大环抗生素——毛细管电泳手分离中一种新的手性选择剂

两种类型的大环抗生素对很多外消旋化合物具有显著的手性选择性相互补充；第一种类型含ansamycin（安沙霉素）特别适合于阳离子外消旋化合物的分离；第二种类型含glycopeptide（糖肽）最适于阴离子的分离，介质了大环抗生素的结构特征及手性识别机理，讨论了PH值，抗生素类型和浓度，电泳电解质浓度和化学性质，有机改性剂及胶束相等的不同实验条件对分离的影响，还概述了几种大环抗生素作为手性选择剂，在毛细管电泳手性分离中的研究近况。     

万古霉素键合手性固定相的制备与评价

大环抗生素作为一种新型的手性选择器,与高效液相色谱(HPLC)、毛细管电泳(CE)和毛细管电色谱(CEC)等联用,成功分离各类手性化合物~([1～3]).自1994年Armstrong等~([4])首次将大环糖肽抗生素作为手性选择器合成手性固定相以来,适用于手性分离的大环糖肽抗生素键合固定相的制备与应用得到飞速发展.本研究以万古霉素为手性选择剂,制备了万古霉素键合手性固定相液相色谱柱.采用反相高效液相色谱法对谷氨酸对映体进行了拆分,并考察了流动相条件对对映体拆分的影响.     

聚多巴胺包覆硅胶用于高效液相色谱手性分离

制备了基于聚多巴胺包覆硅胶为基质的涂敷型或键合型纤维素-对甲基苯甲酸酯手性固定相(CTMB 1-8),正相条件下,用于对17个外消旋化合物的手性分离,并与以氨丙基硅胶为基质的同类型手性固定相(CTMB 9-10)的分离结果相比较。实验结果表明:所制备的CTMB 1-8对17个外消旋化合物具有不同程度的手性识别能力。其中CTMB 2的手性识别能力好于CTMB 9,当流动相为正己烷/异丙醇时,外消旋化合物11在CTMB 2上获近基线分离(R_s=1. 35),而在CTM B 9上只获得部分分离(R_s=0. 94),外消旋化合物12在CTM B 2上获得部分分离(R_s=0. 72),而在CTM B 9上未获分离;CTM B 6与CTM B 10的手性识别能力相近,除外消旋化合物15和17外,其余外消旋化合物均获得不同程度的分离;键合型CTMB 7-8的手性识别能力不如涂敷型CTMB。     

手性金属-有机骨架材料用于高效液相色谱手性分离性能的研究

分别将具有二维手性螺旋层面的金属-有机骨架化合物(MOF)[Cd(LTP)2]n(LTP=L-thioproline,MOF 1)、较大手性孔道(1.7 nm)的[(C48H80O40)(KOH)2(H2O)2]n(MOF 2)以及相对较小手性孔洞(0.5 nm)的[Zn2(bdc)(L-lac)(dmf)]·DMF(bdc=p-benzenedicarboxylic acid,L-lac=L-H2lac,MOF 3)用于高效液相色谱(HPLC)固定相进行研究.实验结果显示,三种不同结构类型的手性MOFs对部分外消旋化合物具有一定的手性识别能力.其中MOF 1、MOF 2和MOF 3分别对1种、1种和3种外消旋体化合物实现了不同程度的分离.实验研究表明,手性MOFs的组成和结构不同,其手性识别能力也不同.该研究为各手性MOFs的开发应用以及HPLC手性固定相的发展研究提供了参考.     

手性药物哌醋甲酯和沙丁胺醇的毛细管电泳分离

１引言手性药物的拆分一直是色谱领域的研究热点。毛细管电泳的高效、快速、运行成本低的优点为手性化合物的拆分提供了高效的分离方法。哌醋甲酯和沙丁胺醇分别是一种抗抑郁药和支气管扩张剂，常以外消旋体的形式在市场销售。本文以环糊精及其衍生物为手性选择剂，在毛细管区带电泳分离模式下拆分了手性药物哌醋甲酯（ｍｅｔｈｙｌｐｈｅｎｉｄａｔｅ）和沙丁胺醇（ａｌｂｕｔｅｒｏｌ），考察环糊精类型和浓度、缓冲溶液性质、分离电压以及有机添加剂等对两种手性药物分离的影响，其中哌醋甲酯对映体为毛细管电泳首次拆分。２实验部分２．…     

新型手性固定相的合成及其应用

本文采用了一种新的简便方法合成了四个新型手性固定相; N-十一碳-10-烯酰-L-缬氨酸-S-α-苯乙胺(手性-S-1)N-十一碳-10烯酰-L-缬氨酰-R-α-苯乙胺(手性-R-1)及生-S-α, 手性-S-3, 并对外消旋的α-β-氨基酸, 外消旋的α-β-羟基酸和含手性烃基的外消旋胺的进行了折分, 在四丁固定相中手性-S-1对上述对映体的折分选择性最好。     

非水毛细管电泳对9种手性药物的拆分

用非水毛细管电泳成功地分离了洛贝林、托吡卡胺、普萘洛尔、阿替洛尔、环扁桃酯、沙丁胺醇、苯海索、芬氟拉明和异丙嗪等9种手性化合物。以甲酰胺为介质、柠檬酸-三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)为电解质、在254 nm波长下紫外检测。对手性选择剂的类型及浓度、背景电解质的pH值以及离子强度等因素对分离的影响做了系统的研究,最后确立了9种手性药物的最佳分离条件。实验发现,不同的手性选择剂对手性药物具有不同的分离选择性;每一种选择剂都存在一个相对水相体系较高的最佳浓度值而使分离效果最佳;在非水体系中,最佳pH值要比在水相体     

制备苯甘氨酸和对羟苯甘氨酸反应过程中有关物质的毛细管电泳手性分析

在毛细管电泳仪上对苯海因、对羟苯海因等外消旋体进行了拆分条件的研究。建立制备苯甘氨酸和对羟苯甘氨酸过程中的反应物、中间体和产物的毛细管电泳手性分析方法。使用磷酸氢二钠 柠檬酸、磷酸 三乙醇胺电泳缓冲液 ,磺酰化β 环糊精作为手性识别试剂 ,6种化合物均获得满意的分离度     

羧甲基聚合-β-环糊精作为选择剂应用于毛细管电泳法拆分手性化合物

提出了一种用毛细管电泳拆分3种未衍生化的氨基酸对映体(苯丙氨酸,酪氨酸,色氨酸)和一种手性药物(芬氟拉明)的方法.以水溶性羧甲基聚合-β-环糊精为手性选择荆,采用毛细管区带电泳模式,考察了手性选择剂浓度、缓冲溶液pH值、柱温及电压对分离的影响.4种手性化合物在各自优化的试验条件下,均达到基线分离.此法操作简单,可用于这4种手性化合物的质量控制.     

杂络合——手性识别的新方式

手性主体分子对外消旋体中的两种对映体同时进行手性识别形成络合物,这种络合方式称为杂络合。非外消旋客体手性化合物可以通过杂络合策略实现对映体完全歧化,分别获得单一对映体和外消旋体。杂络合这种手性识别的新方式为光学纯手性化合物的高效分离提供了一条新思路。     

Advances in enantiomeric resolution on monolithic chiral stationary phases in liquid chromatography and electrochromatography

During the last decade, chiral monolithic stationary phases have been prepared and used for rapid enantioseparations in CEC and HPLC. Various chiral selectors are used to prepare these CSPs. The preparation, properties, and applications of these CSPs are discussed in this paper. Attempts have been made to describe optimization strategies and the chiral recognition mechanisms. A comparison of chiral separations in CEC and HPLC is described. Efforts have also been made to predict the future perspectives and challenges of chiral monolithic stationary phases. The most effective chiral selectors include polysaccharides, cyclodextrins, and macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics. These chiral phases produced acceptable analytical enantiomeric separation of a variety of racemates. However, the development of these CSPs for preparative‐scale separations is needed.     

Mechanistic Principles in Chiral Separations Using Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis

Due to the importance of chiral separations of drugs, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and xenobiotics by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), it is important to have the knowledge of the enantiomeric recognition mechanisms so that scientists may design and module the new chiral selectors for rapid, inexpensive and reproducible chiral separations; specially at preparative scale. The mechanisms of the chiral separation by HPLC and CE using polysaccharides, cyclodextrins, macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics, Pirkle type, ligand exchangers, crown ethers and other several types of chiral selectors have been discussed. Various complex formation and different types of interactions responsible for chiral resolution have been presented in detail.     

Advances in chiral separations of small peptides by capillary electrophoresis and chromatography

Many chemical and biological processes are controlled by the stereochemistry of small polypeptides (di‐, tri‐, tetra‐, penta‐, hexapeptides, etc). The biological importance of peptide stereoisomers is of great value. Therefore, the chiral resolution of peptides is an important issue in biological and medicinal sciences and drug industries. The chiral resolutions of peptide racemates have been discussed with the use of capillary electrophoresis and chromatographic techniques. The various chiral selectors used were polysaccharides, cyclodextrins, Pirkle types, macrocyclic antibiotics, crown ethers, imprinted polymers, etc. The stereochemistry of dipeptides is also discussed. Besides, efforts are made to explain the chiral recognition mechanisms, which will be helpful in understanding existing and developing new stereoselective analyses. Future perspectives of enantiomeric resolution are also predicted. Finally, the review concludes with the demand of enantiomeric resolution of all naturally occurring and synthetic peptides.     

Study on enantiomeric separation of basic drugs by NACE in methanol‐based medium using erythromycin lactobionate as a chiral selector

A wide variety of chiral selectors have been employed in CZE, and among them macrocyclic antibiotics including glycopeptides, ansamycins, aminoglycosides and polypeptides exhibited prominent enantioselective properties toward abundant racemic compounds. Compared with CZE, the use of macrocyclic antibiotics as chiral selectors in NACE has not been reported previously. In this study, an approach to the enantioseparation of basic drugs by means of NACE with erythromycin lactobionate (EL) belonging to the group of macrolide antibiotics has been investigated. Especially different from the above four classes of antibiotics, there are no reports concerned with the use of macrolides which belong to macrocyclic antibiotics as chiral selectors in CE. In this work EL is first used as a chiral selector in NACE for the enantiomeric separations of two racemic basic drugs that possess high separability consisting of propranolol and duloxetine. Furthermore, EL possesses advantages such as high solubility and low viscosity in the solvent and very weak UV absorption. The chiral separations were achieved using Tris‐boric acid as the BGE and methanol as the organic medium. In the course of this work we observed that both migration time and enantioseparation were influenced by several parameters such as the pH and composition of the BGE, EL concentration, capillary temperature and applied voltage. Consequently, these parameters were systematically optimized in order to obtain the optimum enantioseparations.     

Chiral separations using the macrocyclic antibiotics: a review

The macrocyclic antibiotics have recently gained popularity as chiral selectors in CE, HPLC and TLC. The macrocyclic antibiotics used for chiral separations include the ansamycins, the glycopeptides, and the polypeptide antibiotic thiostrepton. Although not strictly considered macrocyclic antibiotics, the aminoglycosides are antibiotics that have been used for chiral separations in CE. More chiral analytes have been resolved using the glycopeptides than with the other macrocyclic antibiotics combined. The glycopeptides vancomycin, ristocetin A and teicoplanin have been used extensively as chiral selectors in CE, with ristocetin A appearing to be the most useful chiral selector followed by vancomycin and teicoplanin, respectively. The macrocyclic antibiotics have also been used as chiral bonded phases in HPLC, and HPLC stationary phases based on vancomycin, ristocetin A and teicoplanin have been commercialized. Ristocetin A seems to be the most useful glycopeptide HPLC bonded phase, but its greater expense can be a drawback. The macrocyclic antibiotics have been used with micelles to improve efficiency, provide unique selectivity, and extend the range of separations to neutral solutes. Changing the macrocyclic antibiotic used in CE or HPLC can significantly alter the enantioselectivity of the separations. In fact, the glycopeptide antibiotics are complementary to one another, where if a partial enantioresolution is obtained with one glycopeptide, there is a high probability that a baseline or better separation can be obtained with another.     

Chiral separation by capillary electromigration techniques

This review gives an overview of chiral separation principles and their applications in capillary electromigration techniques. The basic chiral separation principles are explained and the mechanisms discussed. Recent developments and new techniques in CZE and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are highlighted. New chiral selectors among cyclodextrins, crown ethers, carbohydrates, macrocyclic antibiotics, proteins, chiral ion-pairing reagents, chiral surfactants and chiral metal ion complexes and their chiral recognition ability are discussed. Recent advances in chip technology for chiral separation and new approaches regarding improvement of detection sensitivity are presented. Due to the tremendous number of publications dealing with applications, in this review only recent applications are summarized.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic enantioseparation of plant growth regulators and related indole compounds using macrocyclic antibiotics as chiral selectors

Enantioseparation of plant growth regulators, such as 3-(3-indolyl)-butyric acid, abscisic acid and structurally related molecules including a variety of substituted tryptophan compounds, has been achieved by HPLC and/or CE. The covalently bonded macrocyclic antibiotics, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and vancomycin, were used as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) in HPLC. Most of the racemates were baseline resolved in the reversed-phase mode (EtOH-H2O) using the teicoplanin CSP. The chiral recognition mechanism is discussed in regard to the structure of the analytes. In CE, the three aforementioned macrocyclic antibiotics were used as chiral additives in a phosphate run buffer. The effect of pH and the concentration of the organic modifiers were considered. The results obtained by HPLC and CE were compared.     

Evaluation of clarithromycin lactobionate as a novel chiral selector for enantiomeric separation of basic drugs in capillary electrophoresis

Nowadays, macrocyclic antibiotics are presenting an increasing number of enantioseparation applications. The macrocyclic antibiotics used as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis (CE) include the ansamycins and the glycopeptides. The macrolides, another important class of macrocyclic antibiotics, have been reported as a new type of chiral selectors recently. In this study, clarithromycin lactobionate (CL), belonging to the group of macrolide antibiotics, was first investigated for its potential as a novel chiral selector in CE for enantiomeric separation of several basic drugs. As observed, CL allowed excellent separation of the enantiomers of metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol, bisoprolol, esmolol, ritodrine, and amlodipine, as well as partial enantioresolution of labetalol and nefopam. In addition, CL possesses advantages such as high solubility and low viscosity in the solvent and very weak UV absorption. In the course of this study, it was found that both migration times and enantioseparation of the basic drugs were influenced by several experimental parameters, e.g. selector concentration, the composition and pH of the BGE, the type and concentration of organic modifier, and applied voltage. Thus, the effects of these factors were systematically investigated, and satisfactory enantioseparations of the studied drugs were achieved at the buffer pH range of 7.3–7.5 using 12.5 mM borax buffer with 50% v/v methanol, 60 mM CL, and 20 kV applied voltage. Moreover, comparison of the influences of the studied parameters was further investigated by means of Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) in this article.     

Avoparcin, a new macrocyclic antibiotic chiral run buffer additive for capillary electrophoresis.

Avoparcin, like vancomycin, teicoplanin, and ristocetin A, belongs to the family of macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics. These antibiotics have all been used as effective chiral selectors for capillary electrophoresis (CE), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The present work focuses on avoparcin, which has been shown to be an excellent chiral selector for the CE enantioseparation of many N-blocked amino acids, as well as several anti-inflammatory drugs of pharmaceutical importance. The use of avoparcin as a chiral run buffer additive in CE is discussed, as well as the effects of changing experimental parameters, like avoparcin concentration, pH, organic modifiers, etc. Comparisons of enantioseparations of some N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-derivatized amino acids, using either avoparcin, ristocetin A, teicoplanin, or vancomycin in the run buffer, are also made. In general, vancomycin had the longest migration times, and ristocetin A the shortest, while avoparcin was intermediate. Generally, at least one of the four chiral selectors produced an excellent separation, while a different macrocyclic antibiotic produced a poor separation. Currently, we see no way to predict which chiral run buffer additive will be best or worst for an individual solute.     

HPLC separation of amino acid enantiomers and small peptides on macrocyclic antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases: a review

The search for new and effective chiral selectors capable of separating a wide variety of enantiomeric compounds is an ongoing process. In the past decade, macrocyclic antibiotics have proved to be an exceptionally useful class of chiral selectors for the separation of enantiomers of biological and pharmacological importance by means of HPLC, TLC and electrophoresis. More chiral analytes have been resolved through the use of glycopeptides than with all the other macrocyclic antibiotics combined (ansamycins, thiostrepton, aminoglycosides, etc.). The glycopeptides avoparcin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and vancomycin have been extensively used as chiral selectors in the form of chiral bonded phases in HPLC, and HPLC stationary phases based on these glycopeptides have been commercialized. Teicoplanin, vancomycin, their analogs and ristocetin A seem to be the most useful glycopeptide HPLC bonded phases for the enantioseparation of proteins and unusal native and derivatized amino acids. In fact, the macrocyclic glycopeptides are to some extent complementary to one another: where partial enantioresolution is obtained with one glycopeptide, there is a high probability that baseline or better separation can be obtained with another. This review sets out to characterize the physicochemical properties of these antibiotics and their application in the enantioseparations of amino acids. The mechanism of separation, the sequence of elution of the stereoisomers and the relation to the absolute configuration are also discussed.