Mg掺杂对CaMnO3基热电氧化物电子结构及电性能的影响研究

采用超软赝势密度泛函理论计算的方法研究了Mg掺杂Ca位CaMnO3基复合氧化物的能带结构、电子态密度和电荷分布状况,在此基础上分析了Mg掺杂氧化物的电性能.结果表明,Mg掺杂CaMnO3氧化物仍然呈间接带隙型能带结构,带隙宽度由0.756eV减小到0.734eV.CaMnO3氧化物和Mg掺杂CaMnO3氧化物的自旋态密度曲线极值点均位于为-0.8eV附近.Mg掺杂CaMnO3氧化物中Mn原子对体系费米面态密度的贡献有所减小,O原子和Ca原子对体系费米面态密度的贡献有所增大.Mg原子比Ca原子具有更强的释放电子的能力,Mg掺杂对于CaMnO3氧化物属于电子型掺杂.Mg掺杂CaMnO3氧化物导电性能增强,电性能提高.     

高压与掺杂对KDP晶体能带结构的影响

构建了高压条件下KDP晶体的原子结构模型和掺杂有Li+、Na+、Rb+、Cs+、Be2、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cr3+、Co2+、Cu2+、Al3+、La3+等12种阳离子的KDP晶体超级原胞结构模型,采用第一性原理计算了高压下的KDP晶体的能带结构和态密度,研究了替位式掺杂的形成能以及不同掺杂离子对电子结构的影响.结果表明:KDP晶体的带隙宽度随着压强的增加呈线性增长趋势;Co2+、Cu2+、La3+等重金属离子具有较低的掺杂形成能而易于形成替位式掺杂;碱金属离子掺杂后其带隙比二价离子和三价离子替位掺杂情形大得多,且随原子序数增大而增大.文章还依据能带理论构建了材料的电导率和热导率与带隙的关联式,分析讨论了高压和掺杂对KDP晶体热导率和激光损伤的影响.     

Ba7AgGa5S15:一种新型混合金属硫化物的非线性光学性能研究

采用高温熔融-自发结晶法成功获得一种新型混合金属硫化物Ba7AgGa5S15.该化合物结晶于非中心对称的P31c空间群(No.159),晶胞参数为a=0.964 53(10) nm,c=1.805 9(4) nm,Z=2.其结构是由[Ga4 S10] T2超四面体与[AgS4]四面体共顶点连结形成的含有18元环孔道的三维网状框架,孤立的[Ga(2)S4]四面体填充在孔道中,Ba2+填充在该三维框架结构的空隙当中.第一性原理计算研究了该化合物的电子结构、态密度、双折射率、二阶非线性光学系数,以及倍频密度.结果 表明,该化合物具有大的光学带隙(3.76 eV),其带隙主要由S3p,Ba5d和Ga4s轨道决定;其d33方向上的倍频系数约为AgGaS2的0.4倍,主要倍频贡献来源于[AgS4]和[GaS4]四面体.该研究表明在Ag-Ga-S体系中引入Ba2+,形成的Ba7 AgGa5S15表现出比AgGaS2更宽的带隙,有利于产生高的激光损伤阈值(LDT).     

Ni掺杂ZnS的第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)赝势平面波方法计算了ZnS体系Ni掺杂前后的能带结构、态密度和光吸收系数曲线。结果表明:纯ZnS的能带结构是直接带隙,态密度显示属离子性较强而共价键较弱的混合键半导体材料。掺Ni的ZnS禁带宽度随掺杂量增加逐渐减小,能带简并度增大,且向低能方向移动;在价带顶出现杂质能级,说明是p型掺杂。纯ZnS在3.9 eV以下无吸收,红外透过率较高。掺Ni后吸收边红移,且在低能端(绿光区)出现新的吸收峰。     

立方相Ca2Ge结构稳定性的第一性原理研究

采用贋势平面波中的GGA和LDA两种近似方法分别计算立方相Ca2Ge在-6~8 GPa应力作用下的弹性特性、布局分析、电子结构和(100)面的电荷密度,分析应力作用下立方相Ca2Ge的结构稳定性.计算结果表明,当应力在-6~8 GPa范围,立方相Ca2Ge具有较好的力学稳定结构,体弹模量B、剪切模量G和杨氏模量E随应力的增加而增加,体弹模量B的增长呈线性增加,而剪切模量G和杨氏模量E的增长速率随应力的增加而减小.根据Pugh准则,当应力小于4 GPa时,立方相Ca2Ge表现为脆性,应力大于等于4 GPa时,表现为延性.根据布局分析结果,随着压力的增加,Ca原子4s态电子向3d态跃迁,立方相Ca2Ge化合物在较高压力下存在共价键,离子性降低.能带结构和态密度计算结果表明,应力在-4~8 GPa范围,带隙值随应力的增加而成线性降低,在-6~0 GPa应力下,Ca s态电子未参与成键,随着应力的增加,各电子态的能带线宽度增加,态密度的峰值宽度增加,表明电子云的重叠越大,电子间的成键强度加强.分析立方相Ca2Ge(100)面的电荷密度,得出(100)面上最大电荷密度值随应力的增加而减小,最小电荷密度值随应力的增加而增加,说明(100)面上电子局域性随应力的增加而降低,电子云的重叠程度随应力的增加而增大,电子轨道半径增大,成键强度增强.     

纳米AgSnO2/Bi2O3触头材料的性能及导电机理研究

添加少量第三种元素的AgSnO2触头材料的电性能研究均处在试验阶段而未深入到理论研究阶段.本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米级AgSnO2/Bi2 O3触头材料,材料的密度为9.73 g/cm3、硬度为105.35HV、电导率为70.22;IACS,并且接触电阻较小.在掺杂Bi元素提高触头材料性能的基础上,进行导电机理的研究.从微观原子角度采用第一性原理的计算方法,计算了Bi掺杂SnO2的电子结构、能带图、态密度及电荷密度分布.结果表明,Bi掺杂后带隙减小,电子跃迁容易,同时费米面附近载流子浓度增大,增强了材料的导电性.最终得出添加少量Bi元素能够使得AgSnO2触头材料的导电性增强的机理.     

高压下ReB2的结构特性及弹性性质

本文采用密度泛函理论中的赝势平面波法计算了ReB₂的P6₃/mmc晶体结构(即hP6-ReB₂)的结构特性及弹性性质。在计算了hP6-ReB₂的平衡结构参数后,从热力学、动力学及机械力学三方面验证了其结构稳定性。研究发现,hP6-ReB₂在高压下的弹性系数、各个弹性模量均随压强的增加而增大。泊松比显示hP6-ReB₂表现为脆性。三种类型的弹性波随压强的变化趋势显示hP6-ReB₂为弹性各向异性晶体。经估算,hP6-ReB₂结构的维氏硬度约为38.2 GPa。电子态密度揭示了hP6-ReB₂的Re—B和B—B之间存在着强共价键,并且随着压强的增加共价键逐渐增强。     

高压对C掺杂碱土金属硫化物磁性的影响

采用第一性原理的平面波赝势方法,结合广义梯度近似(GGA),分别计算了在常压和高压下,C掺杂碱土金属硫化物X4CS3(X =Ca,Sr和Ba)的磁矩,体积和总能量随压强的变化情况以及Ca4CS3的能带结构和电子态密度.结果表明,随着压强的增大X4CS3的铁磁性减弱最终发生磁相变由铁磁态(FM)转变为非铁磁态(NM).磁性相变主要原因是由于阴离子p态能带的增宽所导致的磁性坍缩.     

P和Al掺杂立方相Ca2Si电子结构及光学性质的第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波超软贋势方法,分别计算了立方相Ca2Si及掺杂P、Al的电子结构和光学性质.结果表明:立方相Ca2Si是带隙为0.55483 eV的直接带隙半导体,价带主要由Si的3p和Ca的3d、4s态电子构成,导带主要由Ca 的3d、4s和Si的3p态电子共同构成,静态介电常数为11.92474,折射率为3.45322.Ca2Si掺P后,Ca2Si转变为n型半导体,其带隙值是0.42808 V,价带主要由Si、Al的3p和Ca的3d、4s态电子构成,导带主要由Ca的3d、Al的3p、3s和Si的3p态电子构成.静态介电常数为7.92698,折射率为2.81549.掺Al后, Ca2Si转变为n型半导体,带隙值是0.26317 eV,费米面附近的价带主要由Si、P的3p和Ca的3d态电子构成,导带主要由Ca的3d 4s、P的3p、3s和Si的3p态电子构成.静态介电常数为17.02409,折射率为4.12603.掺P和Al均降低Ca2Si的反射率,提高Ca2Si的吸收系数,提高Ca2Si的光利用率.说明掺杂能够有效地改变Ca2Si的电子结构和光学性质,为Ca2Si材料的研发和应用提供理论依据.     

C-X(X=Y,Zr)共掺杂SnO2电子结构的第一性原理研究

基于第一性原理方法研究了C单掺杂SnO2和C-X(X=Y,Zr)共掺杂SnO2的能带结构、态密度以及分电荷分布.结果表明:C掺杂、C-Y、C-Zr共掺杂SnO2的带隙值分别为1.109 eV、1.86 eV、1.214 eV,较超胞结构的带隙值降低,有利于电子的跃迁;C-Y共掺杂SnO2的导带底部有3条杂质能级分离出来,C-Zr共掺杂SnO2的能带价带顶部能级中有3条能级分离出来,其中1条能级贯穿费米能级;C-Y,C-Zr共掺杂SnO2的态密度中在低能区会产生1个态密度峰值,部分态密度的峰值由Y、Zr的d轨道贡献;C-Y、C-Zr共掺杂SnO2会打破SnO2电子平衡状态,致使电荷的重新分布.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.