纤蛇纹石的水热生长机制研究

以氧化镁和二氧化硅为原料,采用水热法在不同反应时间下合成了一系列纤蛇纹石纳米管.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(TEM)等手段研究了纤蛇纹石晶体生长和晶体结构随反应时间的变化过程.X-射线衍射和红外光谱分析表明:随着反应时间的增加所得到的纤蛇纹石样品结晶逐渐完善、卷曲程度逐渐增大;电镜分析表明:获得的纳米管的外径和内径分别为15～40 nm和6～9 nm,长度为50～300 nm,出现了双层管式结构.根据实验结果,结合负离子多面体配位生长理论对纤蛇纹石的生长机理研究表明,纤蛇纹石是由片状逐渐卷曲成管状的.     

纤蛇纹石制备硅纳米线的研究

以天然矿物纤蛇纹石制备的氧化硅纳米线为氧化剂和模板,镁粉为还原剂,采用镁热还原法制备了系列硅纳米线.利用热分析仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对其进行表征.结果表明:温度对反应产物硅的结构和形貌有显著影响,随着温度的上升,样品的结晶度先减小后增大;在温度650℃条件下硅“继承”了氧化硅纳米线的微观结构,而随着温度升高至700℃纳米线的结构出现坍塌,形成硅纳米颗粒.     

超高频连续感应钎焊金刚石界面特征

提出超高频连续感应钎焊工艺方法,采用Ag-Cu-Ti合金钎焊金刚石磨粒与大尺寸钢基体.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱仪(EDX)对钎焊后的试样界面微观结构以及金刚石磨粒表面生成物形貌特征进行观察和分析.结果表明,超高频连续感应钎焊实现了金刚石、钎料、基体三者之间的连接,钎焊后的钎料层组织晶粒细小,局部区域可见到枝晶状组织.金刚石与钎料层界面存在Ti元素与C元素的反应层,在金刚石磨粒表面生成点状TiC晶体,其直径均100 nm以下,且在金刚石表面呈离散分布.与真空炉中钎焊工艺相比,该界面结构更有利于钎料层对金刚石磨粒的连接把持.     

高温高压生长宝石级金刚石单晶的表面特征研究

本文利用高温高压温度梯度法,NiMnCo合金作为触媒,分别采用籽晶{100}和{111}作为生长面,合成了Ib型宝石级金刚石单晶,对其表面特征进行了分析和讨论.结果发现,宝石级金刚石单晶的表面特征不具有唯一性,多数情况下,晶体{111}面明显较{100}面平整,而且{100}面生长台阶的棱角不清晰,经常会出现经触媒融融过的痕迹,并且这种现象的出现跟籽晶生长面不同和合成温度条件高低无关;{111}面有时也会出现明显的生长台阶,棱角清晰,并且形状较为规则.宝石级金刚石晶体表面特征的不唯一性说明晶体表面特征对生长条件稳定性有更高的要求.     

基于GLCM和NN的陶瓷推挤加工表面特征研究

基于边缘效应驱动裂纹推挤加工技术是一项对工程陶瓷的非传统的接触式加工.基于灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)对采集的Si3N4陶瓷加工表面形貌图像提取了纹理特征参数,充分研究了步长、灰度量化级、方向三个构造参数对灰度共生矩阵的对比度、熵、相关性、能量的影响.结果表明:采用步长4,灰度量化级128时能更好获得较稳定的加工表面纹理特征参数,在采集图像的45°、135°两条对角线上的纹理特征变化更为明显.通过径向基层网络和竞争层网络两类神经网络(NN)的分工协作,针对不同加工参数的纹理特征的预测和分类,并探讨了各加工参数对纹理特征的影响规律.     

高档宝石晶体的水热法生长、宝石学特征及其发展前景——刚玉类和绿柱石类宝石晶体

本文从我们对绿柱石类和刚玉类高档宝石晶体的合成工艺出发,系统总结了该类晶体的水热法生长研究现状和发展,对主要宝石学特点进行了对比研究,分析了当前我国宝石研究领域存在的问题,指出今后应加大研究力度和科研经费的投入,扩大水热法生长晶体的研究范围.     

过剩压法合成金刚石的表面特征与体缺陷的形成原因分析

利用不同的高温高压条件在石墨-Ni70Mn25Co5体系中合成出金刚石晶体.借助于多功能光学显微镜的明场和暗场观察,分析了金刚石几种常见晶面的表面特征和内部缺陷.实验观察到一些有规律性的生长现象:当过剩压力太大时,较低的合成温度容易形成骸晶;当过剩压力适度时,较低的合成温度会使金刚石产生大量的包裹体并形成枝蔓状的粗糙表面,而较高的合成温度导致金刚石形成生长台阶;当压力有明显的波动时,金刚石晶体出现层状结构甚至间断生长.在此基础上,提出了合成优质金刚石的必要条件.     

氩气对直流弧光放电PCVD金刚石薄膜晶体特征的影响

本文采用自主研制的直流弧光放电等离子体CVD设备,在YG6硬质合金基体上进行了不同氩气流量下金刚石薄膜的制备研究.采用SEM对金刚石薄膜的晶体特征进行了观察.结果表明,氩气对直流弧光放电等离子体CVD金刚石薄膜的晶体特征有明显影响.在CH_4/H_2恒定时(0.8;),硬质合金基体上制备的金刚石薄膜表面形貌随Ar流量增加而变化的规律,即从以(111)八面体晶面为主→(111)和(100)立方八面体混杂晶面→以(100)立方体晶面为主→菜花状的顺序转变;当Ar流量为420～700 mL/min时,金刚石晶粒的平均尺寸由1.5 μm 逐步增大到7 μm;Ar流量为700～910 mL/min时,金刚石晶粒的平均尺寸由7 μm急剧减小到纳米尺度,约50 nm.     

超声研磨SiC单晶材料去除率与表面特征研究

为了提高SiC单晶片的加工效率,降低表面粗糙度,通过实验对比研究了普通研磨与超声波辅助研磨两种研磨工艺.实验表明,超声波辅助研磨SiC单晶片材料去除率是普通研磨的两倍,表面粗糙度值也有显著降低.本文同时分析了材料去除率提高与表而粗糙度值降低的原因.     

绿柱石晶体的水热法生长及特征研究

采用温差水热法,以分析纯的Al(OH)3和BeO以及无色纯净的石英为原材料,球形和//s(1121)的片状无色绿柱石为籽晶,在复杂的盐酸混合溶液中生长了无色透明的绿柱石晶体.利用双圈反射测角仪、电子探针、X射线衍射仪和红外光谱仪等仪器,对合成绿柱石晶体的形态、成分及晶体结构进行了详细的研究.结果表明,合成的绿柱石晶体为六方短柱状,主要发育平行双面c{0001}、六方柱m{1010}、a{1120}和六方双锥p{1011}四种单形.合成的绿柱石晶体的成分中(Na2O+ K2O)的质量分数约为0.59;,且c0/a0值为0.9988,可归属于"正常"绿柱石向"四面体"绿柱石的过渡范畴.在中性或弱碱性环境体系中,通过调整绿柱石中各成分的百分含量,有望在更低的温度、压力条件下合成出高质量的板柱状绿柱石晶体.     

SiC单晶刻划过程的脆塑性转变特征研究

SiC单晶化学性能稳定、导热系数高、热膨胀系数小、耐磨性能好,广泛用于大功率器件产业.但由于其材料的硬度很大,加工非常困难.脆性材料塑性域加工为提高该类材料的表面质量,降低加工时间和成本提供了有效的途径.本文采用不同刀具角度和刀尖圆弧半径的单点金刚石刀具对4H-SiC单晶进行刻划实验,利用声发射、摩擦力传感器来监测刻划过程中声发射信号强度以及摩擦力的变化,并通过Leica DCM3D以及SEM观察划痕沟槽表面形貌、切屑状态,综合分析以获得4H-SiC单晶在不同角度、刀尖圆弧半径下塑脆转变的临界切削深度.结果表明,增大刀具角度有利于塑性域加工;在相同条件下,刀尖圆弧半径越大,临界切削深度越大.     

失配性质对面心立方外延晶体失配位错结构及其形核机制的影响

运用三维分子动力学方法模拟了外延铝薄膜晶体中失配位错的形成过程.结果显示:失配度为fx=4;时,位错是通过薄膜表层原子的相对滑移来形核,形成一个伯格斯矢量为1/2[10 1]的刃型位错,该位错形成后会迅速向界面滑移,并稳定在离界面1～2个原子层上不动,同时在薄膜表面留下一个台阶.而失配度为fx=-4;时,位错形核是通过挤出一个四面体构型的原子团开始,形成一个伯格斯矢量为1/2[110]的刃型位错,该位错只能平行于界面滑移,位错稳定后离界面的距离比正失配度时的距离和热力学临界厚度都要大.     

TiCl4处理对TiO2薄膜显微结构以及染料敏化太阳电池性能的影响

本文通过粉末涂敷法制备了纳米TiO2多孔膜,并用40 mM的TiCL4水溶液对多孔膜进行了表面处理,发现TiCl4处理对多孔薄膜的显微结构有重要影响.通过纳米TiO2多孔膜的表面形貌分析,发现TiCl4处理降低了薄膜因高温烧结而出现的"龟裂"现象,同时薄膜中微空洞数量增加,分布更均匀,进而显著提高了染料敏化太阳电池的光电转化效率.     

Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of adsorbent and photoluminescent nanocomposites of starch and silica

Using sol-gel method, mesoporous and photoluminescent silica nanocomposites of soluble starch have been synthesized and characterized. Different ratios of H₂O, TEOS and EtOH were used at fixed template (soluble starch) and catalyst (NH₄OH) concentrations to obtain materials of different performances in terms of heavy metal binding from a solution which has been monitored using Cd(II) as representative divalent heavy metal ion. Optimum material was obtained when H₂O, TEOS and EtOH were used in 14:1:2 ratio. This sample was not only an efficient metal ion adsorbent but also had an intense luminescence in ultra-violet region and potentially may be used in silicon-based UV-emitting devices. Metal binding by the material was further enhanced after calcination (at 800 °C in air) while its luminescence had a multipeak profile in UV-visible region. In a batch adsorption study, calcined hybrid composite (0.25 g/L) could remove 98.5% Cd(II) from 100 mg/L Cd(II) solution in 2 h. The chemical, structural and textural characteristics of the synthesized materials have been investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-rays Diffraction (XRD), Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA), Photoluminescence (PL), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Analysis (BET) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).     

Surface topography and crystal and domain structures of films of ferroelectric copolymer of vinylidene difluoride and trifluoroethylene

The crystallization of a copolymer from a solution at room temperature is found to lead to the formation of a metastable structure, characterized by the coexistence of ferroelectric and paraelectric phases. The fraction of the latter decreases after annealing above the Curie point. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has revealed a difference in the surface topographies between the films contacting with air and the films contacting with a glass substrate. The microstructure of copolymer chains has been investigated by ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy. The chain fragments with “defect” attached monomeric units are ejected to the surface. The character of the ferroelectric domains formed during crystallization and their size distribution are analyzed.

     

Syntheses and structures of N-phenylmaleimidetriazoles and by-products

The syntheses, properties, and structures of N-phenylmaleimidetriazole derivatives are described. Intermediates and by-products are also discussed. 1b. a = 43.997(7) Å, 5.7610(9) Å, 8.245(1) Å, = 99.339(4), C₂/c; 2a. a = 13.646(4) Å, b = 7.744(2) Å, c = 10.612(3) Å, = 91.979(6), P2₁/c. 3a. a = 22.245(1) Å, b = 22.245(1) Å, 10.010(1) Å, P42/n. 3a. a = 11.727(2) Å, b = 14.075(3) Å, c = 16.080(3) Å, = 105.859(3), = 105.331(3), = 98.187(3), P-1. 3b. a = 8.561(3) Å, b = 14.755(5) Å, c = 22.771(7) Å, = 97.006(5), P2₁/c. 3c. a = 10.500(2) Å, b = 12.189(2) Å, c = 13.040(2) Å, = 109.091(3), = 106.089(3), = 101.022(3), P-1. 8a. a = 16.389(8) Å, b = 5.749(3) Å, c = 19.316(3) Å, = 97.467(9), P2₁/n. 8b. a = 5.822(2) Å, b = 10.114(3) Å, c = 16.705(4) Å, = 84.681(5), = 82.840(5), = 75.769(4), P-1. 9b. a = 11.251(1) Å, 13.335(3) Å, 13.376(3) Å, = 102.456(4), P2₁/n. 9c. a = 15.836(3) Å, b = 8.236(2) Å, c = 5.447(3) Å, = 92.551(3), P2₁/c. 10a. a = 13.177(2) Å, b = 14.597(2) Å, c = 5.5505(8) Å, = 110.979(2), Cc. 11a. a = 14.720(2) Å, b = 13.995(2) Å, c = 38.245(6) Å, = 94.430(3), P2₁/n. 12b. a = 15.067(5) Å, b = 20.378(6) Å, c = 8.669(5) Å, = 99.16(4), = 99.32(3), = 105.23(3), P-1. 13b. a = 8.2824(6) Å, b = 10.5245(7) Å, c = 15.518(1) Å, = 92.305(1), = 100.473(1), = 100.124(1), P-1. 15a. a = 15.357(3) Å, b = 7.778(2) Å, c = 22.957(2) Å, Pbca. 16b. a = 18.0384(4) Å, b = 12.474(3) Å, c = 20.078(5) Å, Pbca.     

Structural and spectral studies of N-trans-cinnamylidene-m-toluidine and N-trans-cinnamylidene-m-chloroaniline

N-trans-cinnamylidene-m-toluidine (1) C₁₆H₁₅N, and N-trans-cinnamylidene-m-chloroaniline (2) C₁₅H₁₂NCl form isomorphous crystals which are monoclinic, space group P2_l/c, with unit cell dimensionsa=5.967(2),b=13.793(3),c=15.048(5) Å, =91.97(3)° anda=5.868(2),b=13.788(4),c=15.191(4) Å, =91.87(3)°, respectively. The single-crystal X-ray structure determinations of the title compounds revealtrans structures. Ring (A) C_10–15 and ring (B) C_1–6, are practically planar in both structures with dihedral angels of 61.3(3) and 63.6(2)°, respectively.¹H nmr, u.v. and i.r. spectra are also reported.     

Numerical and experimental analysis of periodic patterns and sedimentation of lysozyme

This paper deals with experimental investigation, mathematical modelling and numerical simulation of the crystallization processes induced by counter diffusion method of a precipitant agent in a lysozyme protein solution. Novel mathematical strategies are introduced to simulate the experiments and in particular to take into account the kinetics of the growth process and the motion of the crystals due to the combined effect of gravitational force and viscous drag if the sedimenting process is allowed (protein chamber free of gel). Comparison between experimental observations and numerical simulations in the presence of convection and sedimentation and without them provides a validation of the model. The crystal formation in gel results modulated in space. If the gel matrix is not present, convective cells arise in the protein chamber due to local inversions in the density distribution associated to nucleation phenomena. As time passes, these vortex cells migrate towards the top of the protein chamber exhibiting a different wave number according to the distance from the gel interface. The sedimentating particles produce a wake due to depletion of protein from the surrounding liquid. The models and the experiments may represent a useful methodology for the determination of the parameters and conditions that may lead to protein crystallization.     

Crystal and molecular structures of benz-p-nitroanilide and benz-p-methoxyanilide

The crystal structures of the two carboxylic amides C₁₃H₁₀N₂O₃ (I) and C₁₄H₁₃NO₂ (II) have been determined by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares. The predominant structural feature is the hydrogen bonding (N-H?O=C) which influences the conformations of both structures.