落管中Ni-Fe-Ti合金的快速凝固机理及其磁学性能

采用落管自由落体方法实现了Ni_(45)Fe_(40)Ti_(15)合金在微重力无容器条件下的快速凝固,获得了直径介于160—1050μm的合金液滴.理论计算表明冷却速率及过冷度随液滴直径减小而增大,并呈指数函数关系,实验获得的最大过冷度为210 K(0.14 T_L).随着过冷度增大,凝固组织中粗大的γ-(Fe,Ni)枝晶逐渐细化,二次枝晶间距减小,溶质Ti在γ-(Fe,Ni)相中的固溶度显著扩展.对不同直径合金液滴的凝固样品进行磁学性能分析,结果表明随着凝固合金液滴直径减小,其饱和磁化强度增大,矫顽力减小,矩形比下降,软磁性能明显提高.     

微重力下Fe-Al-Nb合金液滴的快速凝固机理及其对显微硬度的影响

采用落管无容器处理技术实现了Fe_(67.5)Al_(22.8)Nb_(9.7)三元合金在微重力条件下的快速凝固,获得了直径为40—1000μm的合金液滴.实验中合金液滴的过冷度范围为50—216 K,冷却速率随着液滴直径的减小由1.23×10~3K·s~(-1)增大到5.53×10~5K·s~(-1).研究发现,Fe_(67.5)Al_(22.8)Nb_(9.7)合金液滴的凝固组织均由Nb(Fe,Al)_2相和(αFe)相组成,且随着液滴直径的减小,初生Nb(Fe,Al)_2相由树枝晶转变为等轴晶,共晶组织发生了约3倍的细化且生长特征由层片共晶向碎断共晶转变;硬质初生Nb(Fe,Al)_2相的析出有效提高了合金的显微硬度.与电磁悬浮条件下同过冷合金的凝固组织对比发现,落管条件下的合金液滴凝固组织更细化,使得合金显微硬度提高了2%—6%.     

深过冷Cu60Sn30Pb10偏晶合金的快速凝固

实现了大体积Cu60Sn30Pb10偏晶合金的深过冷与快速凝固.实验获得的最大过冷度为173 K(0.17TL).凝固组织发生了明显的宏观偏析,XRD分析表明,试样上部是由固溶体(Sn),(Ph)相和金属间化合物ε(Cu3Sn)相组成的三相区,下部为富(Ph)相区.在小过冷条件下,三相区中ε(CuSn)相的凝固组织为粗大的枝晶,随着过冷度的增大,ε(Cu3Sn)相细化成层片状组织.且层片间距随过冷度的增大而减小,而(Sn),(Ph)两相始终以离异共晶的方式存在.富(Pb)相区中分布有少量的ε(Cu3Sn)枝晶,枝晶长度随过冷度的增大而增大,且在大过冷条件下发生碎断.(Sn)相在ε(Cu3Sn)相表面形核、长大,其形态类似于包晶凝固组织.     

深过冷Ag-Cu-Ge三元共晶合金的相组成与凝固特征

在Ag_38.5Cu_33.4Ge_28.1三元共晶合金的深过冷实验中，获得的最大过冷度为175 K(0.22T_E). XRD分析表明，不同过冷条件下其共晶组织均由(Ag),(Ge)和η(Cu₃Ge)三相组成. 在小过冷条件下，三个共晶相协同生长，凝固组织粗大.随着过冷度的增大，共晶组织明显细化，(Ge)相与其他两相分离，以初生相方式生长，而(Ag)相与η相始终呈二相层片共晶方式共生生长. 当过冷度超过80 K时，初生相(Ge)由小过冷时的块状转变为具有小面相特征的枝晶方式生长. 部分小面相(Ge)枝晶出现规则的花状，花瓣数介于5—8之间，并且过冷度越大(Ge)相越容易分瓣. 花状(Ge)枝晶的晶体表面为{111}晶面簇，择优生长方向为〈100〉晶向族. 关键词： 三元共晶 晶体形核 深过冷 快速凝固     

液态Ti-Al合金的深过冷与快速枝晶生长

采用电磁悬浮和自由落体两种试验技术研究了液态Ti-25 wt.%Al合金的亚稳过冷能力、晶体形核机制和枝晶生长过程. 试验发现, 即使电磁悬浮无容器状态下仍难以消除润湿角θ ≥60°的异质晶核, 合金熔体过冷度可达210 K (0.11T_L). β-Ti相形核的热力学驱动力随过冷度近似以线性方式增大, 其枝晶生长速度高达11.2 m/s, 从而在慢速冷却条件下实现了快速凝固. 理论计算表明, 随着过冷度的逐步增大, β相枝晶生长从溶质扩散控制转变为热扩散控制. 当过冷度超过100 K时, 非平衡溶质截留效应可使合金熔体发生无偏析凝固. 然而, 单靠深过冷状态不足以抑制β相的后续固态相变. 对于落管中快速凝固的直径77-1048 μm合金液滴, 其冷却速率最高达1.05×10⁵ K/s, 深过冷与快速冷却的耦合作用能更有效地调控凝固组织形成过程.     

深过冷Cu60Sn30Pb10偏晶合金的快速凝固

实现了大体积Cu₆₀Sn₃₀Pb₁₀偏晶合金的深过冷与快速凝固. 实验获得的最大过冷度为173 K(0.17T_L). 凝固组织发生了明显的宏观偏析,XRD分析表明,试样上部是由固溶体(Sn),(Pb)相和金属间化合物ε(Cu₃Sn)相组成的三相区,下部为富(Pb)相区. 在小过冷条件下,三相区中ε(Cu₃Sn)相的凝固组织为粗大的枝晶,随着过冷度的增大,ε(Cu₃Sn)相细化成层片状组织,且层片间距随过冷度的增大而减小,而(Sn),(Pb)两相始终以离异共晶的方式存在. 富(Pb)相区中分布有少量的ε(Cu₃Sn)枝晶,枝晶长度随过冷度的增大而增大,且在大过冷条件下发生碎断. (Sn)相在ε(Cu₃Sn)相表面形核、长大,其形态类似于包晶凝固组织. 关键词： 深过冷 快速凝固 偏晶合金 层片组织     

深过冷三元Ni-Cu-Co合金的快速枝晶生长

研究了深过冷条件下三元Ni₈₀Cu₁₀Co₁₀合金的快速枝晶生长, 采用电磁悬浮无容器处理方法获得了335 K(0.2T_L)的最大过冷度. X射线衍射分析与差示扫描量热分析均表明,凝固组织为α-Ni单相固溶体. 随过冷度增大, 凝固组织显著细化, 并且当过冷度达110 K时，凝固组织的形态由粗大形枝晶转变为等轴晶. 深过冷条件下溶质截留效应增强, 使得微观偏析程度减小. 对不同过冷度下合金枝晶的生长速度进 关键词： 深过冷 枝晶生长 快速凝固 溶质截留     

快速凝固制备微细金属粉末的理论和装置

在世界上首次提出将急冷凝固和大过冷技术有机地结合在一起，创立了采用多级快速凝固的方法制同细金属粉末的理论和技术，并发明了一系列多级快速凝固制粉装置。该技术能够大规模地生产上百种非晶、准晶、微晶微晶金属粉末。     

快速凝固Ti-Cu-Fe合金的相组成与组织演变规律

采用落管无容器处理技术实现了Ti_61.2Cu_32.5Fe_6.3三元包共晶合金在自由落体条件下的快速凝固,获得了直径为80—1120μm液滴的凝固组织.实验中获得的过冷度范围为34—293 K,最大过冷度达0.23T_L.研究发现,在自由落体条件下,由于受到无容器、微重力、超高真空等因素的影响,合金熔体的凝固组织中包含Cu_0.8Fe_0.2Ti相、CuTi₂相和CuT₃相,显著偏离了平衡状态.Cu_0.8Fe_0.2Ti为初生相,同时又与CuTi₂相形成两相共晶;CuTi₃相则呈现枝晶形貌,并发生了明显的溶质截留效应.随着过冷度的增大,共晶组织由层片共晶向不规则共晶转变,形貌由长条状共晶团变为椭球状共晶团,最终变为球状共晶胞;Cu_0.8Fe_0.2Ti相枝晶形貌由粗大枝晶变为碎断枝晶,进一步变成不规则的粒状晶粒;CuTi₃相枝晶则由碎块状转变为完整枝晶.     

三元Co-Cu-Pb偏晶合金的快速凝固组织形成规律研究

在自由落体条件下实现了三元Co-Cu-Pb合金的液相分离与快速凝固. 实验发现,随液滴直径减小,Co₅₁Cu₄₇Pb₂合金液滴发生由枝晶→两层壳核→枝晶组织的转变,Co₄₇Cu₄₄Pb₉合金液滴的组织形态由壳核组织演化为均匀组织. 两种合金的快速凝固组织均由α(Co),(Cu)和(Pb)固溶体三相组成,α(Co)和(Cu)相主要以枝晶方式生长,(Pb)相分布在(Cu)枝晶间. 关键词： 液相分离 偏晶合金 快速凝固 自由落体     

Metastable phase separation and rapid solidification of undercooled Co-Cu alloy under different conditions

The metastable liquid phase separation and rapid solidification behaviours of Co_61.8Cu_38.2 alloy were investigated by using differential thermal analysis (DTA) in combination with glass fluxing, electromagnetic levitation (EML) and drop tube techniques. It is found that the liquid phase separation process and the solidification microstructures intensively depend on the experimental processing parameters, such as undercooling level, cooling rate, gravity level, liquid surface tension and the wetting state of crucible. Large undercooling and surface tension difference of the two liquids tend to facilitate further separation and cause severe macrosegregation. On the other hand, rapid cooling and low gravity effectively suppress the coalescence of the minority phase. Severe macrosegregation patterns are formed in the bulk samples processed by both DTA and EML. In contrast, disperse structures with fine spherical Cu-rich spheres homogeneously distributed in the matrix of Co-rich phase have been obtained in drop tube.     

Heat and mass transfer characteristics during rapid solidification of Fe-Cu peritectic alloys

The viscose flow and microstructure formation of Fe-Cu peritectic alloy melts are investigated by analyzing the velocity and temperature fields during rapid solidification, which is verified by rapid quenching experiments. It is found that a large temperature gradient exists along the vertical direction of melt puddle, whereas there is no obvious temperature variation in the tangent direction of roller surface. After being sprayed from a nozzle, the alloy melt changes the magnitude and direction of its flow and velocity rapidly at a height of about 180 μm. The horizontal flow velocity increases rapidly, but the vertical flow velocity decreases sharply. A thermal boundary layer with 160–300 μm in height and a momentum boundary layer with 160–240 μm in thickness are formed at the bottom of melt puddle, and the Reynolds number Re is in the range of 870 to 1070 in the boundary layer. With the increase of Re number, the cooling rate increases linearly and the thickness of thermal boundary layer increases monotonically. The thickness of momentum boundary layer decreases slowly at first, then rises slightly and decreases sharply. If Re < 1024, the liquid flow has remarkable effects on the microstructure formation due to dominant momentum transfer. The separated liquid phase is likely to form a fiber-like microstructure. If Re>1024, the heat transfer becomes dominating and the liquid phase flow is suppressed, which results in the formation of fine and uniform equiaxed microstructures. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50121101 and 50395105)     

Solute redistribution profiles during rapid solidification of undercooled ternary Co-Cu-Pb alloy

The solute redistribution and phase separation of liquid ternary Co-35%Cu-32.5%Pb immiscible alloy have been investigated using glass fluxing method. A bulk undercooling of 125 K was achieved and the macrosegregation pattern was characterized by a top Co-rich zone and a bottom Cu-rich zone. The average solute contents of the two separated zones decreased with the increase of undercooling, except for the solute Pb in Cu-rich zone. With the enhancement of undercooling, a morphological transition from dendrites into equaxied grains occurred to the primary α(Co) phase in Co-rich zone. The solute redistribution of Cu in primary α(Co) phase was found to depend upon both the undercooling and composition of Co-rich zone. Stokes migration is shown to be the main dynamic mechanism of droplet movement during liquid phase separation.     

Specific heat and related thermophysical properties of liquid Fe-Cu-Mo alloy

The specific heat and related thermophysical properties of liquid Fe77.5Cu13Mo9.5 monotectic alloy were investigated by an electromagnetic levitation drop calorimeter over a wide temperature range from 1482 to 1818 K. A maximum undercooling of 221 K (0.13 Tm) was achieved and the specific heat was determined as 44.71 J·mol-1·K-1. The excess specific heat, enthalpy change, entropy change and Gibbs free energy difference of this alloy were calculated on the basis of experimental results. It was found that the calculated results by traditional estimating methods can only describe the solidification process under low undercooling conditions. Only the experimental results can reflect the reality under high undercooling conditions. Meanwhile, the thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and sound speed were derived from the present experimental results. Furthermore, the solidified microstructural morphology was examined, which consists of (Fe) and (Cu) phases. The calculated interface energy was applied to exploring the correlation between competitive nucleation and solidification microstructure within monotectic alloy.     

Microstructural evolution during containerless rapid solidification of Co-Si alloys

The Co-12%Si hypoeutectic, Co-12.52%Si eutectic and Co-13%Si hypereutectic alloys are rapidly solidified in a containerless environment in a drop tube. Undercoolings up to 207K (0.14T_E) are obtained, which play a dominant role in dendritic and eutectic growth. The coupled zone around Co-12.52%Si eutectic alloy has been calculated, which covers a composition range from 11.6 to 12.7%Si. A microstructural transition from lamellar eutectic to divorced eutectic occurs to Co-12.52%Si eutectic droplets with increasing undercooling. The lamellar eutectic structure of the Co-12.52%Si alloy consists of εCo and Co_3Si phases at small undercooling. The Co_3Si phase cannot decompose completely into εCo and αCo_2Si phases. As undercooling becomes larger, the Co_3Si phase grows very rapidly from the highly undercooled alloy melt to form a divorced eutectic. The structural morphology of the Co-12%Si alloy droplets transforms from εCo primary phase plus lamellar eutectic to anomalous eutectic, whereas the microstructure of Co-13%Si alloy droplets experiences a `dendritic to equiaxed' structural transition. No matter how large the undercooling is, the εCo solid solution is the primary nucleation phase. In the highly undercooled alloy melts, the growth of εCo and Co_3Si phases is controlled by solutal diffusion.     

Effect of solidification temperature range on the dendritic growth mode

Electromagnetic levitation technique was used to undercool bulk samples of Co-20% Cu and Co-60% Cu alloys and high undercoolings up to 303 and 110 K were achieved,respectively.The dendritic growth velocities were measured as a function of undercooling.The dendrite growth velocity of the Co-20% Cu alloy was much higher than that of the Co-60% Cu alloy.The experimental data were analyzed on the basis of the LKT/BCT dendritic growth model by taking into account non-equilibrium interface kinetics.It has been re...     

深过冷液态Al-Ni合金中枝晶与共晶生长机理

在自由落体条件下实现了液态Al-4 wt.%Ni亚共晶、Al-5.69 wt.%Ni共晶和Al-8 wt.%Ni过共晶合金的深过冷与快速凝固. 计算表明, (Al+Al₃Ni)规则纤维状共晶的共生区是4.8–15 wt.%Ni成分范围内不闭合区域, 且强烈偏向Al₃Ni相一侧. 实验发现, 随液滴直径的减小, 合金熔体冷却速率和过冷度增大, (Al)和Al₃Ni相枝晶与其共晶的竞争生长引发了Al-Ni 共晶型合金微观组织演化. 在快速凝固过程中, Al-4 wt.%Ni亚共晶合金发生完全溶质截留效应, 从而形成亚稳单相固溶体. 当过冷度超过58K时, Al-5.69 wt.%Ni 共晶合金呈现从纤维状共晶向初生(Al) 枝晶为主的亚共晶组织演变. 若过冷度连续增大, Al-8 wt.%Ni过共晶合金可以形成全部纤维状共晶组织, 并且最终演变为粒状共晶.