里-珀罗干涉仪两反射端面的不平行度对透射光强分布的影响。研究结果表明：入射角的大小和干涉仪的不平行度对透射光的强度分布、峰值强度的大小和峰值强度的位置有很大的影响;在入射高斯光束具有较小的腰斑半径或法布里-珀罗干涉仪的两端面的反射率较大时,必须考虑高斯光束沿传输轴线的衍射效应;楔角为负的非平行法布里珀罗出射光斑的光强在“反跳”处急剧下降到零,可利用这一特点对距离进行精确测量。     

永磁体在磁流体中的磁力学建模及自悬浮位置可控性

以球形永磁体和球形容器为对象,推导出永磁体磁浮力模型,分析磁导率、永磁体的剩余磁化强度和永磁体半径、容器半径以及永磁体相对于容器中心位置的位移对磁场力的影响,结论具有一定普遍性.计算结果表明各参数均遵循一定规律对磁场力产生影响,始终有满足自悬浮现象的条件存在.通过对悬浮平衡位置特征分析,论述各变化参数与自悬浮位置的关系,并讨论实现自悬浮位置的可控性途径. 关键词： 磁流体 磁场力模型 自悬浮     

Analysis of time-of-flight distributions under pulsed laser ablation in vacuum based on the DSMC calculations

A theoretical study of the time-of-flight (TOF) distributions under pulsed laser ablation has been performed. 2D simulations of pulsed evaporation of atoms into vacuum on the base of the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method have been carried out. It is found that for large evaporating spots (when the spot radius exceeds the initial plume length by a factor of five) the TOF distributions practically do not change with the spot radius variation. Moreover, it is shown that such distributions can be obtained from 1D calculations. Thus, in the frames of 1D approach, the TOF distribution is a function only of the number of the evaporated monolayers, but not of the spot radius. The shape of the TOF distribution is shown to strongly depend on the amount of the evaporated matter. Based on the calculated TOF distributions, dependence of the particle kinetic energy on the number of the evaporated monolayers has been obtained. To verify the theoretical results, experimental data on laser ablation of niobium and mercury have been used, which confirm the obtained dependences. The obtained results allow estimating the irradiated surface temperature from the TOF distributions for monatomic neutral gas.     

轴类零件内部缺陷超声检测与重构方法研究

为了探究轴类零件内部缺陷的无损检测方法,本文以曲轴为研究对象,基于超声ALOK技术对其内部多个小孔进行了无损检测实验,并建立了相应的声学仿真有限元模型,提出利用声程—角度散点图中的趋势线,可快速判别内部缺陷特征和位置的方法。并且改进了ALOK算法,即采用邻近探头构建的方程或曲线重构缺陷,模拟和实验结果表明使用改进的算法提高了缺陷位置和尺寸的检测精度,通过实验数据重构所得的缺陷位置误差和半径误差分别在2 mm和0.5 mm左右。研究结论对于轴类零件内部缺陷精确定量化无损检测提供了理论和技术指导。     

大口径平面镜快速瑞奇-康芒测量法研究北大核心CSCD

瑞奇-康芒法是用小口径干涉仪检测大口径平面镜的主要方法之一。通过分析瑞奇-康芒法中球面参考镜半径、平面镜位置和瑞奇角误差对测量精度的影响,给出了3个参数的选择方法。针对瑞奇-康芒法测量时误差分离导致的测量效率低的问题,提出适用于加工过程的快速瑞奇-康芒测量法,仿真模拟该方法下被测平面镜位置、角度等定位误差对测量结果的影响,并设计实验对比验证。该方法与直测法测量间的最大偏差峰-谷值(PV)为0.0151μm,均方根(RMS)为0.0036μm,能够有效满足加工过程中面形快速测量需求。     

拉锥光纤中光传输模场的矢量分析

采用二维矢量时域有限差分法(FDTD),考虑了拉锥光纤芯层的折射率分布和光纤芯层直径等参数,详细分析了拉锥光纤的锥度、拉锥后纳米光纤半径等对拉锥光纤中光波模场分布和传输特性的影响。计算结果表明,单模光纤芯层的折射率分布函数对光纤中光传输模场分布影响较小;拉锥光纤锥度越大光波的能量损耗越大;当拉锥后纳米光纤半径逐渐变小时,纳米光纤的光传输模场中心光强先逐渐增强然后又逐渐减小。     

Radiation-induced glide motion of interstitial clusters in concentrated alloys

We propose a mechanism for glide motion, i.e. one-dimensional (1D) migration, of interstitial clusters in concentrated alloys driven by high-energy particle irradiation. Interstitial clusters are fundamentally mobile on their respective 1D migration tracks, but in concentrated random alloys they are stationary at the position where the fluctuating formation energy achieves a local minimum. Irradiation changes the microscopic distribution of solute atoms through atomic displacement and recovery of the produced Frenkel pairs, which causes cluster 1D migration into a new stable position. In molecular dynamics simulations of interstitial clusters up to 217i in Fe–Cu alloys, stepwise 1D migration was observed under interatomic mixing or shrinkage of the cluster: a single 1D migration was induced by two exchanges per atom or cluster radius change by two interatomic distances. The 1D migration distance ranged up to several nanometers. We compared the frequency and distance of 1D migration with those for in situ observation using high-voltage electron microscopy, allowing for the extremely large rate of interatomic mixing and cluster shrinkage in the present simulation.     

Surface micro-texturing of metallic cylindrical surface with proximity rolling-exposure lithography and electrochemical micromachining

In this paper, a new method is developed for fabricating large-scale three-dimensional (3D) microstructures for cylindrical objects with proximity rolling-exposure lithography (PREL) and electrochemical micromachining (EMM). This method is capable of patterning a wide variety of shapes, including shapes that are impossible to fashion with conventional methods over a large area. A cylindrical rod covered with photoresist is subarea-exposed with a collimated ultraviolet source through a mask by rotating the rod through a definite angle to expose each area. To ensure the shape accuracy of the microstructures, a 2D exposure model is built to predict and optimise such parameters as the rod radius, exposure angle and effective light intensity. The experimental results show that the ideal exposure time for a cylindrical layer is three to four times longer than that for a planar layer with the same thickness. The relative errors of the microstructures decrease as the exposure angle decreases or as the microstructures increase in size. Furthermore, EMM is extended to non-planar surfaces and ordered microstructures with feature sizes down to 40 μm are obtained over large areas on the cylinder.     

发射率限定辐射测温原理

辐射测温技术随着辐射测量传感器技术的进步而不断进步,已经由单波长测温发展到多波长和多波段测温,由点温测量发展到二维甚至三维温度场测量。但是在辐射测温更精确反演方面,却很难克服因发射率未知性而引起的模型构建误差。发射率行为难以确定并极大地影响了测温精度,急需发展一种具有通用性,不受发射率具体行为限制,具有较高稳定性的辐射测温方法。双波长测温适用于发射率具有灰体行为的物体温度测量,一系列的发射率补偿算法和波长选择方法均未能很好地实现通用性测量,往往直接单色测量可能误差比比色法更小。多波长测温得到广泛应用,但并不是波长越多越好,发射率模型仍然具有较大局限性。提出了发射率直接限定算法和发射率松驰限定算法来反演温度。在发射率限定条件相同时,这两种方法是等价的。发射率松驰限定算法基于最小二乘算法和松驰因子进行真温求解。推导了松驰限定法的误差传递公式,发现在保证测量信号强度的前提下,λT越小温度误差越小;发射率行为对温度相对误差具有重要影响,在相同的λT条件下,发射率随波长变化越大,在限定区间上覆盖越均匀,测量误差越小。但从直接限定算法可以看出所测波长数越多,测量误差越小。两种方法均可以看出,减少限定区间长度也可以显著地提高测量精度。     

含有凹口的金属纳米环形共振器的本征模式分裂

提出了一种含有凹口金属纳米环形共振器结构,采用时域有限差分方法模拟了表面等离子体在这种结构中的传播特性.详细研究了凹口的长度、位置以及环的半径对透射性质的影响,发现当凹口的长度满足一定条件,并且处于某些特定位置的时候,与没有凹口的环形共振器相比,本征透射模式会发生分裂.随着环半径的增加,透射模式会向长波长方向移动,但不会对模式的分裂造成影响.     

A preliminary study on numerical simulation of microwave heating process for chemical reaction and discussion of hotspot and thermal runaway phenomenon

The nonlinear process of microwave heating chemical reaction is studied by means of numerical simulation. Especially, the variation of temperature in terms of space and time, as well as the hotspot and thermal runaway phenomena are discussed. Suppose the heated object is a cylinder and the incident electromagnetic (EM) wave is plane wave, the problem turns out to be a coupling calculation of 2D multi-physical fields. The integral equation of EM field is solved using the method of moment (MoM) and the thermal conduction equation is solved using a semi-analysis method. Moreover, a method to determine the equivalent complex permittivity of reactant under the heating is presented in order to perform the calculation. The numerical results for water and a dummy chemical reaction (A) show that the hotspot is a ubiquitous phenomenon in microwave heating process. When the radius of the heated object is small, the highest temperature occurs somewhere inside the object due to the concentration of the EM wave. While the radius increases to a certain degree, the highest temperature occurs somewhere close to the surface due to the skin effect, and the whole high temperature area shows crescent-shaped. That is in accordance with basic physical principles. If the radius is kept the same in the heating process, the hotspot position of water does not change, while that of reaction A with several radius values varies. For either water or A, the thermal runaway phenomenon in which small difference of radius results in large difference of highest temperature, occurs easily when the radius is small. On the contrary, it is not evident when the radius is large. Moreover, it is notable that the highest temperature in water shows oscillating decreasing trend with the increase of radius, but in reaction A almost decreases monotonously. Further study should be performed to determine if this difference is only an occasional occurrence. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60801035 and 60531010)     

用ZEMAX模拟五棱镜误差对平行度检测的影响

介绍了用五棱镜法检测大口径光束平行度的原理。分析了五棱镜加工的角度误差及面形误差对检测结果的影响，得出了五棱镜角度误差不影响检测结果，2个折射面的面形误差对检测结果的影响较小，2个反射面的面形误差对检测结果影响最大的结论。介绍了选择五棱镜的方法和减小面形误差影响的方法。最后，给出了用五棱镜法检测单星模拟器出射光束平行度的应用实例。