Multitracer studies on the permeation of various elements through a supported liquid membrane containing TBP

The permeation of various elements through a tributyl phosphate (TBP)-decalin membrane supported on a microporous polytetrafluoroethylene sheet was studied using a multitracer. Permeation rates of elements from feed solutions to distilled water as a receiving agent were determined by changing the HCl concentration in feed solutions. An increase in the transport was observed for most of the elements studied with increasing HCl concentration in the feed solutions. Among them, Fe, Zn, Se, Zr, Nb, Te, Hf and Re gave relatively high percentages of permeation from 4-12 mol^.dm^-3 HCl feed solutions. The permeability coefficients of these elements were determined.     

A Revised Periodic Table: With the Lanthanides Repositioned

The lanthanide elements from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive are incorporated into the body of the periodic table. They are subdivided into three sub-groups according to their important oxidation states: La to Sm, Eu to Tm, Yb and Lu, so that Eu and Yb fall directly below Ba; La, Gd, Lu form a column directly below Y; Ce and Tb fall in a vertical line between Zr and Hf. Pm falls below Tc; both are radioactive, and not naturally occurring. The elements with easily attained 2⁺ and 4⁺ oxidation states are grouped and clearly differentiated. Gadolinium has an important position as the centre of four triads in the block of elements that surround it– La, Gd, Lu; Ba, Gd, Hf; Eu, Gd, Tb; Yb, Gd, Ce. This new arrangement has the advantages of compactness, simplicity and clarity – there are no tie lines; and important oxidation states of these metals are emphasized. The actinides are also accommodated within this system, and element 114 falls naturally below lead in Group 14.     

Multitracer study on transport and distribution of metal ions in plants

Transport and distribution of metal ions in rice and soybean plants were studied using multitracers produced by irradiating an Au target by 135 MeV/nucleon¹²C,¹⁴N, or¹⁶O ions accelerated by RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. The multitracer consisted of radioisotopes of the following elements: Be, Na, Sc, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ag, Te, Ba, Ce, Pm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ir, and Pt. Rice and soybean plants were grown in a nutrient solution and also on soil containing a multitracer. -ray spectroscopy of different parts of the plants showed that all the elements were more or less taken up by roots, while appreciable transport to leaves and seeds was observed only for Mn, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, and Ba.     

“Multitracer” a new tracer technique — Its principle,features, and application

We established Multitracer, a new versatile radiotracer technique, for simultaneous tracing of a number of elements in various chemical, environmental, and biological systems. Metal foil targets (typically Au, Ag, Ge, Cu and Fe) are irradiated with C, N, or O ions accelerated up to 135 MeV/nucleon by RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. Radiochemical procedures have been developed to remove the target material leaving the nuclides as Multitracer solutions containing various radionuclides of Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Te, I, Ba, Ce, Pm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, and Hg. Multitracers enable efficient tracing of a number of elements, and comparison of their behavior under strictly identical experimental conditions. Such features will be demonstrated by means of an example of application to a model experiment for the study of removal mechanism of various elements from the ocean.     

Multitracer study on the effect of humate formation on the adsorption behavior of metal ions on kaolinite and silica gel

The multitracer technique was applied to elucidate of influence of humate formation on adsorption behavior of ultratrace elements. Dissolved fractions of Co, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, Ce, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, Re and Pt in contact with kaolinite or silica gel were determined simultaneously either in the presence or absence of humic acid, which was partly adsorbed on the solid. Percentage of dissolved fraction of rare earth elements was identical to that of humic acid, indicating high stability of the rare earth-humate complex. Hydrolysis was the most important factor controlling the behavior of Zr and Hf. Both hydrolysis and humate complexation influenced the adsorption of Co, Sr, Ba and Pt, whereas neither affected the distribution of As, Rb and Re.     

Hydrothermal alteration of BaxMIVxCe2?2 x (PO4)2 [MIV=Zr, Hf] as hosts for minor actinides

Ba_xM^IV _xCe_2−2x (PO₄)₂ [M^IV=Zr, Hf] monazite-like compounds were succesfully synthesized by solid state reaction for x≤0.2 (M^IV=Zr) and x≤0.1 (M^IV=Hf). The low miscibility of BaM^IV(PO₄)₂ (M^IV=Zr, Hf) compounds in CePO₄ was explained on the basis of the monoclinic-to-trigonal phase transition that occurs at 733 K in BaZr(PO₄)₂ and at 798 K in BaHf(PO₄)₂. The hydrothermal alteration of these compounds was tested using a modified MCC-1 static leaching test in acid (1 mol·dm⁻³ HCl) and basic (1 mol dm⁻³ KOH) solutions at 373 K, 473 K and 573 K; both the experimental fluids and the reacted solid specimens were analyzed by different analytical techniques and the reaction mechanisms were elucidated. All the tested compounds are stable in 1 mol·dm⁻³ HCl until 573 K. The stability of the monazites in 1 mol·dm⁻³ KOH is a function of the temperature.     

Selective separation and reversed phase extraction of zirconium and hafnium from a multitracer solution

The solvent extraction of Zr and Hf was studied using 444-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione (TTA) from a multitracer solution containing carrier-free radioisotopes of Zr, Hf, and other elements. The multitracer was prepared from Au foil irradiated with high-energy heavy-ion beams. Effects of HCl and HNO₃ concentrations and organic solvent on the extraction and coextraction of other radionuclides have been studied. It was found that decalin (decahydronaphthalene) was the best solvent among 14 solvents studied and the optimum aqueous phase was 2 mol·dm^–3 HCl or HNO₃. About 2–10% of Sr, Rb, Sc and Nb were coextracted with Zr and Hf. The reversed phase extraction of Zr and Hf was also developed by using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution at pH range of 8.5–10.     

Grundlagen zur halbquantitativen Bestimmung der Elemente in der Laser-Mikrospektralanalyse. II

Zusammenfassung Für die folgenden Elemente wurden die Grundlagen für eine halbquantitative Konzentrationsbestimmung mit Hilfe des Laser-Mikrospektralanalysators ermittelt, und zwar differenziert für Untersuchungen an oxidischen und an metallischen(^*) Materialien: Li, B, Na, P, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V^*, Ge, As^*, Sr, Y, Zr^*, Nb, Pd, Te, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Eu, Gd, Er, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W^*, Ir, Pt^*, Au, Hg^*.

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Principles of semi-quantitative determination of elements by laser-microspectroscopy. II

The principles for the semi-quantitative determination of the following elements by laser-microspectroscopy have been investigated separately for oxidic and metallic(^*) materials: Li, B, Na, P, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V^*, Ge, As^*, Sr, Y, Zr^*, Nb, Pd, Te, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Eu, Gd, Er, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W^*, Ir, Pt^*, Au, Hg^*.

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Teil I: H. Schorth [3].     

Direct inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for analysis of waste samarium-cobalt magnets

An analytical procedure for direct determination of Al, Mg, Ti, Cr, Mn, Nb, La, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ni, Cu, Fe, Zr Sm and Co by ICP-OES in waste samarium-cobalt magnets has been developed. The significant influence of the matrix on all determinable components has been shown. The influence of operation parameters (ICP power and nebuliser flow rate) on the matrix effect has been studied using two plasma observation modes (axial and radial). For the first time, the optimal conditions for ICP-OES analysis of waste samarium-cobalt magnets has been substantiated (ICP power 1400 W, nebuliser flow rate 0.5–0.6 L/min). The analytical capabilities of the method have been evaluated using spike recovery test, certified reference materials and comparison with ICP-MS. ICP-OES measurements were performed in the axial mode for trace elements (with concentrations of n·10^?4-n·10^?2 % wt.) and in the radial mode for matrix elements and analytes (with concentrations higher than n·10^?2 % wt.). The limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of n·10^?5 wt% for Mn, Zr and Yb and n·10^?4 wt% for Al, Mg, Ti, Cr, Hf, La, Ni, Cu, Tb, Lu, Nb, Fe, Nd, Eu, Gd, Dy and Tm. RSD ranged from 0.2 to 10.6%.     

Determination of 32 elements in rocks by neutron activation analysis and high resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy

Neutron activation analysis and Ge(Li) spectroscopy was used to determine 32 elements in seven U.S.G.S. standard rocks of a wide range of composition. Short half-life nuclides (10 sec-10 min) were used to measure Sc, Hf, Dy, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V (and Na) in an automated rabbit Ge(Li) detector system. The elements K, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Ba, La, Eu, Sm (and Mn) were determined by dissolution of the irradiated sample followed by removal of²⁴Na on hydrated antimony pentoxide (HAP). Long-lived nuclides were used to measure Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zr, Rb, Sb, Cs, Ba, Ce, Eu, Yb, Tb, Lu, Hf, Ta and Th after decay of²⁴Na. The method involves little radiochemistry and the separation is selective for²⁴Na under the experimental conditions used. Elemental concentrations determined agree well with previously published data.     

Determination of impurities in titanium and titanium oxide by radiochemical neutron activation analysis

A radiochemical neutron activation analysis has been applied to 2N–4N grade titanium metal and its oxide. Twenty two impurities were separated in a group from scandium by a radiochemical separation method using cation exchange resin with HBr and HCl. The contents of the elements were calculated by a single comparator method using two monitors. The analytical results agree well within 10% deviation with those obtained by instrumental method. Eighteen elements, Na, Fe, Co, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Sb, La, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Th and U, are determined in titanium oxides and 17 elements, Na, Cr, Fe, Co, Se, As, Zr, Mo, Sb, Cs, Ce, Tb, Yb, Hf, Ta, W and Th, in titanium metals.     

Elemental content in ground and soluble/instant coffee

The concentration of thirty-four elements in twelve coffee brands has been measured using instrumental neutron activation analysis. The samples investigated included four brands of commercially available ground coffee and eight brands of soluble/instant coffee. The elements measured were Al, As, Ba, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Gd, Hf, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, Tm, U, V, Yb and Zn. Twenty four elements were found to be below the detection limit in one or more samples. These elements were Ce, Cr, Fe, V, As, Eu, Ba, Dy, Gd, Hf, La, Lu, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, Yb, Tm, and U.     

Determination of rare earth elements in hot spring water and crater lake water samples by neutron activation analysis incorporating coprecipitation process using aluminium as a collector

Hot spring water and crater lake water samples were analyzed for their rare earth elements: (REE's) by neutron activation method, which, in the irradiation, sample preparation, incorporated a coprecipitation process in which aluminium was used as a collector. Ten REE's, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Tm, Yb and Lu, were consequently detected and determined at the ppb level with satisfactory precision. It was shown that the aluminium coprecipitation is effective in enhancing concentrations of the REE's and reducing the amounts of interfering nuclides before neutron irradiation.     

Determination of rare earth elements in recent and fossil shells by radiochemical neutron activation analysis

Seven rare earth elements (La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu) in marine shell samples were determined by neutron activation analysis. In order to measure γ-ray using a Ge(Li) detector without serious interference from the intense Compton background from²⁴Na, a simple radiochemical separation was performed by a co-precipitation method with hydrated iron(III) oxide. The chemical yields for shell samples (91–99%) were determined by a re-activation technique for Gd and Yb. The interference from the²³⁵U(n, fission) reaction was corrected for determination of La and Ce. The data obtained in this study showed the behavior of rare earth elements in shells during the process of fossilization.     

Separation of transplutonium and rare-earth elements by extraction with HDEHP from DTPA solutions

The extraction behaviour of Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, La, Ce, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Ho, Yb and Lu in the system HDEHP—DTPA in lactic acid has been studied from the point of view of group separation of the transplutonium and rare-earth elements. Optimum separation conditions have been found on the basis of the results obtained. Some test separations of transplutonium elements from rare-earth fission products have been carried out in real solutions by extraction chromatography. It has been shown that this method can be used successfully for the analytical determination of transplutonium elements as well as for recovery of the latter from irradiated samples.     

Major,minor and trace element mass fractions determined using ED-XRF,WD-XRF and INAA for five certified clay reference materials: NCS DC 60102–60105; NCS DC 61101 (GBW 03101A, 03102A, 03103, and 03115)

Major, minor and trace element mass fractions were determined using wavelength dispersive and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and instrumental neutron activation analysis for five clay certified reference materials (NCS DC 60102–60105, 61101) distributed by the National Research Center for Certified Reference Materials in China. We report mass fractions for 10 major and the following 29 minor and trace elements: As, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Hf, La, Lu, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, U, V, Y, Yb, Zn, and Zr.     

Determination of microelement content in the samples from the cycle of intensive poultry breeding

The results of analysis of 15 samples of meat, eggs, feed and water used in the cycle of intensive poultry breeding are given in the paper. Twenty chemical elements such as: Sm, Lu, Eu, Hf, Ce, Yb, Cr, La, Br, Sb, Cs, Sc, Fe, Co, Na, Ta, Tb, Zr, Rb and Zn have been quantitatively determined in all the samples by nondestructive neutron activation analysis. Qualitative determination of K, Ca, Ru and Au was also performed in some samples.     

Extraction of rare earth elements with functionalized ionic liquid, 1,11-bis(1-methylimidazol-3-yl)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane bis(hexafluorophosphate)

Interfacial distribution of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y between aqueous solutions of their salts and solutions of functionalized ionic liquid, 1,11-bis(1-methylimidazol-3-yl)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane bis(hexafluorophosphate) has been studied. The stoichiometry of extracted complexes has been determined, the effect of HNO₃ concentration in aqueous phase on the efficiency of rare earth elements(III) recovery into organic phase has been considered.     

高能偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱法分析古陶瓷

以国家地质标准样品制作工作曲线,用粉末压片法制样,高能偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定古陶瓷中包括15种稀土元素在内的56种元素,通过对6个陶瓷胎标准样品分析,结果表明:钪、钒、锰、铬、锌、镓、锗、铷、锶、钇、锆、铌、镉、锡、铯、钡、镧、铈、镨、钕、钆、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、钍、铀等28种痕量元素测定值均在参考值的不确定度3～4倍范围,其他痕量元素如镍、铜、钼、锑、钐、铕、铽、铪、铅、铋等10种元素合格率为50%～83%。钠、镁、钾、钙、铁的氧化物和钛等6个项目均在允许误差范围内。氯、硫、磷的合格率均为66.6%。二氧化硅和三氧化二铝测定值和波长色散X射线荧光光谱熔融法测定结果相比,绝对误差分别在0.95%～4.46%和0.60%～1.66%之间。     

Strategy for water analysis using ICP-MS

The developed strategy permits determination in three steps of sixty-seven elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Sodium, Mg, Si, S, Cl, K, and Ca are determined in a first step; B, Al, P, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba, Hg, and Pb are determined in a second step; and Li, Be, Ti, V, Co, Ga, Ge, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Te, I, Cs, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Pt, Au, Tl, Bi, Th, and U are analyzed in a third step. The figures of merit obtained are adequate to carry out water quality monitoring and other hydrochemical studies, such those based in the application of hydrochemical fingerprinting to water management.