离子液体分散液相微萃取对苯丙烯酸类化合物的浓缩及作用机制

研究了离子液体分散液相微萃取(ILDLPME)机理, 建立了简单、快速、灵敏的ILDLPME-HPLC(高效液相色谱)同时测定中药白附子中5种低丰度苯丙烯酸类化合物含量的方法, 对不同产地白附子的质量进行了比较和评价. 在最佳的ILDLPME-HPLC条件下, 测得咖啡酸的线性范围为1.28×10^-3~2.60 μg/mL, 对羟基桂皮酸及阿魏酸的线性范围为1.28×10^-4~2.60 μg/mL, 桂皮酸及对甲氧基桂皮酸的线性范围为1.28×10^-3~4.00 μg/mL, 检出限分别为0.13, 0.01, 0.01, 0.13和0.13 ng/mL, 日内精密度RSD<7.9%, 日间精密度RSD<9.7%, 药材中分析物的回收率在86.9%~112.6%之间, ILDLPME 对5种分析物的富集倍数分别在56.0~159.3倍之间. 结合5种苯丙烯酸类化合物ILDLPME萃取前后紫外光谱的变化, 提出了ILDLPME萃取苯丙烯酸羧基-离子液体电荷转移超分子(CTSMCIL)机理. 本研究为建立中药白附子的质量控制方法提供了理论依据和实验基础.     

基于中空纤维液相微萃取的大鼠体内大黄素及其代谢物分析

建立了中空纤维液相微萃取(HFLPME)耦合高效液相色谱法(HPLC)用于测定血浆和尿液中大黄素及其代谢物的浓度,比较了中药有效成分大黄素在不同性别大鼠体内的吸收和代谢能力,阐述了大黄素在体内的代谢和转化过程。本实验以聚偏氟乙烯纤维为溶剂载体,正辛醇为萃取溶剂,对血浆和尿液样品进行HFLPME处理,萃取后挥干有机溶剂,用50 μL甲醇溶解,进行HPLC测定。在优化的微萃取条件下,血浆和尿液样品中大黄素及其代谢物标准曲线线性良好(相关系数(r)大于0.9960);检出限为0.1～3.0 μg/L;富集倍数为12.2～26.3;日内、日间精密度(以相对标准偏差(RSD)计)小于11.0%;血浆和尿液中代谢物的平均回收率为97.9%～103%。HFLPME操作简单,富集倍数高,能有效去除生物样品中复杂基体的干扰,适用于复杂样品中微量、痕量成分分析物的分析测定。     

超声辅助离子液体分散液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定废水中雌激素的研究

将离子液体、分散液相微萃取与超声萃取技术结合,采用疏水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C4 MIM][PF6])为萃取剂,建立了超声辅助离子液体分散液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法分析废水中3种雌激素物质(己烯雌酚、双烯雌酚、己烷雌酚)方法.试验采用50μL的离子液体,考察了溶液体积、溶液pH值、超声时间、静置时间、离心时间等因素对富集效果的影响.最佳的萃取条件为:溶液体积为6 mL,甲醇体积0.3 mL,溶液pH值为2.0,超声时间6min,静置时间30min,离心时间10 min.在优化的萃取条件下,3种雌激素的富集倍数可达到96.8～112.4倍;方法的线性范围为0.5-100.0μg/L;检出限为0.25～0.50μ/L.对浓度为5.0μg/L的3种物质测定6次的相对标准偏差为9.2%～10.8%.     

分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定水样中甲拌磷农药

建立了基于分散液液微萃取(DLLME)的新型样品前处理方法,并采用气相色谱/氢火焰离子化检测器对水样中痕量的甲拌磷农药进行了测定。考察了影响分散液液微萃取的因素包括萃取溶剂、分散剂、样品体积、萃取温度和离心速度等。在最佳实验条件下,对甲拌磷的富集倍数达到300倍;检出限为0.001μL/L;方法的线性范围为0.01~10μL/L,R2为0.9986;相对标准偏差为6.65%;回收率为104%。将分散液液微萃取法与单滴液相微萃取和离子液体-液相微萃取方法进行了对比,结果表明,分散液液微萃取技术具有操作简单、快捷(前处理时间小于5 min)、富集效果好、回收率高等优点。同时预言,将离子液体与分散液液微萃取结合,将会产生更加满意的结果。     

离子液体-分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定尿样中3-羟基苯并[a]芘

建立了离子液体-分散液液微萃取/高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定吸烟人群尿样中3-羟基苯并[a]芘的分析方法。尿样经酶解、滤膜过滤后,采用1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C_8M IM][PF_6])为萃取剂进行分散液液微萃取富集,移取沉积相进行液相色谱分析。含量在1.5~150 ng/L范围内具备良好的线性关系(r~2≥0.996),富集倍数约为180。检出限(LOD,S/N=3)和测定下限(LOQ,S/N=10)分别为0.45和1.5 ng/L。在1.8~5 ng/L加标水平下,回收率为85.6~94.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.4%~5.2%。方法适用于吸烟人群尿样中痕量3-羟基苯并[a]芘含量的测定。     

液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法分析葡萄汁中多酚类化合物

建立了一种基于液相微萃取与高效液相色谱联用技术测定葡萄汁中鞣花酸、白藜芦醇和槲皮素的分析方法. 比较了单液滴液相微萃取和中空纤维液相微萃取两种萃取模式, 选择了单液滴液相微萃取作为3种多酚类化合物的液相微萃取模式. 考察了搅拌速度、萃取时间、料液相pH和料液相离子强度的影响. 鞣花酸、白藜芦醇和槲皮素的富集倍数分别为48.4、 79.4和155.8, 方法的线性范围为0.0050～5.0 μg/mL, 鞣花酸、白藜芦醇和槲皮素的检出限分别为0.015, 0.0020, 0.0080 μg/mL, 相对标准偏差分别为2.0%, 1.8%和1.7%. 用于实际样品葡萄汁的分析, 加标回收率在81.9%～102.3%之间.     

离子液体分散液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定番茄中的氨基甲酸酯类农药

将离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIm][PF6])作为萃取剂,采用分散液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法分析番茄样品中的4种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留,并考察了不同缓冲溶液浓度、pH值及萃取时间等因素对分散液相微萃取效果的影响。在优化实验条件下,该方法对涕灭威、克百威、甲萘威、异丙威的富集倍数分别为317、430、545、625,且具有良好的线性范围(0.01～10mg/L)和较低的检出限(0.12～0.43μg/L),对涕灭威、克百威、甲萘威、异丙威测定5次的相对标准偏差为5.3%～5.5%,用于示范区采集的番茄样品分析,平均加标回收率为75%～120%。研究表明[BMIm][PF6]可有效地萃取番茄中的氨基甲酸酯类农药残留,具有萃取效率高、灵敏度高、操作简单、绿色环保等优点,可以满足番茄样品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的检测要求。     

超分子有序聚集凝固液相微萃取及其对五味子中木脂素类化合物的测定及质量评价

通过分析比较漂浮有机液滴凝固液相微萃取(SFODLPME)对木脂素类化合物萃取前后紫外光谱的变化, 提出了超分子有序聚集凝固液相微萃取(SSMOALPME)机理; 建立了简单、 快速、 灵敏的SSMOALPME高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定中药五味子中5种低丰度木脂素类化合物含量的方法, 并对不同产地五味子的质量进行比较和评价. 在最佳的SSMOALPME条件下, 测得五味子醇甲, 五味子酯甲, 五味子甲素, 五味子乙素和五味子丙素的线性范围分别为2.48×10^-3~6.21, 2.27×10^-3~28.5, 2.31×10^-3~28.8, 2.27×10^-3~5.69和1.05×10^-3~5.25 μg/mL; 检出限分别为0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.08和0.08 ng/mL; 日内及日间精密度RSD<9.7%; 药材中分析物的回收率为91.9% ~104.7%; SSMOALPME对5种分析物的富集倍数分别在39 ~529倍之间. 本法测定结果与药典法测定结果相比无显著差异(P=95%). SSMOALPME方法的提出为液相微萃取的理论研究奠定了基础, 为反映中药多成分、 多靶点及协同作用的特性, 建立科学的质量控制方法提供了理论依据和实验基础.     

超声辅助离子液体分散液液微萃取-反相液相色谱法测定水中丁醚脲残留

建立了超声辅助离子液体分散液液微萃取-反相液相色谱法分析水中丁醚脲残留的新方法。采用疏水性离子液体1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([OMIM]PF6)为萃取剂,乙腈为分散剂。考察了萃取剂和分散剂的种类及体积,超声、静置、离心时间,溶液pH值及盐度等因素对萃取效果和富集倍数的影响。使用Hypersil C18柱(200 mm×4.6mm i.d.,5μm ODS C18)液相色谱分离测定萃取液,流动相为100%甲醇、流速0.8mL/min、柱温25℃、检测波长为245nm。在优化实验条件下,丁醚脲的富集倍数、线性范围和检出限分别为358、0.01～1.0mg/L和0.8μg/L。运用此方法成功测定了实际水样(自来水、地下水、矿泉水)中的丁醚脲,样品的加标回收率和相对标准偏差(n=6)分别为81%～98%和1.2%～8.9%。     

离子液体和氯代溶剂分散液-液微萃取/高效液相色谱法联用富集和分析环境水样中酞酸酯类污染物的对比研究

以4种室温离子液体和4种氯代溶剂为萃取剂,与高效液相色谱(HPLC)联用,对比研究了分散液-液微萃取(DLLME)对5种痕量酞酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的富集分离性能。以1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([OMim][PF6])和建议研究四氯化碳替代品为典型萃取溶剂优化了萃取条件。结果表明,在1.00～100μg/L范围内色谱峰面积与PAEs浓度成良好的线性关系(相关系数>0.995);对于10.0μg/L加标混合样品,平均加标回收率88.2%～103.3%,RSD在2.1%～6.8%之间(n=5),LOD在0.01～0.08μg/L范围内(S/N=3)。与四氯化碳相比,[OMim][PF6]作为DLLME的萃取溶剂对PAEs的富集倍数较高,水相盐效应影响较小。超声波辅助微萃取(USA)可在2 min达到平衡,建立的USA-DLLME-HPLC方法可用于黄河水样和城生活区污水样品中痕量PAEs的富集分离和测定。     

Dispersive solid‐phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction for simultaneous determination of seven succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides in watermelon by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

In this study, a simple and accurate sample preparation method based on dispersive solid‐phase extraction and dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction has been developed for the determination of seven novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides (isopyrazam, fluopyram, pydiflumetofen, boscalid, penthiopyrad, fluxapyroxad, and thifluzamide) in watermelon. The watermelon samples were extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up by dispersive solid‐phase extraction procedure using primary secondary amine, extracted and concentrated by the dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction procedure with 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane, and then analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The main experimental factors affecting the performance of dispersive solid‐phase extraction and dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction procedure on extraction efficiency were investigated. The proposed method had a good linearity in the range of 0.1–100 µg/kg with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.9979–0.9999. The limit of quantification of seven fungicides was 0.1 µg/kg in the method. The fortified recoveries of seven succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides at three levels ranged from 72.0 to 111.6% with relative standard deviations of 3.4–14.1% (n = 5). The proposed method was successfully used for the rapid determination of seven succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides in watermelon.     

Determination of Indole-3-acetic Acid and Abscisic Acid by Double-Direction Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A method for the separation and purification of indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid based on double-direction dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. The reverse-direction dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure was very efficient in the purification of the hormones. The forward-direction dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure was very efficient in the enrichment of the analytes. Under optimum conditions, a linear response was observed over the ranges of 0.2 µg/g to 200.0 µg/g for indole-3-acetic acid and 0.1 µg/g to 200.0 µg/g for abscisic acid, with correlation coefficients of 0.9967 and 0.9983. The limits of detection for indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid were 0.02 µg/g and 0.01 µg/g. The recoveries by standard addition were 91.4% and 88.6% for indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid with corresponding relative standard deviations of 4.5% and 6.1% (n = 5). The developed method was used for the preconcentration and determination of indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana, and satisfactory results were obtained.     

Determination of Copper in Water by Ionic Liquid Based Microextraction and Chemiluminescence Detection

A versatile, sensitive, and green method based ultrasound-assisted, temperature-controlled, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with an ionic liquid and chemiluminescence detection was used for the determination of copper(II) at the ultra-trace level. After complexation by dithizone, copper(II) was extracted into the ionic liquid. Using high temperature and ultrasonic agitation, the copper complex easily migrated into the ionic liquid phase because of the larger contact area. After back extraction, the determination was performed by chemiluminescence based on the catalyzing effect of copper(II) on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with rhodamine B. Important parameters that affected the extraction efficiency and chemiluminescence intensity were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, a limit of detection for copper of 0.8 ng L^?1 was obtained with a linear calibration relationship. The method was applied to analyze environmental water samples for copper(II) with satisfactory results.     

A combination of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and surface plasmon resonance sensing of gold nanoparticles for the determination of ziram pesticide

We have developed a reliable, fast, and highly sensitive analytical method utilizing dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gold nanoparticles probes for ziram (zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)) determination. The method is based on the in situ formation of gold nanoparticles in carbon tetrachloride as an organic phase. It was found that the trace levels of ziram influenced the formation of gold nanoparticles, leading to absorbance change of a sedimented phase. The results of the colorimetric ziram determination were in the concentration range of 0.12–2.52 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.06 ng/mL. The formation of the stable and dispersed gold nanoparticles in the organic phase provides a good precision for dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method, resulting in the relative standard deviation of 3.8 and 1.2% for 0.56 and 1.58 ng/mL of ziram, respectively. This method has been successfully used for the ziram determination in samples of well and river water, soil, potato, carrot, wheat, and paddy soil.     

Recent advances and trends in miniaturized sample preparation techniques

Advances in the area of sample preparation are significant and have been growing significantly in recent years. This initial step of the analysis is essential and must be carried out properly, consisting of a complicated procedure with multiple stages. Consequently, it corresponds to a potential source of errors and will determine, at the end of the process, either a satisfactory result or a fail. One of the advances in this field includes the miniaturization of extraction techniques based on the conventional sample preparation procedures such as liquid‐liquid extraction and solid‐phase extraction. These modern techniques have gained prominence in the face of traditional methods since they minimize the consumption of organic solvents and the sample volume. As another feature, it is possible to reuse the sorbents, and its coupling to chromatographic systems might be automated. The review will emphasize the main techniques based on liquid‐phase microextraction, as well as those based upon the use of sorbents. The first group includes currently popular techniques such as single drop microextraction, hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction, and dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction. In the second group, solid‐phase microextraction techniques such as in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, dispersive solid‐phase extraction, dispersive micro solid‐phase microextraction, and microextraction by packed sorbent are highlighted. These approaches, in common, aim the determination of analytes at low concentrations in complex matrices. This article describes some characteristics, recent advances, and trends on miniaturized sample preparation techniques, as well as their current applications in food, environmental, and bioanalysis fields.     

Ultrapreconcentration and determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water by solid‐phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography

Solid‐phase extraction coupled with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was developed as an ultra‐preconcentration method for the determination of four organophosphorus pesticides (isocarbophos, parathion‐methyl, triazophos and fenitrothion) in water samples. The analytes considered in this study were rapidly extracted and concentrated from large volumes of aqueous solutions (100 mL) by solid‐phase extraction coupled with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and then analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. Experimental variables including type and volume of elution solvent, volume and flow rate of sample solution, salt concentration, type and volume of extraction solvent and sample solution pH were investigated for the solid‐phase extraction coupled with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with these analytes, and the best results were obtained using methanol as eluent and ethylene chloride as extraction solvent. Under the optimal conditions, an exhaustive extraction for four analytes (recoveries >86.9%) and high enrichment factors were attained. The limits of detection were between 0.021 and 0.15 μg/L. The relative standard deviations for 0.5 μg/L of the pesticides in water were in the range of 1.9–6.8% (n = 5). The proposed strategy offered the advantages of simple operation, high enrichment factor and sensitivity and was successfully applied to the determination of four organophosphorus pesticides in water samples.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of benomyl in water samples after dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

A dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method combined with solvolysis reaction for extraction of the carbamate fungicide benomyl as carbendazim from water samples is described. The method is based on the extraction of benomyl from acidified sample solution and its conversion into carbendazim via solvolysis reaction with DMF as organic solvent. The proposed DLLME method was followed by HPLC with fluorimetric detection for determination of benomyl. The proposed method has good linearity (0.998) with wide linear dynamic range (0.01–25 mg/L) and low detection limit (0.0033 mg/L), making it suitable for benomyl determination in water samples.     

Recent development in liquid phase microextraction for determination of trace level concentration of metals—A review

As the drive towards green extraction methods has gained momentum in recent years, it has not always been possible to eliminate organic solvents completely. However, the volumes employed have been reduced remarkably, so that a single microdrop is sufficient in some cases. This effort has led to the development of various liquid phase microextractions namely single drop microextraction (SDME), hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME). In this review, the historical development and overview of these miniaturized liquid phase extraction methodologies have briefly been discussed and a comprehensive collection of application of the these methods in combination with different analytical techniques for preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of metals and organometal ions in various matrices have been summarized.     

The recent developments in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for preconcentration and determination of inorganic analytes

Recently, increasing interest on the use of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) developed in 2006 by Rezaee has been found in the field of separation science. DLLME is miniaturized format of liquid–liquid extraction in which acceptor-to-donor phase ratio is greatly reduced compared with other methods. In the present review, the combination of DLLME with different analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), gas chromatography (GC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for preconcentration and determination of inorganic analytes in different types of samples will be discussed. Recent developments in DLLME, e.g., displacement-DLLME, the use of an auxiliary solvent for adjustment of density of extraction mixture, and the application of ionic liquid-based DLLME in determination of inorganic species even in the presence of high content of salts are presented in the present review. Finally, comparison of DLLME with the other liquid-phase microextraction approaches and limitations of this technique are provided.