Nanowire plasmonic waveguides,circuits and devices

As typical one‐dimensional nanostructures for waveguiding tightly confined optical fields beyond the diffraction limit, metal nanowires have been used as versatile nanoscale building blocks for functional plasmonic and photonic structures and devices. Metal nanowires, especially those fabricated by bottom‐up synthesis such as Ag and Au nanowires, usually exhibit excellent diameter uniformity and surface smoothness with diameters down to tens of nanometers, which offers great opportunities for plasmonic waveguiding of optical fields with deep‐subwavelength confinement, coherence maintenance and low scattering losses. Based on nanowire plasmonic waveguides, a variety of applications ranging from plasmonic couplers, interferometers, resonators to photon emitters have been reported in recent years. In this article, significant progresses in these nanowire plasmonic waveguides, circuits and devices are reviewed. Future outlook and challenges are also discussed.     

Relativistic thermoelectromagnetic gravitational effects in normal conductors and superconductors

The general principles needed to compute the effect of a stationary gravitational field on the thermoelectric phenomena in normal conductors and superconductors are formulated from a general relativistic point of view. These principles are then applied to a variety of devices which can, in principle, measure the gravitational field. Generalizations of the Thomson, Seebeck, Peltier and Josephson effects and the London moment are obtained.     

Effective equations for photonic-crystal waveguides and circuits

We suggest a novel conceptual approach to describing the properties of waveguides and circuits in photonic crystals, based on effective discrete equations that include long-range interaction effects. We demonstrate, through the example of sharp waveguide bends, that our approach is very effective and accurate for the study of bound states and transmission spectra of photonic-crystal circuits and disclose the importance of evanescent modes in these phenomena.     

Detection of gravitational radiation using superconducting circuits

The influence of a non-stationary gravitational field on a superconducting circuit is studied. It is shown that the quantum mechanical quantization of magnetic flux in a superconducting circuit can be used to detect gravitational radiation, in principle. For two such devices, the change in the magnetic flux in one of the solenoids in each superconducting circuit, due to a gravitational wave, is computed.     

Disposition density of waveguides on printed circuits

The dependencies of the maximum permissible disposition density of waveguides on printed circuits on the contrast value of Δn of refractive indices are computed. It has been shown that minimum cross coupling between adjacent waveguides are observed when the dimension of the core is optimal for providing the maximum fundamental mode confinement within the core.     

Analysis of waveguides containing EMCs (electromagnetic conductors) or PEMCs (perfect electromagnetic conductors)

The concept of a perfect electromagnetic conductor (PEMC) was introduced to generalize and unify two well-known and apparently disjoint concepts in electromagnetics: the perfect electric conductor (PEC) and the perfect magnetic conductor (PMC). Although the PEMC has proven a fertile tool in electromagnetic analyses dealing with new and complex boundaries, its corresponding definition as a medium has, nevertheless, raised several problems. In fact, according to its initial 3D definition, the PEMC cannot be considered a unique and well-defined medium: it leads to extraneous fields without physical meaning. By using a previously published generalization of a PEMC that regards this concept both as a boundary and as a medium – which was dubbed an MIM (Minkowskian isotropic medium) and acts, in practice, as an actual electromagnetic conductor (EMC) – it is herein presented a straightforward analysis of waveguides containing PEMCs that readily and systematically follows from the general framework of waveguides containing EMCs.     

Skin effect in massive conductors used in pulsed electrical devices: II. Massive conductors in electric circuits

Approximate relationships between the current and voltage drop across a set of massive conductors are established. They include two constant parameters: external inductance L of the conductors and skin parameter S. Specific shapes of the voltage across the massive conductors are illustrated with oscillograms. Mathematical processing of current and voltage oscillograms to estimate L and S is developed.     

On gravitational and electromagnetic waves

The characteristic manifolds of the systems of equations for the free gravitational and electromagnetic fields are considered. It is shown that these equations are compatible with the existence of wave fronts whose velocity may differ from c.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 2, pp. 46–49, February, 1981.     

Experimental investigation of millimeter wave Gunn oscillator circuits in circular waveguides

Millimeter wave Gunn oscillator circuits using circular waveguides for 33–50 GHz and 75–110 GHz frequency bands are described. These oscillators are simpler to construct at millimeter wavelengths compared to the conventional rectangular waveguide circuits. The effect of various circuit parameters on the oscillator frequency and output power has been experimentally studied. The CW power and mechanical tuning range obtained from the circular waveguide Gunn oscillators are found to be comparable and sometimes even better than those obtained with conventional rectangular waveguide circuits using the same Gunn device.     

On gravitational shock waves

The discontinuity planes of the Riemann curvature tensorR _klm ⁱ in the Einsteinian vacuumR _kl =0 are isotropic hypersurfaces. These surfaces are to be conceived as being constructed of lightlike geodesics, which form, in the eikonal approximation, gravitational radiation. The discontinuity planes themselves describe the wave fronts of disturbances of the metricg _ik , propagating with the velocity of light. By successively applying continuity conditions for the derivatives of theg _ik that follow from Einstein's equations, we obtain the universal expression of gravitational wave fields in space-time strips (or representations) of arbitrarily selected Einstein spaces.     

Amorphous Si waveguides with high-quality stacked gratings for multi-layer Si optical circuits

To realize a stacked multi-layer silicon-based photonic device, a waveguide with a stacked grating was fabricated by using amorphous Si (a-Si) material, which is suitable for constructing layered structures. The fabrication method was based on forming a flat a-Si layer on a non-flat structure by using only spin-on-glass (SOG) coating technique. The a-Si grating was precisely constructed on the a-Si waveguide with gold alignment marks for electron beam lithography. Transmitted and reflected light power dependence on the grating period, wavelength, and polarization was systematically measured and compared with the designed dependence. As a result, the reflected light power exhibited a characteristic peak structure at a particular wavelength. Remarkable transverse electric/transverse magnetic (TE/TM) mode dependence was also observed. Furthermore, the measured and the designed properties were in excellent agreement with each other. Consequently, the designed structure was well reproduced in the actual stacked structure based on the a-Si material. These results pave the way for novel a-Si based integrated photonic devices such as polarization selectors and wavelength filters, indicating that a-Si is an excellent material for implementing Si-based multi-layer optical circuits.     

Pedestal antiresonant reflecting waveguides for robust coupling to microsphere resonators and for microphotonic circuits

Strip-line pedestal antiresonant reflecting waveguides are high-confinement, silica integrated optical waveguides in which the optical modes are completely isolated from the substrate by thin high-index layers. These waveguides are particularly well suited for whispering-gallery mode excitation in high-Q microspheres. They can also be used in microphotonic circuits, such as for microring resonators. The theory and design of these structures are highlighted. Experiments that show high coupling efficiency to microspheres are also demonstrated.     

引力、引力波和引力波的探测

简要地回顾了引力和引力波概念的由来,以及人们为探测引力波所作的各种努力．     

On the thermopower of superionic conductors

We investigate the thermoelectric power of a superionic conductor within the Brownian particle model. The dependence on temperature and friction is calculated numerically for the one-dimensional case. The results are compared to those of other models and approaches.     

On the plane gravitational condensor with the positive gravitational constant

The equations of motion for the plane shell consisting of an ideal fluid and creating the de Sitter solution on one side and the static plane symmetric solution of Einstein equations with positive cosmological constant on the other side are derived. Solution of the equation of motion for the case of “plane gravitational condensor” is found and the necessary agreement with the solution of the problem in the caseA = 0 is demonstrated.     

On local and global currents in mesoscopic conductors

Using linear response theory we show that, in a quasi-stationary state, the local multiprobe conductance of a mesoscopic system of non-interacting electrons with a time reversal invariant Hamiltonian does not depend on the local shape of the driving self-consistent potential and thus is entirely determined by the asymptotic values of the potential in the leads. In the ballistic limit, the local conductance in the lateral direction exhibits oscillations depending on the occupation of channels. Scattering by a point impurity leads to softening of the quantized global conductance steps. In addition to that for an attractive scattering potential, a dip occurs in each plateau regime the shape of which is calculated for different values of the potential strength. We also investigate the local conductance for both a point scatterer and a finite scattering region.     

On local perturbations of waveguides

The paper deals with an arbitrary sufficiently small localized perturbation of waveguides with different types of boundary conditions. We study both the qualitative structure of the spectrum of the perturbed operator and conditions for the occurrence of eigenvalues from the continuous spectrum. For the case in which eigenvalues occur, their asymptotic behavior is obtained.     

Chalcogenide glass waveguides integrated with quantum cascade lasers for on-chip mid-IR photonic circuits

We demonstrate on-chip hybrid integration of chalcogenide glass waveguides and quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). Integration is achieved using an additive solution-casting and molding method to directly form As(2)S(3) strip waveguides on an existing QCL chip. Integrated As(2)S(3) strip waveguides constructed in this manner display strong optical confinement and guiding around 90° bends, with a NA of 0.24 and bend loss of 12.9dB at a 1mm radius (λ=4.8μm).