不同表面活性剂对合成介孔氧化镁晶体性质的影响

采用液相法,以Mg(NO3)2·6H2O为镁源,NH3·H2O为沉淀剂,研究了不同表面活性剂对介孔MgO晶体性质的影响.采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM、BET和CO2-TPD等手段对介孔MgO晶相组成、骨架结构、微观形貌、孔结构及表面化学性质进行了分析表征.研究结果表明,不同表面活性剂对介孔MgO晶体物化性质影响较大.以非离子型PEG-2000为表面活性剂制得产品表面碱强度和碱总量均大于以阴离子型SDS、阳离子型CTAB制得的产品.以非离子型PEG-2000为表面活性剂制备得到的介孔MgO同时具有弱碱、中强碱特征,碱总量为0.192 mmol·g-1,比表面积、孔容和平均孔径分别为145.42 m2·g-1、0.67 cm3·g-1和18.56 nm.     

硅溶胶-硅微粉对层状托贝莫来石物化性质的影响

以硅溶胶和硅微粉为混合硅源,采用动态水热合成法成功制备了层状托贝莫来石催化剂,借助XRD、BET和NH3/CO2-TPD等手段对托贝莫来石进行分析表征,研究了不同硅源比例对托贝莫来石晶相结构、比表面积、孔结构性质及表面酸碱性质的影响.结果 表明:随非晶态硅溶胶占比增大,托贝莫来石比表面积和孔容呈逐渐增大趋势,但结晶度和表面酸碱量及弱酸弱碱强度逐渐下降.硅溶胶占比增至20;,托贝莫来石结晶度由81.65;下降至73.66;,总酸量由0.18 mmol·g-1降至0.14 mmol·g-1,总碱量由0.47 mmol·g-1降至0.40 mmol·g-1,比表面积由65 m2·g-1增至174 m2·g-1,孔容由0.15cm3·g-1增至0.60 cm3·g-1,出现介孔-大孔特征;硅溶胶占比增至30;,制得托贝莫来石产物出现少量SiO2晶相.     

Al2 O3晶型对K2 WO4/Al2 O3物化性质及催化合成甲硫醇的影响

采用等体积浸渍法改性制备了K2 WO4/Al2 O3催化剂,研究了载体Al2 O3晶型对K2 WO4/Al2 O3催化剂物化性质及催化合成甲硫醇的影响.借助XRD、SEM、EDS、BET及NH3/CO2-TPD等手段对不同催化剂的晶相组成、微观形貌、孔结构及表面酸碱性质进行了表征分析.结果表明,Al2 O3晶型对K2 WO4/Al2 O3催化剂晶相组成及微观形貌影响较小,但对孔结构及表面酸碱性质影响较大.与K2 WO4/η-Al2 O3和K2 WO4/θ-Al2 O3催化剂相比,K2 WO4/γ-Al2 O3催化剂具有更大比表面积及孔容(介孔比表面积为226.75 m2·g-1,总孔容为0.557 cm3·g-1),且表面仅有弱酸和弱碱中心(弱酸浓度为0.42521 mmol·g-1,弱碱浓度为0.44184 mmol·g-1).在反应温度370℃,反应压力1.0 MPa,H2 S流速4.9 mL·min-1,CH3 OH流速0.03 mL·min-1反应条件下,K2 WO4/γ-Al2 O3催化剂表现出优良催化性能,甲醇转化率和甲硫醇选择性分别达81.58;和87.05;,与K2 WO4/η-Al2 O3和K2 WO4/θ-Al2 O3催化剂相比,甲醇转化率分别提高了4.23;和19.42;,甲硫醇选择性分别提高了14.68;和7.85;.     

微波辅助水热条件对二乙胺合成SAPO-11晶体结构与性质的影响

以二乙胺为模板剂,利用微波辅助水热合成法制备了SAPO-11晶体,研究了水热温度和时间对合成产物晶体结构性质的影响。采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM、BET和NH3-TPD等手段对SAPO-11晶体的物相组成、骨架结构、微观形貌、孔结构及表面酸性进行了分析表征。研究结果表明,不同水热条件对SAPO-11晶体结构性质影响较大。反应温度低于180℃时,合成样品仅存SiO2物相,无SAPO-11晶相生成;反应温度高于200℃时,部分SAPO-11晶体二次生长致使晶粒均匀度和比表面积大幅下降;反应时间大于1 h时,SAPO-11晶体生长易转晶生成少量AlPO4-5和CFSAPO-1(C)杂晶相;在反应温度200℃,反应时间1 h条件下制备得到的纯相SAPO-11球形晶粒表面具有弱酸特征,比表面积、孔容和平均孔径分别达199.4 m2·g-1,0.15 cm3·g-1和2.92 nm。     

多级孔TiO2/ZSM-5催化剂的孔道效应对 亚甲基蓝催化降解性能影响

以廉价凹凸棒石为原料,通过调控介孔模板剂聚乙二醇(PEG-1000)用量用水热合成法制得多级孔ZSM-5分子筛,并用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2/ZSM-5光催化剂.通过FT-IR、XRD、SEM和N2吸附-脱附对多级孔TiO2/ZSM-5光催化剂的官能团、晶体结构、形貌和孔道特征进行表征,并对典型的亚甲基蓝印染废水进行光催化实验,考察模板剂用量和TiO2负载量对光催化剂孔道效应和催化性能的影响.结果表明:ZSM-5分子筛作为载体,其介孔体积与介孔模板剂PEG用量成正比,调节PEG用量可定向控制载体的孔道结构;TiO2负载量在一定程度上影响光催化效率和载体孔体积.当PEG为0.16 g,TiO2负载量为10;时,多级孔TiO2/ZSM-5具有良好光催化活性,光照40 min光催化降解率可达90;.     

ZrO2相态对ZSM-5@ZrO2催化剂物化性质及甲硫醇合成的影响

采用水热包覆法成功制备了ZSM-5@ZrO2催化剂,研究了ZrO2不同相态对催化剂物化性质和甲硫醇合成的影响.借助XRD、SEM、FTIR、Raman、BET和NH3/CO2-TPD等手段对催化剂结构性质进行了分析表征.结果表明,ZrO2不同相态对催化剂物化性质和催化性能影响较大.以四方晶相t-ZrO2制得ZSM-5@t-ZrO2催化剂形成了均匀的包覆相结构和微-介孔结构(微孔比表面积114.12 m2/g、介孔比表面积125.08 m2/g、总比表面积239.2 m2/g、总孔容0.38 cm3/g),同时具有酸碱特性(总酸量0.071 mmol/g、总碱量0.077 mmol/g).在反应压力1.0 MPa、H2S/CH3 OH摩尔比2:1、氮气流量90 mL/min、反应温度370℃条件下,催化剂表现出良好催化性能和反应寿命,CH3 OH转化率和CH3 SH选择性分别为92.07;、90.89;,催化寿命达20 h.     

一维Sm2O3纳米晶的可控合成及其光学性能研究

以有机碱二乙烯三胺(EDTA)为碱源,Sm(NO3)3·6H2O为钐源,在不同模板剂辅助条件下采用水热-热处理相结合的方法进行Sm2O3纳米晶的可控合成.利用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和Lambda 950分光光度计分别对产物的物相、形貌和光学性能进行表征,并研究了未添加模板剂和分别以六亚甲基四胺(HMTA)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂条件下对产物的物相、形貌及光学性能的影响.结果表明:以HMTA为模板剂条件下得到了长条状结构的Sm2O3纳米晶,未添加模板剂和分别以PVP和CTAB为模板剂条件下得到了尺寸可控的棒状结构的Sm2O3纳米晶.不同模板剂会影响产物的微观结构及尺寸,进而对其光学性能产生有较大的影响,其中以HMTA为模板剂时所得长条状结构的Sm2O3纳米晶的禁带宽度较小为4.775 eV.     

沉淀pH值对SAPO-34/CZA复合催化剂物化性质及CO2加氢反应影响

研究了液相沉淀包覆工艺终点pH值对SAPO-34/CZA复合催化剂物化性质和CO2氢还原制低碳烯烃催化性能的影响.借助XRD、SEM、BET、NH3-TPD和CO2-TPD等手段对不同复合催化剂的晶相组成、微观形貌、孔结构及表面酸碱性质进行了分析表征.研究结果表明,沉淀pH值对SAPO-34/CZA复合催化剂物化性质和CO2加氢制低碳烯烃催化性能影响较大.过高或过低的沉淀pH值制得复合催化剂中SAPO-34分子筛结晶度、微孔比表面积及表面碱量均有所下降,呈现以介孔为主的孔结构特征;而当pH值为7时,制得复合催化剂形成了包覆相结构和微-介复合孔结构(微孔比表面积53.1 m2·g-1,介孔比表面积59.8 m2·g-1,总比表面积为112.9 m2·g-1,总孔容0.4 cm3·g-1,平均孔径14.6 nm);在反应温度325℃,还原温度285℃,反应压力3.0 MPa,体积比H2:CO2=3.0,空速3500 mL·g-1·h-1反应条件下,CO2转化率为64.8;,低碳烯烃选择性为49.8;.与pH=9制得催化剂比较,CO2转化率和低碳烯烃选择性分别提高了26.2;和19.2;.     

介孔SiO2/Fe3O4中空微球孔径调控以及漆酶固定性能研究

以自制的β-FeOOH中空微球为内核,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,以不同的方式添加扩孔剂癸烷(Decane)和1,3,5三甲基苯(TMB),经水解缩聚反应、焙烧和还原后得到介孔SiO2/Fe3O4中空微球.重点研究了扩孔剂的加入方式对中空微球微观形态和漆酶固定化性能的影响.结果表明,扩孔剂的加入量和加入顺序对扩孔效果产生很大影响,其中先加入癸烷和后加入1,3,5-三甲基苯的复合扩孔方式所制得介孔SiO2/Fe3O4中空微球的扩孔效果最优.当n(TMB+ Decane)/n(CTAB)=2,n(TMB)/n(CTAB)=1时,介孔SiO2/Fe3O4中空微球的介孔层的厚度约50 nm,其比表面积约为855 m2·g-1,孔体积为1.23 cm3 ·g-1,平均孔径为5.72 nm,中空微球对漆酶的固定量达到276 mg/g;固定化漆酶活性较游离漆酶活性有一个更好的pH和温度稳定性.介孔SiO2/Fe3O4中空微球在外加磁场中可实现快速分离.     

硅铝胶固载掺氮TiO2介孔光催化材料的原位共生合成及表征

以硅酸钠和硫酸铝为生成硅铝胶载体的硅源和铝源,以硫酸钛为生成锐钛矿型TiO2的钛源,尿素为掺杂氮源,先通过溶胶-凝胶和水热法原位共生合成产物前躯体,再在氮气气氛下结晶化烧结制得硅铝胶固载掺氮TiO2介孔材料(N/TiO2-SiO2·Al2 O3).借助广角XRD、小角度XRD、透射电子显微镜TEM和X射线光电子能谱XPS等测试手段对所得材料进行了微观结构表征和介孔结构观察,并研究了负载量和烧结温度等条件对介孔结构状态的影响.所得结果表明,所得材料的微观结构为规整性高、尺寸约3～6 nm的网格状介孔结构聚集成尺寸约100～ 200nm团簇,而尺寸为数十纳米的锐钛矿TiO2晶粒分布在网格状介孔结构中.从增强锐钛矿的光催化效应和有利于形成介孔结构两方面优化,TiO2的负载量以摩尔比n(Si)∶ n(Ti)=1∶(0.1 ～0.5)为适当范围.虽然锐钛矿晶型可在很宽温度范围存在于硅铝骨架结构中,但从有利于介孔结构的形成考虑650℃左右的结晶化烧结温度为最佳.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.