Evacuation and a geometric construction for Fibonacci tableaux

Tableaux have long been used to study combinatorial properties of permutations and multiset permutations. Discovered independently by Robinson and Schensted and generalized by Knuth, the Robinson–Schensted correspondence has provided a fundamental tool for relating permutations to tableaux. In 1963, Schützenberger defined a process called evacuation on standard tableaux which gives a relationship between the pairs of tableaux (P,Q) resulting from the Schensted correspondence for a permutation and both the reverse and the complement of that permutation. Viennot gave a geometric construction for the Schensted correspondence and Fomin described a generalization of the correspondence which provides a bijection between permutations and pairs of chains in Young's lattice.In 1975, Stanley defined a Fibonacci lattice and in 1988 he introduced the idea of a differential poset. Roby gave an insertion algorithm, analogous to the Schensted correspondence, for mapping a permutation to a pair of Fibonacci tableaux. The main results of this paper are to give an evacuation algorithm for the Fibonacci tableaux that is analogous to the evacuation algorithm on Young tableaux and to describe a geometric construction for the Fibonacci tableaux that is similar to Viennot's geometric construction for Young tableaux.     

Generating indecomposable permutations

An indecomposable permutation π on [n] is one such that π([m])=[m] for no m<n. We consider indecomposable permutations and give a new, inclusive enumerative recurrence for them. This recurrence allows us to generate all indecomposable permutations of length n in transposition Gray code order, in constant amortized time (CAT). We also present a CAT generation algorithm for indecomposable permutations which is based on the Johnson-Trotter algorithm for generating all permutations of length n. The question of whether or not there exists an adjacent transposition Gray code for indecomposable permutations remains open.     

The maximal-inversion statistic and pattern-avoiding permutations

We define a new combinatorial statistic, maximal-inversion, on a permutation. We remark that the number M(n,k) of permutations in S_n with k maximal-inversions is the signless Stirling number c(n,n−k) of the first kind. A permutation π in S_n is uniquely determined by its maximal-inversion set . We prove it by making an algorithm for retrieving the permutation from its maximal-inversion set. Also, we remark on how the algorithm can be used directly to determine whether a given set is the maximal-inversion set of a permutation. As an application of the algorithm, we characterize the maximal-inversion set for pattern-avoiding permutations. Then we give some enumerative results concerning permutations with forbidden patterns.     

Gray code for permutations with a fixed number of cycles

We give the first Gray code for the set of n-length permutations with a given number of cycles. In this code, each permutation is transformed into its successor by a product with a cycle of length three, which is optimal. If we represent each permutation by its transposition array then the obtained list still remains a Gray code and this allows us to construct a constant amortized time (CAT) algorithm for generating these codes. Also, Gray code and generating algorithm for n-length permutations with fixed number of left-to-right minima are discussed.     

Generating coset representatives for permutation groups

A group of symmetries can divide the group of all permutations of n marks into equivalence classes of isomorphs; each class is a coset of the group of symmetries. An algorithm for generating a set of isomorph, or coset, representatives is discussed. It can be used when n! is too large for all permutations to be useful, but the number of equivalence classes is manageable. The group of symmetries can be varied to match many natural notions of similarity. A computation on permutations that is restricted to a set of representatives can then concentrate on the essentially different cases.     

Indecomposable permutations, hypermaps and labeled Dyck paths

Hypermaps were introduced as an algebraic tool for the representation of embeddings of graphs on an orientable surface. Recently a bijection was given between hypermaps and indecomposable permutations; this sheds new light on the subject by connecting a hypermap to a simpler object. In this paper, a bijection between indecomposable permutations and labeled Dyck paths is proposed, from which a few enumerative results concerning hypermaps and maps follow. We obtain for instance an inductive formula for the number of hypermaps with n darts, p vertices and q hyperedges; the latter is also the number of indecomposable permutations of Sn with p cycles and q left-to-right maxima. The distribution of these parameters among all permutations is also considered.     

Using Noonan–Zeilberger Functional Equations to enumerate (in polynomial time!) generalized Wilf classes

One of the most challenging problems in enumerative combinatorics is to count Wilf classes, where you are given a pattern, or set of patterns, and you are asked to find a “formula”, or at least an efficient algorithm, that inputs a positive integer n and outputs the number of permutations avoiding that pattern. In 1996, John Noonan and Doron Zeilberger initiated the counting of permutations that have a prescribed, r, say, occurrences of a given pattern. They gave an ingenious method to generate functional equations, alas, with an unbounded number of “catalytic variables”, but then described a clever way, using multivariable calculus, on how to get enumeration schemes. Alas, their method becomes very complicated for r larger than 1. In the present article we describe a far simpler way to squeeze the necessary information, in polynomial time, for increasing patterns of any length and for any number of occurrences r.     

On the calculation of the Kauffman bracket polynomial

In this paper, we present a new algorithm to evaluate the Kauffman bracket polynomial. The algorithm uses cyclic permutations to count the number of states obtained by the application of ‘A’ and ‘B’ type smoothings to the each crossing of the knot. We show that our algorithm can be implemented easily by computer programming.     

Reconstruction of permutations distorted by reversal errors

The problem of reconstructing permutations on n elements from their erroneous patterns which are distorted by reversal errors is considered in this paper. Reversals are the operations reversing the order of a substring of a permutation. To solve this problem, it is essential to investigate structural and combinatorial properties of a corresponding Cayley graph on the symmetric group Sym_n generated by reversals. It is shown that for any n?3 an arbitrary permutation π is uniquely reconstructible from four distinct permutations at reversal distance at most one from π where the reversal distance is defined as the least number of reversals needed to transform one permutation into the other. It is also proved that an arbitrary permutation is reconstructible from three permutations with a probability p₃→1 and from two permutations with a probability as n→∞. A reconstruction algorithm is presented. In the case of at most two reversal errors it is shown that at least erroneous patterns are required in order to reconstruct an arbitrary permutation.     

A bijection between permutations and floorplans, and its applications

A floorplan represents the relative relations between modules on an integrated circuit. Floorplans are commonly classified as slicing, mosaic, or general. Separable and Baxter permutations are classes of permutations that can be defined in terms of forbidden subsequences. It is known that the number of slicing floorplans equals the number of separable permutations and that the number of mosaic floorplans equals the number of Baxter permutations [B. Yao, H. Chen, C.K. Cheng, R.L. Graham, Floorplan representations: complexity and connections, ACM Trans. Design Automation Electron. Systems 8(1) (2003) 55-80]. We present a simple and efficient bijection between Baxter permutations and mosaic floorplans with applications to integrated circuits design. Moreover, this bijection has two additional merits: (1) It also maps between separable permutations and slicing floorplans; and (2) it suggests enumerations of mosaic floorplans according to various structural parameters.     

Partial γ-positivity for quasi-Stirling permutations of multisets

We prove that the enumerative polynomials of quasi-Stirling permutations of multisets with respect to the statistics of plateaux, descents and ascents are partial γ-positive, thereby confirming a recent conjecture posed by Lin, Ma and Zhang. This is accomplished by proving the partial γ-positivity of the enumerative polynomials of certain ordered labeled trees, which are in bijection with quasi-Stirling permutations of multisets. As an application, we provide an alternative proof of the partial γ-positivity of the enumerative polynomials on Stirling permutations of multisets.     

A generalized unitary Hessenberg matrix

This paper describes the use of a generalized isometric Arnoldi algorithm to reduce a unitary matrix, via unitary similarity, to a product of elementary reflectors and permutations. The computation is analogous to the reduction of a unitary matrix to a unitary Hessenberg matrix using the isometric Arnoldi algorithm. In the case in which A is a shift matrix, the reduction provides a novel recurrence for the factor R in the QR factorization of a Toeplitz-like matrix.     

Counting Simsun Permutations by Descents

We count in the present work simsun permutations of length n by their number of descents. Properties studied include the recurrence relation and real-rootedness of the generating function of the number of n-simsun permutations with k descents. By means of generating function arguments, we show that the descent number is equidistributed over n-simsun permutations and n-André permutations. We also compute the mean and variance of the random variable X _n taking values the descent number of random n-simsun permutations, and deduce that the distribution of descents over random simsun permutations of length n satisfies a central and a local limit theorem as n ?? +???.     

Baxter permutations and plane bipolar orientations

We present a simple bijection between Baxter permutations of size n and plane bipolar orientations with n edges. This bijection translates several classical parameters of permutations into natural parameters of orientations, and has remarkable symmetry properties. By specialising it to Baxter permutations avoiding the pattern 3142, we obtain a bijection with non-separable planar maps, which had been described only in an implicit recursive manner so far (up to simple symmetries). A further specialization yields a bijection between permutations avoiding 3142 and 2413 and series-parallel maps.     

Quasirandom arithmetic permutations

In [J.N. Cooper, Quasirandom permutations, 2002, to appear], the author introduced quasirandom permutations, permutations of Z_n which map intervals to sets with low discrepancy. Here we show that several natural number-theoretic permutations are quasirandom, some very strongly so. Quasirandomness is established via discrete Fourier analysis and the Erd?s-Turán inequality, as well as by other means. We apply our results on Sós permutations to make progress on a number of questions relating to the sequence of fractional parts of multiples of an irrational. Several intriguing open problems are presented throughout the discussion.     

The peak and descent statistics over ballot permutations

A ballot permutation is a permutation π such that in any prefix of π the descent number is not more than the ascent number. By using a reversal-concatenation map, we (i) give a formula for the joint distribution (pk, des) of the peak and descent statistics over ballot permutations, (ii) connect this distribution and the joint distribution (pk, des) over ordinary permutations in terms of generating functions, and (iii) confirm Spiro's conjecture which finds the equidistribution of the descent statistic for ballot permutations and an analogue of the descent statistic for odd order permutations.     

On sorting by 3-bounded transpositions

Heath and Vergara [Sorting by short block moves, Algorithmica 28 (2000) 323-352] proved the equivalence between sorting by 3-bounded transpositions and sorting by correcting skips and correcting hops. This paper explores various algorithmic as well as combinatorial aspects of correcting skips/hops, with the aim of understanding 3-bounded transpositions better.We show that to sort any permutation via correcting hops and skips, ⌊n/2⌋ correcting skips suffice. We also present a tighter analysis of the approximation algorithm of Heath and Vergara, and a possible simplification. Along the way, we study the class H_n of those permutations of S_n which can be sorted using correcting hops alone, and characterize large subsets of this class. We obtain a combinatorial characterization of the set G_n⊆S_n of all correcting-hop-free permutations, and describe a linear-time algorithm to optimally sort such permutations. We also show how to efficiently sort a permutation with a minimum number of correcting moves.     

The Möbius function of separable and decomposable permutations

We give a recursive formula for the Möbius function of an interval [σ,π] in the poset of permutations ordered by pattern containment in the case where π is a decomposable permutation, that is, consists of two blocks where the first one contains all the letters 1,2,…,k for some k. This leads to many special cases of more explicit formulas. It also gives rise to a computationally efficient formula for the Möbius function in the case where σ and π are separable permutations. A permutation is separable if it can be generated from the permutation 1 by successive sums and skew sums or, equivalently, if it avoids the patterns 2413 and 3142.We also show that the Möbius function in the poset of separable permutations admits a combinatorial interpretation in terms of normal embeddings among permutations. A consequence of this interpretation is that the Möbius function of an interval [σ,π] of separable permutations is bounded by the number of occurrences of σ as a pattern in π. Another consequence is that for any separable permutation π the Möbius function of (1,π) is either 0, 1 or −1.     

Comparing Algorithms for Sorting with <Emphasis Type="Italic">t</Emphasis> Stacks in Series

We show that the left-greedy algorithm is a better algorithm than the right-greedy algorithm for sorting permutations using t stacks in series when t > 1. We also supply a method for constructing some permutations that can be sorted by t stacks in series and from this get a lower bound on the number of permutations of length n that are sortable by t stacks in series. Finally we show that the left-greedy algorithm is neither optimal nor defines a closed class of permutations for t > 2.AMS Subject Classification: 05A05, 68R05, 68W01.     

Permutations selon leurs pics,creux, doubles montées et double descentes,nombres d'euler et nombres de Genocchi

We study permutations whose type is given, the type being the sets of the values of the peaks, throughs, doubles rises and double falls. We show that the type of a permutation on n letters is caracterized by a map γ[n]→[n]; the number of possible types is the Catalan number; the number of permutations whose type is associated with γ is the product γ(1)γ(2)·γ(n). This result is a corollary of an explicit bijection between permutations and pairs (γ, ?) where ? is a map dominated by γ. Specifying this bijection tG various classes of permutations provides enumerative formulas for classical numbers, e.g. Euler and Genocchi numbers. It has been proved recently that each enumerative formula of this work is equivalent to a continued fraction expansion of a generating serie.