爆炸抛撒金属颗粒群的装药方式

对炸药与金属颗粒混装及炸药与金属颗粒分装方式(添加分散剂和不添加分散剂)下炸药爆炸抛 撒金属颗粒群进行了实验研究。结果表明,分装方式下颗粒容易烧结成团且在空间分布不均,添加分散剂后 颗粒的分散性较好,没有烧结成团现象。混装方式下颗粒不会烧结,空间分散性较好。在有效距离内,从颗粒 空间数密度、颗粒对靶板的侵彻能力、工艺和安全等方面来看,分装加分散剂方式优于其他2种方式。     

Fragmentation of metal rings by electromagnetic loading

A method is described for performing fragmentation studies on rapidly expanding metal rings. A fast-discharge capacitor system generates magnetic forces which accelerate the rings to maximum radial velocities of approximately 200 m/s corresponding to circumferential-strain rates of approximately 10⁴/s at fragmentation. Streak-camera techniques are used to record the time-resolved motion of the rings. Fracture-strain and fragmentation experiments have been performed on samples of OFHC copper and 1100-0 aluminum.     

Detonation in heterogeneous mixtures of liquids and particles

The mechanisms of detonation propagation in heterogeneous systems comprising closely packed particles and a liquid explosive are not fully understood. Recent experimental work has suggested the presence of two distinct modes of detonation propagation. One mode is valid for small particles (which is the regime we will address in this paper) with another mode for large particles. In this work we model numerically the detail of the wave interactions between the detonating liquid and the solid particles. The generic system of interest in our work is nitromethane and aluminium but our methodology can be applied to other liquids and particles. We have exercised our numerical models on the experiments described above. Our models can now qualitatively explain the observed variation in critical diameter with particle size. We also report some initial discrepancies in our predictions of wave speeds in nominally one dimensional experiments which can be explained by detailed modelling. We find that the complex wave interaction in the flow behind the leading shock in the detonating system of liquid and particles is characterised by at least two sonic points. The first is the standard CJ point in the reacting liquid. The second is a sonic point with respect to the sound speed in the inert material. This leads to a steady state zone in the flow behind the leading shock which is much longer than the reaction zone in the liquid alone. The width of this region scales linearly with particle size. Since the width of the subsonic region strongly influences the failure diameter we believe that this property of the flow is the origin of the observed increase in failure diameter with particle size for small inert particles. Received 3 December 1999 / Accepted 5 July 2000     

波纹结构迎爆面泡沫金属对甲烷-空气混合气体爆炸能量的吸收特性

为进一步探究气体爆炸荷载下异构迎爆面泡沫金属的吸能特性,在前期开展锯齿结构迎爆面材料吸能特性实验的基础上,以3种波纹结构迎爆面（凸面型、凹面型和凹凸连续型）泡沫金属材料为研究对象,利用自主搭建的气体爆炸管网实验平台,开展了该泡沫金属材料在甲烷-空气混合气体爆炸荷载下的吸能特性测定实验。采用不同波纹结构迎爆面阻隔爆材料,测定了管道内爆炸冲击波超压、火焰传播速度和火焰温度等随时间和空间的变化,分析了不同波纹结构迎爆面阻隔爆材料的吸能效果。结果表明：(1)迎爆面为波纹结构的泡沫金属材料对爆炸超压的衰减效果优于迎爆面为锯齿结构的泡沫金属材料和迎爆面为平面结构的泡沫金属材料,且迎爆面为凸面型波纹结构和凹凸连续型波纹结构的泡沫金属材料对超压衰减的速率高于迎爆面为锯齿结构和凹面型波纹结构的泡沫金属材料;迎爆面为锯齿结构的泡沫金属材料对火焰传播速度的衰减略强于迎爆面为波纹结构和平面结构的泡沫金属材料;迎爆面为波纹结构的泡沫金属材料对火焰温度的衰减效果优于迎爆面为锯齿结构及平面结构的泡沫金属材料。(2)在本文实验条件下,3种波纹结构（凸面型、凹面型和凹凸连续型）迎爆面泡沫金属材料的熄爆参数分别为5.338、4.340和6.090 MPa·℃,低于锯齿结构迎爆面材料的熄爆参数17.680 MPa·℃,且远低于熄爆参数安全值390 MPa·℃,波纹结构迎爆面材料具有良好的防护效果。(3)这3种迎爆面为波纹结构的泡沫金属材料均具有良好的吸能特性,均优于迎爆面为锯齿形结构的泡沫金属材料,且明显优于迎爆面为平面结构的泡沫金属材料。

     

Prediction of central bursting during axisymmetric cold extrusion of a metal alloy containing particles

A simple cell model based damage dependent yield surface is used to model the effect of void nucleation and growth in an aluminum alloy during an axisymmetric cold extrusion process. Material parameters for characterization of the yield surface are determined through a physically consistent micromechanical cell modeling technique. The model can account for the behavior of a void containing a particle under severe compressive processing conditions. The formation of distinct, equally spaced, arrowhead shaped ‘central burst’ defects is observed during simulation of the extrusion process. Application of the model to a two-stage rolling process is also briefly illustrated. Formation of central bursts during extrusion and edge cracking during rolling is explained in terms of the hydrostatic stress distribution and the related void growth. The affects of material hardening, surface friction and die geometry are examined in the case of extrusion. Correlation is found between the simulations and analytical and experimental results, confirming the suitability of the constitutive model.     

水下爆炸冲击波载荷作用下冰层破碎特性及其影响因素

水下爆炸破冰是复杂的爆破工程,为了研究冰层在水下爆炸冲击波载荷作用下的破碎特性及规律,利用几何动力分析软件LS-DYNA对水下爆炸破冰的过程进行数值模拟,并将计算结果与实验结果进行对比,误差在8%以内,验证了数值模型的有效性。根据本文中的建模方法及建立的模型,计算不同的实验工况:实验场地环境不变,调整爆距分析不同爆距下冰层破碎特性;调整药量、爆距和冰厚,通过正交设计方法设计9组实验方案,应用灰色系统理论对3种因素进行分析,建立了各个因素与破冰半径之间的灰色关联度系数及灰色关联度。分析结果表明:药量为100 g,冰厚为29 cm,水深为2.9 m,爆距范围为0.3~1.5 m破冰的半径范围为0~1.1 m,最佳爆距范围在0.3~0.45 m之间;根据以上9种工况的分析可知,药量(100、200、300 g)、爆距(0.3、0.6、0.9 m)和冰厚(24、28、32 cm)对破冰半径的影响的主次关系依次为爆距、药量、冰厚。     

金属壳体装药水下爆炸的冲击波特性

为了研究装药壳体厚度对水下爆炸冲击波特性的影响,对1kg柱形含铝炸药分别在厚6mm 的钢壳或硬铝壳装药下进行了水下爆炸实验与数值模拟研究。实验结果表明,相对硬铝壳,钢壳装药的冲击波冲量、衰减时间常数以及冲击波能都偏大,而冲击波峰值相差不大。针对不同厚度钢壳装药的数值模拟表明,随着壳体厚度的增加,冲击波参数明显增强,当壳体厚度超过最优值时这种效应减弱;金属壳的存在导致冲击波峰值爬升产生滞后效应;对一定质量的炸药,存在可有效提高冲击波压力峰值的最优壳厚,填装比可以作为衡量效果的重要指标。     

Combustion of a gas suspension of metal particles

The combustion of a gas suspension of particles reacting in accordance with a heterogeneous mechanism was considered in [1–4]. It was assumed that the reaction rate at the surface of the individual particles does not depend on the thickness of the oxide film, or that a film does not form, i.e., the reaction products are gaseous. With the oxidation of many metals the oxide film formed inhibits the reaction, i.e., with its growth, the rate of the reaction decreases. The special characteristics of the process of the combustion of individual particles of metals arising as a result of the effect of the oxide film were considered in [5], in which it was shown that the dependence of the reaction rate on the thickness of the film has a considerable effect on the laws governing the combustion of individual particles. In the present work, a study was made of the process of the combustion of a gas suspension of particles of metals oxidizing in accordance with the so-called parabolic law (the reaction rate is inversely proportional to the thickness of the oxide film). The results are compared with the laws governing the combusion of a gas suspension of particles reacting in accordance with a purely heterogeneous mechanism in the absence of an oxide film.     

Templating core-shell particles using metal ion-chelating biosurfactants

Designer biosurfactants can be used to stabilise and functionalise interfaces.One particularly promising use is the stabilisation of oil-in-water emulsions,enab...     

泄爆过程中二次爆炸的动力学机理研究

在容积为0.00814m3的柱形泄爆容器中，对泄爆现象进行实验研究. 容器内充满当量比为1的甲烷-空气预混气，采用底端中心点火，泄爆压力为230±15kPa. 基于k-ε湍流模型和EBU燃烧模型，利用同位网格的SIMPLE算法，对该现象进行了数值模拟. 实验和计算获得的外轴线上4个测压点的压力曲线和外流场的阴影和数值照片，形象地描述了高压泄爆时外部流场的变化. 数值结果与实验结果基本一致. 根据实验和数值结果，详细地讨论了泄爆过程中二次爆炸产生的动力学机理. 泄爆的初始阶段，在破膜激波的引导下，泄出的未燃气体因欠膨胀在外流场形成稀疏波低压区和悬激波高压区. 高压区可燃气体密度和温度上升，成为高密度的预热区域. 随后，火焰以射流形式从泄爆口泄出，点燃可燃气云. 受湍流等因素的影响，特别在高密度的预热区域，燃烧速率可能迅速增大，从而导致二次爆炸.     

电爆炸过程中金属丝阻抗的变化

为了掌握金属丝阻抗的变化规律,通过分压器和罗氏线圈分别测量出电爆炸过程中金属丝上的电压和电流,并由此计算出金属丝阻抗等相关电参数随时间变化的规律;采用F.D.Bennett和A.Hobson模型对金属丝阻抗进行了数值模拟,得到金属丝阻抗随时间的变化规律。实验结果和模拟结果的比较表明:两个模型的模拟结果均在金属丝气化前和部分初始放电电压下有效;当放电时电容器初始电压较大时,能量沉积速度更快,金属丝液化、气化、完全气化所用的时间更短;在金属丝爆炸过程中,金属丝阻抗存在一个最大值。     

尿素抑制甲烷爆炸过程中爆炸压力与自由基变化耦合分析

为建立抑爆过程中,尿素对甲烷宏观抑爆效果与微观抑爆机理之间的联系,利用20 L球型爆炸测试装置开展实验,测量了尿素粉体抑制甲烷爆炸过程中爆炸压力,利用光栅光谱仪采集火焰发射光谱数据;采用光谱分析和数据同步分析方法,分析该抑爆过程中爆炸压力和NO、CN、CHO、HNO、OH等关键自由基或分子的变化,得出甲烷爆炸压力发展过程与相关自由基含量之间的耦合变化关系。研究表明,加入尿素能有效地降低甲烷的爆炸压力,延长甲烷的爆炸感应期;在尿素的作用条件,NO、HNO含量的升高和CN、CHO、OH含量的降低,可以抑制甲烷爆炸;NO、CN、CHO、HNO自由基分子与甲烷爆炸升压过程有较大联系;OH自由基一直存在于甲烷爆炸的整个过程中且含量较高;对以上自由基的干预,可以在相应阶段发挥抑爆作用。

     

超临界CO2气爆非均质煤体破裂规律模拟研究

为揭示超临界CO2气爆含割理裂隙非均质煤体的致裂规律,开发了识别实际煤体图像获取其割理裂隙几何信息的M atlab程序,将几何信息与煤体非均质物性参数关联并导入Abaqus中,实现了非均质煤体有限元表征,并采用SPH与FEM联合求解的方法模拟超临界CO2气爆非均质煤体的致裂过程,得到了弱面倾角、弱面到爆孔中心距离及初应力的变化对煤体气爆致裂效果的影响规律.模拟结果表明,初应力对主裂缝的萌生和扩展具有导向作用,气爆裂缝沿最大初应力方向扩展;弱面倾角相同时,弱面离爆孔越近,穿过弱面的裂缝尺度和密度越大,弱面离爆孔较远时,弱面完全阻断了裂缝的扩展;弱面到爆孔中心距离相同时,弱面倾角越大,弱面对裂缝扩展的阻碍作用越大,穿过弱面的裂缝尺度和密度越小,应力波透射率越小.现场气爆增透煤体时,应考虑割理裂隙和地应力特征合理布置气爆孔位置及爆破参数.     

Thermal explosion during the flow of a viscous liquid

Frank-Kamenetskii has discussed a steady-state formulation of thermal explosions [1]. Bostandzhiyan et al. [2] and Bostandzhiyan and Chernyaeva [3] have shown, for the flow in a cylindrical tube of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids having a strong (nonlinear) temperature dependence of the viscosity, that a phenomenon analogous to thermal explosion may occur during the flow of a chemically inert liquid. Bostandzhiyan et al. [4] have also studied Couette flow and the flow between two rotating circular cylinders of a Newtonian liquid having the same temperature dependence for its viscosity. It was shown that, although the heat balance equation reduces to the equations of the steady-state theory of thermal explosion for the corresponding region, hydrodynamic thermal “explosion” was not observed in these cases. This phenomenon was found to be characteristic of only pressurized flows. Below, we study thermal explosions during the Poiseuille flow of a viscous, chemically reactive liquid in an infinite circular cylindrical tube, and during the motion of the liquid between infinite rotating cylinders. The combined effect of chemical and mechanical heat cources are considered. Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Teknicheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 38–43, 1968     

Stop flow lithography synthesis of non-spherical metal oxide particles

Non-spherical micron and nano-sized particles and their composites have become essential in select application areas of optics,wear resistance,personnel protection,chemical mechanical polishing,and biomedicine.In this paper,the synthesis of composite and ceramic non-spherical particles using stop flow lithography is reported.Precursor suspensions of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate,2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone and SiO_2 or Al_2O_3 are prepared.The precursor suspension flows through a microfluidic device mounted on an upright microscope and is polymerized in an automated process.A photomask patterned with transparent geometric features,which define the cross-sectional shapes of the particles,masks the UV light to synthesize micron sized particles.Particles with axial dimensions ranging from 35 to 167 μm were synthesized.Control of device channel depth and objective lens magnification enables the manipulation of the particle size.Composite particles in triangular,square,pentagonal,hexagonal,and circular cross sections were synthesized.Subsequently,the transformation of the composite particles into the corresponding metal oxide particles was achieved through polymer burn-off and sintering.     

煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰的传播特性

为了揭示煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰传播特征,采用2种不同质量分数挥发分的煤粉在半封闭竖直燃烧管中进行实验。分别使用高速摄影装置和红外热成像装置记录火焰传播过程和空间的温度分布情况,并分析2种煤粉尘云的火焰传播速度和温度曲线。结果表明:在同等条件下,火焰在挥发分质量分数高的煤粉尘云中的传播速度和火焰温度要高于其在挥发分质量分数较低的煤粉尘云中的。煤粉尘云的体积质量和点火能量也影响着火焰的传播过程,随着煤粉尘云体积质量的增大,火焰的传播速度和火焰温度整体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在传播的后半段火焰速度出现震荡现象;随着点火能量的增大,火焰在煤粉尘云中的传播速度和最高温度也相应升高。通过大量的实验数据计算得到特定条件下火焰传播速度和温度的经验公式。     

超弹性夹芯覆盖层的水下爆炸防护性能

对橡胶夹芯覆盖层在船模受水下爆炸时的防护作用进行了实验研究。以钢制加筋方盒模型为实验对象,针对有、无覆盖层2种情况开展了一系列5 kg当量的水下爆炸对比实验。对加速度、应变及壁压等物理量进行了分析对比。结果表明,超弹性覆盖层能有效降低结构受冲击波时的响应峰值。而壁压对比揭示了由于流固耦合,作用在结构上的总入射冲量大幅度降低。频域分析表明,覆盖层的作用可以用一个低通滤波器进行类比,对于50 Hz以上的高频信号衰减明显,但对于低于50 Hz的低频信号影响不大。     

Problem concerning a plane explosion in a heterogeneous atmosphere with account taken of the post-breakthrough stage

The problem is considered concerning a plane explosion in an exponential and standard atmosphere. The heterogeneity of the medium exerts an extremely marked influence on the gas flow. As shown in [1], under the conditions of an exponential atmosphere the upper part of the shock-wave front recedes to an infinite distance, after a finite time. This phenomenon has received the name breakthrough of the atmosphere. A numerical investigation of a powerful plane explosion in an exponential atmosphere at the stage before breakthrough is contained in [2]. In [3], asymptotic boundary conditions are proposed which permit the gas flow after breakthrough to be calculated. In the present paper, a numerical solution of this problem is obtained at an interval of time which exceeds by a factor of 10–15 the time of break-through. The effect of counterpressure and gravity is studied. Some results are given for a plane explosion in a standard atmosphere.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 124–131, May–June, 1976.The authors thank L. A. Chudov for attention to the project and for useful advice.