低温GaN插入层对AlGaN/GaN二维电子气特性的改善

利用低压MOCVD技术在蓝宝石衬底上生长了AlGaN/GaN二维电子气(2DEG)材料,在GaN生长中插入一层低温GaN,并研究了低温GaN插入层对二维电子气输运特性的影响.使用原子力显微镜(AFM)和非接触霍尔测试仪测量了材料的表面形貌和电学特性,发现低温GaN插入层可以改善材料表面平整度并使AlGaN/GaN 2DEG的电子迁移率有明显提高,GaN插入层温度为860℃的样品在室温下2DEG的电子迁移率达到2110 cm2/V·s.     

成核层温度对非掺杂GaN外延薄膜结晶质量的影响

利用金属有机化学气相沉积系统(MOCVD),在蓝宝石的(0001)面采用不同的成核层生长温度,通过两步法获得不同质量的GaN外延薄膜.利用HALL测试仪,高分辨X射线衍射仪(HRXRD),原子力显微镜(AFM)和光致发光光谱仪(PL)对GaN薄膜的表面形貌,位错密度,光学性能等进行表征,研究不同的成核温度对GaN外延薄膜晶体质量的影响.结果表明,在成核层生长温度为650℃时,所得到的GaN外延薄膜表面粗糙度和位错密度均达到最低,并且同时具有最高的带边发光峰强度,最高的载流子迁移率以及最低的载流子浓度.过低或过高的成核温度都会导致GaN外延层的晶体质量和光电性能变差.     

过渡层结构和生长工艺条件对Si基GaN的影响

为了提高MOCVD外延硅基GaN材料的质量，在硅（111）衬底上以HT-AlN为缓冲层，在缓冲层上再生长变组份过渡层后外延生长GaN。过渡层为多层复合结构，分为高温变组分AlGaN、GaN、低温AlN、高温变组分AlGaN。在高温生长AlGaN和GaN层中插入一层低温生长AlN以缓解降温过程中应力对厚GaN层的影响，为了缓慢释放热应力、采用合适的慢降温工艺。当外延层的厚度小于1．7微米时GaN外延层无龟裂，而厚度不断增加时，GaN外延层产生龟裂。本文研究了AlN缓冲层生长温度、高温变组分AlGaN生长过程中生长时间的变化对所生长GaN材料的影响。采用三维视频显微镜、高分辨率双晶X射线衍射（DCXRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）和室温光致荧光光谱（RT-PL）对样品进行了测试分析。测试结果表明所研制的硅基GaN表面光亮、平整，过渡层的引入有利于降低外延层中应力，提高GaN结晶质量。     

低温AlN插入层降低硅基GaN膜微裂

为了降低MOCVD外延硅基GaN膜层中的应力、减少硅基厚GaN层的微裂;在高温GaN层中插入低温AlN.低温AlN插入层可平衡HT-GaN生长和降温过程引起的张应力,降低厚膜外延层的微裂,已研制出厚度超过1.8微米无微裂GaN外延层.本文重点研究了低温AlN生长温度对HT-GaN材料的影响,给出了较佳的LT-AlN生长温度.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),原子力显微镜(AFM)和高分辨率双晶X射线衍射(DCXRD),对样品进行了测试分析.试验和测试结果表明低温AlN的生长温度至关重要,生长温度过低影响GaN晶体质量,甚至不能形成晶体;生长温度过高同样会影响GaN结晶质量,同时降低插入层的应力平衡作用;实验结果表明最佳的LT-AlN插入层的生长温度为680℃左右.     

AlN插入层对AlGaN/GaN外延材料电学性能影响

采用MOCVD制备了带有MN插入层AlGaN/GaN异质结构外延材料,对外延材料分别进行了原子力显微镜AFM、双晶XRD以及变温HALL测试.测试结果表明:具有AlN插入层的外延材料表面非常平整,10 μm × 10 μm范围样品的表面均方根粗糙度RMS仅为0.302 nm,AlGaN势垒层衍射峰更尖锐,材料结构特性良好,大大提高了AlGaN/GaN异质结的2DEG面密度和迁移率,280 K和300 K时沟道电子迁移率分别为4736 cm2/V·s和1785 cm2/V·s,比无MN插入层的传统结构得到的结果分别提高了45.7;和23.4;.     

Si(111)外延GaN的表面形貌及形成机理研究

用高温AlN作缓冲层在Si(111)上外延生长出GaN薄膜.通过对薄膜表面扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和高分辨率双晶X射线衍射(DCXRD)的分析,确定缓冲层对外延层形貌的影响,分析解释了表面形貌中凹坑的形成及缓冲层生长温度对凹坑的影响.结果表明:温度的高低通过影响缓冲层初始成核密度和成核尺寸来影响外延层表面形貌.     

低温GaN形核层的形核速率对GaN外延薄膜晶体质量的影响

采用金属有机化学气相沉积方法系统研究了在蓝宝石衬底上低温GaN形核层的形核速率对GaN外延薄膜晶体质量的影响机理.利用高分辨X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜、光致发光光谱和Hall测试仪表征材料的位错密度、表面形貌以及光、电学性能.研究结果表明随着形核速率的增加,GaN形核层更倾向于三维生长模式;当形核速率达到1.92(A)/s时退火后生成尺寸为100 nm宽、32 nm高的均匀形核岛,随后生长的未掺杂GaN外延薄膜层的螺型和刃型位错密度以及黄带峰强度达到最小值,并且其具有最高的载流子迁移率和最低的载流子浓度.     

高Al组份AlGaN/GaN异质外延材料生长及肖特基势垒二极管制备

采用MOCVD制备了带有AlN插入层的高Al组份AlGaN/GaN异质结构外延材料,在此外延材料的基础上利用磁控溅射Ti/Al/Ti/Au欧姆接触电极,利用EB蒸镀Ni/Au肖特基接触电极制备了AlGaN/GaN SBD,对外延材料和器件的性能进行了相关测试,测试结果表明:器件开启电压约为1.1V,-10 V时反向漏电流小于0.5 μA,反向击穿电压68.3 V,器件具有非常明显的整流特性,同时有AlN插入层的器件的正向、反向特性均优于不带AlN的器件,AlN插入层可以有效地提高器件的性能.     

垒层温度对InGaN量子点/量子阱复合结构内量子效率的影响

使用金属有机化学气相沉积(metal organic chemical vapor deposition, MOCVD)方法生长了三个具有不同垒层温度的InGaN/GaN量子阱。由于高密度V型坑的形成,完整的量子阱结构被破坏,转变成了InGaN量子点(quantum dots, QDs)/量子阱(quantum well, QW)复合结构。通过变功率光致发光谱和变温光致发光谱,分析了在不同的垒层温度下量子限制斯塔克效应(quantum confined Stark effect, QCSE)、非辐射复合中心密度和载流子局域化效应的变化。结果表明:在较低的垒层温度下,QCSE较弱,因为在较低的温度下,V型坑的深度较深,应力释放较明显,残余应变较低;非辐射复合中心密度也随着温度的升高而逐渐增大;样品的内量子效率(internal quantum efficiency, IQE)随着垒层生长温度的升高而降低。QCSE的增强和非辐射复合中心密度的增大是垒层生长温度升高时内量子效率下降的主要因素。     

生长条件对AlGaN/GaN HEMT势垒层表面形貌及二维电子气迁移率的影响

使用金属有机化学气相沉积法生长了AlGN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管.研究了生长压力和载气组分对AlGaN势垒层及AlGaN高电子迁移率晶体管二维电子气迁移率的影响.原子力显微镜(AFM)光谱和SEM-EDS用于表征外延层的质量.结果表明随着反应室压力从50torr提高到200torr,AlGaN势垒层的表面形貌先变好,随后开始变差.在反应室压力100torr情况下得到最好的表面形貌.同时发现在生长AlGaN势垒层时,同时适当的氢气会提高AlGaN层的质量.在反应室压力100torr、氢气组分59;时得到AlGaNHEMT的最大二维电子气迁移率为1545 cm2/V·s.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.