还原石墨/氧化锌复合薄膜的制备及其光电转换性能

本工作研究不同过程还原的氧化石墨rGO/ZnO(reduced graphiteoxide/ZnO)复合膜的可见光激发光电转换性能。氧化石墨(GO)经KOH还原处理或NaBH4还原处理后,和氧化锌溶胶混合,通过旋涂法和热处理在F掺杂SnO2薄膜导电玻璃(FTO)衬底上形成复合薄膜。采用XRD、FTIR、FE-SEM、XPS、UV-Vis等方法对复合薄膜的晶相结构、微观形貌等进行表征,并测试了复合薄膜在可见光照射下的光电转换性能。GO的预处理过程对复合薄膜的结构影响显著,采用NaBH4对GO处理更有利于形成均匀薄膜。光电流测试结果表明不同复合薄膜均能实现可见光照射下产生光电流,其原理为rGO的光激发电子跃迁到ZnO,而空穴在rGO中迁移,在rGO与ZnO界面实现光生载流子分离。其中NaBH4处理后的rGO/ZnO复合薄膜光电流密度最大,达6×10-7A·cm-2。     

ZnO/RGO复合材料的结构及其光催化性能研究

本实验以ZnSO₄和氧化石墨(Graphite Oxide,GO)原料,在低温环境下(60 ℃)制备了层状ZnO/RGO(ZnO/Reduced Graphite Oxide)复合材料。通过对ZnO/RGO复合材料进行XRD、FTIR、XPS和FE-SEM等测试,表征了产物的晶相结构、界面状况及微观形貌特征。氧化石墨在与ZnO的复合反应过程中其活性基团消失或减弱,氧化石墨自身被还原为一种类石墨物质(Reduced GO,RGO);GO的预处理过程对产物的形貌有较大影响,采用稀碱溶液对石墨的剥离处理有利于产物的层状结构形成。本文还以甲基橙为目标降解物,考察了不同条件下所得催化剂的紫外光催化性能。研究表明,ZnO/RGO纳米复合材料大大提高了ZnO紫外光催化活性。光致发光谱(PL)显示,ZnO/RGO复合材料的荧光发射峰强度比纯ZnO有较大降低,说明ZnO的光激发电子在氧化石墨的还原产物RGO和ZnO纳米颗粒之间存在界面电子转移效应,因而抑制了ZnO中光生电子-空穴对的复合,从而提高了ZnO的光催化性能。     

阳极氧化制备TiO2纳米管及其光催化性能

采用电化学阳极氧化法在纯Ti表面制备出结构整齐有序的TiO₂纳米管阵列, 研究了不同溶液体系对TiO₂纳米管尺寸和形貌的影响. 利用X射线衍射仪和场发射扫描电镜表征所制备的TiO₂纳米管. 20 V反应15 h, 0.5 wt% HF＋1 mol/L (NH₄)H₂PO₄溶液中TiO₂纳米管直径为70～90 nm, 长度约2.2 μm, 在500 ℃的空气气氛下退火1 h, 纳米管薄膜以锐钛矿结构为主, 在该条件下所制备TiO₂纳米管的光电流密度达到3.2 mA/cm². 以该纳米管薄膜为光阳极, 施加0.45 V (vs. SCE)的外加偏压, 在125 W紫外光照射5 h后, 初始摩尔浓度为20×10^－6 mol/L的酸性红G (C₁₈H₁₃N₃Na₂₀₈S₂)在pH＝3时, 降解率达到92.4%.     

Fe3O4/Au复合微粒制备条件及性质研究

在纳米级Fe₃O₄作为种子, 过量的盐酸羟胺为还原剂的条件下, 将Au³⁺在分散于水相中的Fe₃O₄胶态种子表面还原为Au⁰, 得到核壳结构, 粒径为170 nm左右的Fe₃O₄/Au磁性复合微粒, 并对磁性复合微粒的制备条件进行了优化. 通过激光粒度散射仪和透射电子显微镜分析了不同条件下磁性复合微粒的粒径分布及形貌, 结果表明: Fe₃O₄种子的磁响应性、悬浮稳定性以及种子表面Au³⁺的还原条件等是得到单分散性、粒径均一、磁响应性和悬浮性能好的胶态Fe₃O₄/Au复合微粒的主要影响因素. 通过紫外-可见分光光度计对Fe₃O₄/Au复合微粒的扫描分析发现, 磁性复合微粒在可见光区域呈现与胶体金类似的特征吸收峰, d (0.5) =168 nm的Fe₃O₄/Au磁性复合微粒的最大吸收峰位于波长625 nm处.     

染料敏化稀土离子修饰二氧化钛纳米晶电极的光电化学性质

制备了N3染料敏化的稀土离子表面修饰二氧化钛纳米晶电极. 由于在新电极表面形成了一个势垒, 这个势垒可以有效地抑制电极表面的电荷复合, 因此改善了电极的光电转化性质. 其中N3染料敏化Yb³⁺离子修饰TiO₂电极在73.1 mW/cm²白光照射下的光电转化效率比TiO₂电极增大了15%.     

Pt、N共掺杂TiO2在可见光下对三氯乙酸的催化降解作用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了氮掺杂纳米TiO₂(N-TiO₂), 并用光分解沉积法在N-TiO₂表面负载微量金属Pt(0.5％(w)), 形成铂-氮共掺杂纳米TiO₂(Pt/N-TiO₂). 实验结果表明, Pt 、N共掺杂纳米TiO₂紫外可见光吸收边带较纳米TiO₂红移约20 nm, 并在400～500 nm处有弱的吸收. Pt/N-TiO₂电极在可见光区的光电流约为纳米TiO₂电极的6倍. 以Pt/N-TiO₂为催化剂, 催化三氯乙酸(TCA)光降解反应, 室温下经可见光照射2 h后TCA降解率约为8％. N掺杂减小了TiO₂的禁带能隙, 使它在可见光区具有光催化活性, 适量Pt掺杂抑制了光生载流子的复合, 加速了电子界面传递速度, Pt、N共掺杂使两种效应相结合, 进一步提高了光催化反应性能.     

硒/氧化石墨烯/二氧化钛复合薄膜的制备及光电转换性质

将氧化石墨烯(GO)掺入钛酸溶胶中,以导电玻璃(ITO)为基底,经浸渍-涂覆-煅烧得到GO/TiO2复合薄膜;采用电沉积技术在GO/TiO2薄膜表面沉积Se纳米微粒,得到Se/GO/TiO2复合薄膜;利用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析了复合薄膜的形貌和晶体结构,采用紫外可见光谱仪测定了其光谱学性质,利用光电转换实验测定了其光电转换性质.结果表明,所制备的Se/GO/TiO2复合薄膜各组分分布均匀,具有锐钛矿相结构的TiO2颗粒粒径为20nm,与TiO2结合的GO具有分散片层结构,薄膜中的Se颗粒粒径为60～80nm.与此同时,在Se和GO的共同作用下,Se/GO/TiO2复合薄膜对可见光有很好的光电转换效应.     

叠氮二(2,2''-联吡啶)钌(Ⅱ)配合物的光物理和光化学性质

本文研究了叠氮二(2,2'—联吡啶)钌(Ⅱ)配合物在有机溶剂及乙腈—水中的一些光物理和光化学性质。在77K的甲醇—乙醇玻璃态时,用245nm等波长激发表现较强的荧光,其最大发射峰在540nm,另一弱带在580nm。在室温甲醇中测得的磷光发射是弱的,且寿命<15us。 在254nm、300nm及514nm照射下,光反应机制及量子产率与溶剂、照射波长有关。在乙腈—水及乙腈中,分别用254nm和514nm照射均发生取代反应,最后的光产物为Ru(bpy)₂(N₃)(CH₃CN)⁺,配合物消失的量子产率分别为0.129±0.008mol einstein^-1及(6.77±0.22)×10^-5mol einstein^-1;在乙腈—水中用514nm照射,生成的光产物先是Ru(bpy)₂(N₃)(CH₃CN)⁺,再生成Ru(bpy)₂(CH₃CN)₂²⁺,配合物消失的量子产率为(5.32±0.13)×10^-4mol einstein^-1。     

Applied bias photon-to-current conversion efficiency of ZnO enhanced by hybridization with reduced graphene oxide

The role of reduced graphene oxide(rGO) in the enhancement of photo-conversion efficiency of ZnO films for photoelectrochemical(PEC) water-splitting applications was analyzed. ZnO and rGO-hybridized ZnO(rGO/ZnO) films were prepared via a two-step electrochemical deposition method followed by annealing at 300 °C under argon gas flow. The physical, optical and electrochemical properties of the films were characterized to identify the effect of rGO-hybridization on the applied bias photon-to-current efficiency(ABPE) of ZnO. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of verticallyaligned, wurtzite-phase ZnO nanorods. Diffuse-reflectance UV–visible spectroscopy indicated that rGO-hybridization was able to increase the light absorption range of the rGO/ZnO film. UPS analysis showed that hybridization with rGO increased the band gap of ZnO(3.56 eV) to 3.63 eV for rGO/ZnO sample,which may be attributed to the Burstein–Moss effect. Photoluminescence(PL) spectra disclosed that rGOhybridization suppressed electron-hole recombination due to crystal defects. Linear sweep voltammetry of the prepared thin films showed photocurrent density of 1.0 and 1.8 m A/cm~2 for ZnO and rGO/ZnO at+0.7 V, which corresponded to an ABPE of 0.55% and 0.95%, respectively. Thus, this report highlighted the multi-faceted role of rGO-hybridization in the enhancement of ZnO photo-conversion efficiency.     

γ-Ray Irradiation-Derived MnO/rGO Composites for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries

We report a γ-ray irradiation reduction method to prepare MnO/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite for the anode of lithium ion batteries. γ-Ray irradiation provides a clean way to generate homogeneously dispersed MnO nanoparticles with finely tuned size on rGO surface without the use of surfactant. The MnO/rGO composite enables a fully charge/discharge in 2 min to gain a reversible specific capacity of 546 (mA·h)/g which is 45% higher than the theoretical value of commercial graphite anode.     

Reassessing the Necessity of the Drying Step in Hummer's Method for Graphene Oxide Synthesis

The necessity of drying the graphene oxide suspension (GOsus) using Hummer's Method to produce graphene oxide (GO) powder was studied. The undried GOsus was compared to the dried GO. The GO materials were used as Pt supports via NaBH₄ reduction for O₂ reduction. XRD patterns showed similar d-spacing in both while the half-cell tests of the Pt/rGOsus and Pt/rGO catalysts were similar. GOsus film, deposited onto Toray Carbon Paper and electrochemically reduced in aq. H₂SO₄ was tested as a capacitor. The suspension and dried graphene-based capacitor showed similar XRD and XPS patterns and the erGOsus capacitor displayed increased capacitance.     

Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles/Reduced Graphene Oxide as Novel Electrochemical Platform for Immobilization of FAD and its Application as Highly Sensitive Persulfate Sensor

In this study, manganese oxide nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide(MnOxNPs/rGO) was used as support for strong immobilization of flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD). A thin film of rGO cast on the electrode surface, followed by performing electrodeposition of MnOxNPs at applied constant potential of +1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl for 200 s. Finally, FAD was electrodeposited onto the rGO/MnOxNPs film by potential cycling between 1.0 to ?1.0 V in solution containing 1 mg ml^?1 FAD. Electrochemical properties and catalytic activity of GCE/rGO‐MnOxNPs/FAD toward persulfate (S₂O₈^2?) reduction was investigated. Under optimized condition, the concentration calibration range, detection limit, and sensitivity were 0.1 μM–2 mM, 90 nM and 125.8 nA/μM, respectively, using hydrodynamic amperometry technique.     

A novel carbocatalytic hydride transfer strategy for efficient reduction of structurally different aldehydes and ketones in water

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–NaBH₄ is reported as mild and efficient catalyst-system for chemo-/regioselective reduction of structurally different aliphatic, aromatic as well as α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones in water. The rGO was prepared by reducing graphene oxide using Tulsi leaf extract as bio-reductant. Operational simplicity, ambient reaction condition, high yield of pure products (80–97%), no by-product formation, no use of column chromatography for purification are the salient features of the envisaged protocol. Furthermore, the recovered TRGO was recycled and reused for subsequent reductions up to five times without any loss in activity.     

Enhancing Hematite Photoanode Activity for Water Oxidation by Incorporation of Reduced Graphene Oxide

Two effective methods to prepare reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/hematite nanostructured photoanodes and their photoelectrochemical characterization towards water splitting reactions are presented. First, graphene oxide (GO) is reduced to rGO using hydrazine in a basic solution containing tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), and then deposited over the nanostructured hematite photoanodes previously treated at 750 °C for 30 min. The second method follows the deposition of a paste containing a mixture of hematite nanoparticles and rGO sheets by the doctor‐blade method, varying the rGO concentration. Since hematite suffers from low electron mobility, a low absorption coefficient, high recombination rates and slow reaction kinetics, the incorporation of rGO in the hematite can overcome such limitations due to graphene's exceptional properties. Using the first method, the rGO incorporation results in a photocurrent density increase from 0.56 to 0.82 mA cm^?2 at 1.23 V_RHE. Our results indicate that the rGO incorporation in the hematite photoanodes shows a positive effect in the reduction of the electron–hole recombination rate.     

Ag-Ag2Se共敏化ZnO花-棒异质结构的合成及其光电化学特性

采用水相法合成ZnO花-棒(ZFRs)有序阵列结构,同时利用离子交换法,制备Ag和Ag2Se量子点共敏化光ZnO光阳极(AA-ZFRs)。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线能量色散谱(EDS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段对样品进行了分析和表征,并测试其光电化学特性以及量子效应。结果表明,Ag-Ag2Se共敏化ZnO花-棒三维有序结构对太阳光的吸收范围延展至近红外区(750 nm),并且在敏化层与ZnO基质界面形成异质结,有效的抑制光生电子-空穴对复合,增强光转换量子效应,从而提高光电化学性能,开路电压达到-0.77 V,短路电流为0.64 mA。     

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of ZnO–rGO Core–Shell Nanorod Hybrids with Photo- and Electro-Catalytic Activity

The unique two-dimensional structure and surface chemistry of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) along with its high electrical conductivity can be exploited to modify the electrochemical properties of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). ZnO–rGO nanohybrids can be engineered in a simple new two-step synthesis, which is both fast and energy-efficient. The resulting hybrid materials show excellent electrocatalytic and photocatalytic activity. The structure and composition of the as-prepared bare ZnO nanorods (NRs) and the ZnO–rGO hybrids have been extensively characterised and the optical properties subsequently studied by UV/Vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy (including decay lifetime measurements). The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye is enhanced using the ZnO–rGO hybrids as compared to bare ZnO NRs. Furthermore, potentiometry comparing ZnO and ZnO–rGO electrodes reveals a featureless capacitive background for an Ar-saturated solution whereas for an O₂-saturated solution a well-defined redox peak was observed using both electrodes. The change in reduction potential and significant increase in current density demonstrates that the hybrid core–shell NRs possess remarkable electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as compared to NRs of ZnO alone.     

Excellent photocatalytic reduction of nitroarenes to aminoarenes by BiVO4 nanoparticles grafted on reduced graphene oxide (rGO/BiVO4)

A novel heterogeneous composite material based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) was prepared and characterized by various techniques such as powder XRD, HRTEM, EADX, UV–Vis‐DRS, FT‐IR, Raman, BET and XPS analyses. The characterization results reveal that the rGO well decorated by BiVO₄. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows the increasing of charge transfer of rGO/BiVO₄ in presence of light irradiation. In this research, the pure BiVO₄ and rGO/BiVO₄ composite have been explored for photocatalytic reduction of nitroarenes. Among the prepared nanocomposites, rGO loaded with 10% BiVO₄ catalyst (noted as rGO/BiVO₄–10%) shows the best performance for the photo‐reduction of various nitroaromatic molecules to their corresponding amine compounds under visible‐light irradiation at room temperature. The catalyst exhibited in particular excellent photocatalytic activity for the conversion of 1,4‐dinitrobenzene to 4‐nitroanilline (100% conversion) in 20 min, 4‐chloronitrobenzene to 4‐chloroaniline and 2‐nitrophenol to 2‐aminophenol (100% conversion) in only 30 min. In addition, the conversion of 4‐bromonitrobenzene, 4‐iodonitrobenzene to their corresponding amine compounds (100% conversion) was achieved in 60 min. The catalyst was recovered for several times and reused without decreasing of its efficiency.