基于光纤马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的强度测量研究

根据光外差检测原理，分析得到干涉测量适用于信号光强小于参考光强的探测，直接测量适用于信号光强大于参考光强的探测的结论。利用自制的全光纤马赫-曾德尔干涉仪系统，对位移信号进行了测量。实验结果表明：当位移信号较小时，干涉测量的灵敏度分别为62．068μW／mm和9．90mV／mm，而非干涉测量的灵敏度分别为4．30μW／mm和0．35mV／mm；当位移信号较大时，干涉测量的灵敏度分别为2．643mV／mm和0．055mV／mm，非干涉测量的灵敏度分别为12．326mV／mm和4．194mV／mm，测量结果与分析得到的结论一致。对于光纤干涉仪强度调制检测的应用具有参考价值。     

基于外差干涉的微振动测量技术研究

针对外差干涉的微振动测量存在稳定性低、严重受环境噪声影响等缺点,提出了对光路的改进方案。根据差分原理将其改为双光路,消除环境噪声的干扰;通过偏振分光棱镜（PBS）将椭圆偏振光变为线偏光,提高干涉信号幅值;改进频移装置(AOM),抑制频率漂移;增加光阑,滤除杂散光,提高系统信噪比。通过探测5 kHz压电陶瓷振动信号,以及2.5 MHz高频激光超声信号进行实验验证,结果表明:信号稳定且无纹波,系统分辨率为2.3 nm,信噪比提高16.7倍。两路干涉信号幅值分别为552 mV和736 mV,较传统外差干涉信号幅值提高近10倍,有利于纳米量级微振动信号的检测。     

变光外差为电外差的双频激光探测

演示一种双频激光位移探测系统,阐述光载波激光雷达的概念。由单块非平面环形腔固体激光器和声光调制器产生100MHz载波频率的双频激光束,作为探测光束,经过光路收发系统,探测位于电动导轨上目标的位移变化,信号处理部分采用高速光电探测器响应后信号的电子外差解调方式,位移量的获得通过高频锁相放大器解算参考光束与信号光束的相位差并计算获得。通过双频激光把光学外差探测变为了电子外差探测,系统重复误差小于3%。系统在利用无线电雷达信号处理方式的同时,保留了激光探测的优点,位移测量系统具有良好的重复性。     

微振动振幅的精密测量

本文给出一种微振动振幅的精密测量方法.此方法采用光拍相位检测、伺服锁定干涉仪光程差和窄带检测技术,大大提高了信噪比.微振动振幅检测灵敏度达2.2×10~(-2)(?)/Hz~(1/2)(2kHz信号).     

近距离激光外差探测光学极限位移分辨率

通过统计理论和维纳-辛钦定理推导出激光外差探测系统光电流的功率谱函数,分析了光电流谱线分布与激光光源线宽、中频信号频率以及信号光相对本振光传输延迟时间的关系,修正了相关文献中光电流功率谱的理论公式.根据信号与噪声理论建立了激光线宽引起的相位噪声的一维概率分布模型,并据此得到了基于激光波长、探测距离以及激光线宽的极限位移分辨率的数学模型.对光电流的功率谱和外差光学极限位移分辨率进行了相关的数值仿真,结果表明延迟时间与相干时间的关系决定光电流谱线分布的情况.当激光波长为532 nm,激光线宽在1 kHz,探测距离为100 m时,光学极限位移分辨率为0.266 nm,相关文献中的实验数据与理论推导结果相符合.     

二维复用半导体激光器线性调频光纤位移传感器的研究

利用半导体激光器线性调频外差干涉原理和频域多路复用原理,研究了光纤位移传感器多路复用技术,制作了两路复用光纤位移传感器,研究和解决了多路复用时信号串话问题.实验证明,各路之间串话引起的误差小于±0.02μm,每路测量误差小于±0.05μm.     

Heterodyne angular interferometer using a square prism

An interferometer composed of a dual-frequency laser, sensing assembly, and decoding system is proposed for angular displacement determinations. The laser is a heterodyne light source. The sensing assembly generates an interference signal by the use of a square prism, and the decoding system extracts the phase difference of the interference signal. The theory, which reveals that the phase difference has a relation with the angular displacement of the square prism, of the interferometer is described. A setup constructed to realize the interferometer and the results of using this setup are then demonstrated and presented.     

Calibration of high-frequency hydrophone up to 40 MHz by heterodyne interferometer

A calibration technique for high-frequency hydrophone utilizing a heterodyne interferometer is presented in this article. The calibration system is mainly composed of optical and signal processing modules. In the displacement measurement, a pellicle is mounted at the surface of water to avoid acousto-optical interaction. The phase modulated carrier signal is digitized and transferred to the computer, then processed by digital phase demodulation. A phase unwrapping algorithm is employed to remove ambiguity of the arctangent function and has proven effective in large displacement measurements. Pellicle displacement and voltage output of the hydrophone in focused ultrasonic field are processed by DFT to determine the amplitudes of the fundamental and harmonic components. Experiments show that the heterodyne technique can provide hydrophone calibration up to 40 MHz, with a slightly smaller sensitivity compared with the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) calibration results for most frequency ranges. Since the heterodyne technique is independent on assumptions about the geometry of the ultrasonic field and the performance of the transducer, it can be easily extended to high frequency and high power ultrasound measurement applications.     

激光调频光纤位移传感器多路复用技术的研究

叙述了运用半导体激光器连续波调频外差干涉和频域多路复用原理，研究了光纤位移传感器多路复用技术。已研制成的分频与分幅相结合四路复用光纤位移传感器，可同时进行对多点、多维位移和多种物理量的测量，各路位移测量范围大于１ｍｍ，测量精度优于０．１μｍ及位移分辨率为０．０１μｍ。     

Application of the Raman heterodyne technique for the detection of EPR and ENDOR

Raman heterodyne detection is a coherent optical-RF double resonance technique where the optical and RF fields induce coherence within a three level system and a resultant Raman field is measured using heterodyne detection. This approach has been used previously to detect NMR and more recently EPR. In this paper the parameters that affect the amplitude and signal to noise ratio of the Raman heterodyne signals are considered. The power levels in relation to the oscillator strength and dephasing times, the amplitude and spectrum of the laser frequency jitter in relation to the optical homogeneous linewidths and holeburning rates, and the sample properties such as absorption strength and optical quality, are all factors that affect the Raman signal. The presentation is focused on the Raman heterodyne detected EPR of the nitrogen-vacancy pair centre in diamond making comparisons with Raman heterodyne detected NMR signals obtained for rare earth ion systems. RF-RF double resonance studies, RF holeburning and ENDOR, which give information about the hyperfine levels are also reported for the nitrogen-vacancy centre. The resonance frequencies are in agreement with those predicted from the spin Hamiltonian. The factors affecting the lineshapes and relative intensities of the double resonance signals are discussed.     

信号与本振光振幅分布对星间相干光通信系统混频效率的影响

星间相干光通信系统中,信号光与本振光的不同分布将影响外差混频效率.在假设信号光与本振光偏振一致、相位匹配、几何中心重合的前提下,详细推导了信号光振幅为平面波(Uniform)、高斯(Gauss)分布,本振光为艾里斑(Airy)、Uniform及Gauss分布时的6种外差混频效率关系式,其中4种得到了精确的解析式.在此基...     

基于激光外差干涉术的薄膜厚度测量方法

针对光学薄膜厚度测量困难问题，提出了一种基于激光外差干涉术的薄膜厚度测量方法。采用经典迈克尔逊干涉光路，利用外差干涉原理将薄膜厚度差转换为光程差，以精密位移平台为扫描机构实现薄膜厚度的逐行扫描测量。测量系统在恒温实验条件下20 min内的漂移不超过8 nm，测量结果平均差小于1 nm，通过与椭圆偏振仪的测量结果比较，测量差值为12.97 nm，表明了该方法的可行性。     

Applying the optical activity of cholesteric liquid crystal for measuring small wavelength differences

This work proposes a simple measurement technique based on the optical activity of cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) and circular common-path heterodyne interferometry for measuring small wavelength differences. A circularly polarized heterodyne light passes through a CLC cell and an analyzer, generating an interference signal. When the CLC cell is properly chosen with a circular regime, it has strong optical activity. Accordingly, the phase difference between the left and right circular light of the interference signal depends strongly on the wavelength. As the wavelength changes, variations of the phase difference can be accurately detected by heterodyne interferometry. Substituting the variation of phase difference into specially derived equations, the wavelength variations can be estimated accurately. The feasibility of this method, which is applicable when the wavelength is larger than the product of the pitch and the refractive index of the CLC cell, was demonstrated; it provides the advantages of simple installation, ease of operation, and high accuracy.     

利用法布里-珀罗腔抑制电光相位调制中的剩余幅度调制

激光经电光相位调制后,由于剩余幅度调制的存在造成调制边带幅度不相等。利用法布里-珀罗腔的透射特性和Pound-Drever-Hall技术对通过法布里-珀罗腔的调制光正、负一级边带的幅度产生不同的衰减,使得调制边带的幅度相等,从而实现对电光相位调制中剩余幅度调制的抑制。采用该方法,理论上计算了调制光经法布里-珀罗腔后的光外差光谱信号,获得锁定法布里-珀罗腔后调制边带幅度的不对称度较腔锁定前减小四个数量级。实验研究了调制光经法布里-珀罗腔透射的光外差光谱,结果表明将法布里-珀罗腔锁定于该透射光外差光谱中心零位时,对剩余幅度调制的抑制程度可达45 dB。     

基于适度光反馈自混合干涉技术的振动测量

光反馈自混合干涉技术是一种新浮现的有别于传统双光束干涉的一类新的测试技术。为了在适度光反馈下进行振动的精密测量,提出了一种基于适度光反馈自混合干涉技术的振动测量方法。经对光反馈自混合干涉信号条纹分析,发现通过选定合适的光反馈水平及激光器线宽展宽因数,可以得到锯齿干涉条纹。这种干涉信号不仅包含振动幅度信息也包含振动方向信息。该振动测量方法利用锯齿干涉条纹的特点,首先通过条纹记数实现大范围振幅粗测,具有半波长位移分辨力;然后基于适度光反馈下小数条纹的特点,给出了小于半波长位移测量的线性表达式,从而实现位移的精测。仿真计算表明,该方法可以实现大量程高分辨力振动位移测量,在叠加20 dB的噪声下,振幅测量相对误差平均为0.5%。     

Heterodyne interferometer for displacement measurement with amplitude quadrature and noise suppression

The high precision displacement measurement in nanoscale is crucial to many applications. We present a heterodyne interferometry with differential phase to amplitude conversion scheme for displacement measurement in nanoscale. In this approach, the differential phase introduced by the displacement is converted into the amplitudes of heterodyne signals in quadrature. Meanwhile, the heterodyne signals in phase quadrature are also achieved so that the displacement can be determined from the amplitude ratio of the quadrature signals, and the direction of displacement can be determined from the phase quadrature. Since the differential phase to quadrature amplitude conversion is achieved through the optical addition and subtraction by polarization tuning, which are based on differential detection concept. Thus the proposed method benefits from the features of differential detection with common phase noise and correlated amplitude noise rejection and that of quadrature detection with real time and wide dynamic range of phase measurement. To demonstrate the capability of proposed method in differential phase measurement, we measure the displacement drove by a commercially available PZT pusher and found close agreement between the experiment and the theory. The experimental evidence of noise suppression is also found with spectral measurements, which demonstrates the resolution of displacement measurement at 60 pm and minimum detectable differential phase of 5.6 × 10⁻⁶ rad/ over 50 kHz.     

Three-beam heterodyne interferometer

The heterodyne technique has been applied to three-beam interference, and three interferometer arrangements are discussed. These arrangements are suitable for electronic measurement of optical phase. A three-beam heterodyne interferometer is demonstrated.     

Effect of laser source nonlinearity on optical heterodyne interferometry

In this paper, an optical heterodyne interferometric detection model with a frequency-ramped laser diode (LD) has been analyzed. The effect of the nonlinearity of the LD source on the optical heterodyne interferometry has been investigated in two different ways, which are the power-distortion Fourier series analysis and the harmonic distortion analysis. The general formulation between the tangent of the tested phase and the interference fringe have been presented with the analysis of the beat signal in the frequency domain by each methodology. The numerical results of these formulations have been presented.     

Spectral heterodyne tomography

A novel method of optical coherent tomography—spectral heterodyne tomography—is proposed. Spectral heterodyne tomography is based on parallel heterodyne detection of a multitude of frequencies of the light backscattered by an object under study. The result of this detection is a spectral distribution of the amplitude and phase of the scattered radiation. Subsequent numerical processing allows one to find the distribution of scattering centers over the depth corresponding to the point of entrance of the incident light. The proposed method is potentially characterized by a higher efficiency as compared with the most successful approach to optical coherence tomography, based on heterodyne scanning interferometry.     

光学外差法测量Ba原子的自电离态

提出了把三光子共振非简并六波混频(NSWM)和双光子共振非简并四波混频(NFWM)应用于研究Ba原子自电离态的光学外差探测方法。采用该方法测量了Ba原子的6P_３／２19d自电离态,并观察到了三光子共振 NSWM和双光子共振NFWM信号干涉引起的信号增强。该方法是一种纯非线性光学方法,具有优秀的空间分辨率和简单的光路。其中双光子共振非简并四波混频信号作为本地振荡光束,三光子共振非简并六波混频信号作为信号光束,通过 改变信号光束的频率来达到用光学外差探测法研究Ba原子自电离态的目的。该方法中,实现相位匹配所要求的条件不是很严格,可以在很宽的频率范围内实现相位匹配,而一般的六波混频很难做到相位匹配, 并且所测量的信号是相干光, 当用窄带宽的激光时,可以获得消多普勒的分辨率。