钐对铸态ZK30镁合金组织和力学性能的影响

基于对高强镁合金的迫切需求,选用Sm作为合金化元素添加到ZK30镁合金中。采用真空感应熔炼炉制备ZK30-x Sm镁合金(x=0%,1%,2%,3%,4%,质量分数),研究了不同含量的Sm对铸态ZK30镁合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。通过OM,SEM,EDS,XRD观察和分析了合金的微观形貌和组织成分,并对材料进行了拉伸试验和硬度测试。结果表明:加Sm镁合金主要由α-Mg基体和Mg_(41)Sm_5相组成,并且合金组织由树枝晶转变为细小的等轴晶;合金的抗拉强度σ_b,屈服强度σ_(0. 2)和伸长率δ随着Sm含量的增加先升高后降低,当Sm含量为1%时,σ_b,σ_(0.2)和δ均达到最大值,分别为250. 4,109. 0 MPa和14. 4%;合金的硬度也在Sm含量为1%时,达到最大值59. 85 kgf·mm~(-2)。但过量的Sm恶化组织,降低了性能。添加元素Sm后合金性能的提高主要归因于细晶强化、固溶强化和析出强化的共同作用。     

富铈混合稀土对AZ81合金组织与性能的影响

研究了富铈混合稀土对挤压铸造AZ81合金的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:加入不同含量富铈混合稀土的合金中都出现了一种新相Al11(Ce,La)3相,Al11(Ce,La)3相数量增多而Mg17Al12相则减少,能细化合金的组织晶粒,其细化作用在添加了1.5%富铈混合稀土的镁合金中尤为明显,但是当富铈混合稀土加入量大于2.0%时,合金中Al11(Ce,La)3相开始长大以粗大长杆状存在;在富铈混合稀土含量为1.5%时,AZ81合金的室温和150℃的综合力学性能达到最佳效果,超过2.0%时合金的室温和150℃综合力学性能开始下降;合金试样的拉伸断口带有局部韧窝的解理断裂和韧性断裂的混合特征。     

含铈压铸AZ91D镁合金高周疲劳行为

研究了不同Ce添加量对压铸AZ91D合金高周疲劳性能的影响。在应力比R=0.1条件下对不同Ce含量的镁合金进行高周疲劳试验,利用升降法计算合金的疲劳强度。结果表明:随着Ce的添加,AZ91D合金的组织细化,合金中孔隙的数量降低,分布趋于均匀;在循环基数Nf=1×107条件下,合金的室温疲劳强度从96.7 MPa分别提高到106.3 MPa(1%Ce)和105.5 MPa(2%Ce);疲劳裂纹萌生于合金内部的孔隙和夹杂位置,并沿着晶粒边界扩展;合金中添加Ce后,疲劳裂纹扩展区出现疲劳条纹,疲劳断口呈现出准解理和韧窝断裂的混合特征。     

富钇混合稀土对AM60镁合金显微组织与力学性能的影响

在AM60镁合金的基础上添加不同质量分数的富Y混合稀土(分别为0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%),研究了富钇混合稀土对AM60镁合金显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:富Y稀土的加入使AM60镁合金的显微组织明显细化,并能显著提高合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度及延伸率。加入混合稀土后,合金中形成块状的铝钇化合物Al2Y,Al6Mn6Y,β-Mg17Al12相数量减少。当稀土加入量为1%时,合金的各方面性能达到最好。     

微量钪对超高强Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Zr合金组织与性能的影响

采用铸锭冶金法制备了5种不同Sc含量的超高强Al-8．1Zn-2．3Cu-2．05Mg-0．12Zr合金，利用光学显微镜和透射电镜以及扫描电镜分别观察了合金的显微组织与断口形貌，测试分析了合金的拉伸力学性能。结果表明：采用Sc微合金化，凝固过程中形成的初生Al3（Sc，Zr）粒子可显著细化合金铸态晶粒组织，消除枝晶偏析，均匀化过程中形成的次生Al，（Sc，Zr）粒子可抑制合金的再结晶，并强烈钉扎位错及亚结构；微量Sc的添加使合金强度提高26～94MPa，同时保持较高的伸长率，合金拉伸断口表现为层状和韧窝混合型形貌特征，合金中适宜的Sc添加量为0．21％。     

单一稀土Ce, La和混合稀土在工业纯铝中的作用

通过对比实验的方法，研究了稀土Ce，La和混合稀土对工业纯铝组织、电性能和机械性能的影响。结果表明：单一稀土La，Ce可降低工业纯铝的电阻率，提高工业纯铝的导电性，其中La的效果优于Ce．而混合稀土对电阻率几乎无影响；La，Ce和混合稀土均能减小工业纯铝的晶粒度，在其加入量为0．1％后细化效果明显，当其含量大于0．5％后细化效果趋于平缓，其中Ce的效果最佳，La次之，混合稀土最弱；单一稀土La，Ce在一定含量时可提高工业纯铝的σb6和δ，Ce的作用强于La，混合稀土对σb和δ的影响不明显。     

钇对Mg-5Zn-2Al合金组织和力学性能的影响

利用金相显微镜、电子万能试验机、扫描电镜和X射线等手段,研究了不同含量的Y对Mg-5Zn-2Al镁合金铸态及热处理状态下组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:合金主要由α-Mg基体相、Mg32(Al,Zn)49相及Al3Y相组成,并且A13Y稀土相随着合金中加Y量的增加而增多.在铸态及热处理条件下,合金的力学性能(抗拉强度和延伸率)均呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势.在铸态条件下,当加Y量为0.3%时合金的抗拉强度达到最大,为205 MPao当加Y量为0.9%时,合金的延伸率达到最大,为14.6%.经过T6热处理后,合金的抗拉强度较铸态均得到了明显提高,而延伸率有所下降.加Y量为0.9%的Mg-5Zn-2Al镁合金的抗拉强度和延伸率均达到最大值,分别为234 MPa和11.4%.     

稀土对BNbRE钢轨综合性能的影响

论述了包钢BNbRE钢轨的开发、性能指标和稀土在钢轨中的作用。采用钢中加入稀土、合金元素铌及适当调整C，Si，Mn可使钢轨性能指标达到σb≥980MPa，σ5≥8％，同时具有优良的耐磨性能，接触疲劳性能和实物疲劳性能。实验结果表明，BNbRE轨(BNbRE)中稀土具有净化钢液、变质夹杂和微合金化作用。炼钢工艺改进后钢水质量提高，虽然稀土含量相应降低，取得了优良的稀土钢轨综合性能。     

钙对Mg-Gd-Nd-Zr-xCa合金组织和力学性能的影响

镁合金的轻量化优势使其有广阔的应用前景,然而普通镁合金低强度限制了它的应用。镁稀土合金拥有良好的力学性能,在Mg-GdNd-Zr合金的基础上,添加不同量的Ca元素,通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和拉伸性能测试等方法,对Mg-9Gd-2Nd-x Ca-0.5Zr (x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5(%,质量分数))合金热处理前后的组织和性能的变化进行了探究。结果表明：合金组织由α-Mg,Mg₅Gd相和Mg₄₁Nd₅相组织,添加Ca元素后,组织中形成了Mg₂Ca相。铸态合金经过热处理后,晶界上的第二相大部分溶入基体,时效态组织中析出了大量细小的板条状析出相,使合金的力学性能得到提高。时效态Mg-9Gd-2Nd-1Ca-0.5Zr合金有最高的抗拉强度,达到了256 MPa。     

镱对AZ91D镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

在Mg-9Al-1Zn合金的基础上添加不同质量分数的Yb, 制备了4种合金. 通过X射线衍射、金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析仪等手段分析了Yb的添加对AZ91D显微组织和力学性能的影响. 结果表明: Yb的加入, 显著改变了AZ91D合金的铸态组织, 细化了β-Mg17Al12相, 且β-Mg17Al12脆性相由连续网状分布逐渐变为离散状, 同时晶界上出现了块状的Al11Yb3和点状Al6Mn4Yb化合物. 当Yb含量为1.0%时, 该合金具有最佳的综合力学性能, 抗拉强度达到194 MPa, 比AZ91D提高22%, 伸长率和硬度也随着Yb含量的增加而提高. 研究表明, 重稀土元素Yb在镁合金中显示出与轻稀土更相近的作用效果.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。