Reactions in a Mixture of CH4 and CO2 under the Action of Microwave Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure

Reactions between CH4 and CO2 under the action of continuous microwave discharge atatmospheric pressure were studied in a special homemade reactor. The main products were CO and H2,while acetylene and ethylene were also found in the products. Experimental results show that conversionsof CH4 and CO2 could be higher than 90% without the presence of any catalyst. Effects of CO2/CH4molar ratio and total flow rate of the feed gas on the reaction were also investigated.     

Reactions in a Mixture of CH_4 and CO_2 under the Action of Microwave Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure

Reactions between CH_4 and CO_2 under the action of continuous microwave discharge at atmospheric pressure were studied in a special homemade reactor. The main products were CO and H2, while acetylene and ethylene were also found in the products. Experimental results show that conversions of CH4 and CO2 could be higher than 90% without the presence of any catalyst. Effects of CO2/CH4 molar ratio and total flow rate of the feed gas on the reaction were also investigated.     

CO2和He在阳泉煤CH4饱和基质煤柱中的渗流特性

利用自行设计的自约束渗透装置,采用热导检测器在线跟踪穿透实验过程中CO2或He的渗透信号,在40℃条件下,对比研究了CO2和He在阳泉煤CH4饱和基质煤柱(φ6×13mm)中的渗透行为,讨论了煤对气体的吸附或吸取作用及孔隙气压对渗透率的影响.研究表明,有别于煤对He的作用,在CO2和CH4交替渗透时,不同的CH4吹扫时...     

CO2／CH4重整镍基催化剂制备与性能的关系

一般浸渍法与真空浸渍法的比较说明,真空浸渍制备的催化剂,其表面具有较多的Ｎｉ原子,催化活性较高,现场ＴＰＯ实验表明,ＣＯ岐化的积炭量大于ＣＨ４解离的积炭量。从而提出镍基催化剂的积炭主要来自反应生成气ＣＯ的岐化。     

载体对镍基催化剂CH4／CO2重整制合成气性能的影响

在Ｎｉ／ＭｇＯ、Ｎｉ／ＣａＯ和Ｎｉ／ＣｅＯ催化剂上,ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２重整制事成的活性测试表明ＭｇＯ是一种较好的载体,ＴＰＲ实验显示,Ｎｉ－ＭｇＯ之间的相互作用比Ｎｉ－ＣａＯ和Ｎｉ－ＣｅＯ２强,现场ＣＯ岐化和ＣＨ４解离实验表明, 经剂表面吸附的氢会促进ＣＯ歧化和ＣＨ４解离积炭。     

Ni／Al2O3催化剂上CH4／CO2重整的脉冲反应研究

报道了用脉冲反应研究Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２重整反应的结果。脉冲反应显示，在还原的Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上，ＣＨ４在６７３Ｋ就开始发生分解，并有Ｃ２Ｈ６、Ｃ２Ｈ４生成，１０２３Ｋ下，ＣＨ４几乎完全分解，单纯的ＣＯ２则很难在还原的催化剂上发生反应，在９７３Ｋ以上的高温下才会有少量Ｃ胜成ＣＯ．ＣＨＣＯ２的脉冲反应表明，当ＣＨ４在较低温度下开始分解时，ＣＯ２也会发生分解，并生成ＣＯ。脉冲反     

Spectroscopic Characterization of CH4 + CO2 Plasmas Excited by a Dielectric Barrier Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure

Plasma processing of a (CH ₄ +CO ₂ ) mixture can lead to the formation of synthesis gas (CO+H ₂ ). The use of a nonthermal plasma for this type of process seems very promising. We report here an electric and spectroscopic characteristic of plasma created in a (CH ₄ +CO ₂ ) mixture by a high-voltage, steep front-voltage (>10 ¹² V/s), very-short-pulse triggered dielectric barrier discharge in a tubular cell. Particular attention was payed to the determination of the rotational temperature for C ₂ . Time resolved investigation of the Swan band leads to an estimated value around 3000 K.     

RESEARCH ON CATALYSTS OF ANTI-CARBON DEPOSITION FOR CH_4 REFORMING WITH CO_2

IntroductionMethaneandcarbondioxidearetWomaincompositionsforthegreenhouseeffectandtheworldglobewanningll].ItisbeneficialtoourlivingenviroIUnenttocontrolthereleaseofthesetwogases.Theconversionofmethanetothecommonfeedstocksynthesisgas(carbonmonoxideandhydro…     

偏硼酸锶/碳酸锶复合催化剂光催化还原CO2生成CH4的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出SrB₂O₄和SrCO₃复合催化剂(SrB₂O₄/SrCO₃). 紫外光催化还原CO₂生成CH₄的实验证明, SrB₂O₄/SrCO₃复合催化剂的光催化活性已超过SrB₂O₄和TiO₂(P25)催化剂. 利用X 射线电子衍射(XRD)谱、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和等温氮气吸附-脱附分析确定了催化剂的晶相结构、粒子尺寸和比表面积.利用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)漫反射吸收光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的价带谱和荧光光谱(PL)确定了催化剂的能带结构, 结果表明: SrB₂O₄/SrCO₃复合催化剂异质结构有利于光生载流子的分离, 从而抑制了光生电子和光生空穴的复合, 提高了光生电子和光生空穴在固液界面参加光催化反应的利用率. 因此, SrB₂O₄/SrCO₃复合催化剂的紫外光催化活性得到了有效的提高.     

Electronic Interactions on Platinum/(Metal-Oxide)-Based Photocatalysts Boost Selective Photoreduction of CO2 to CH4

By supporting platinum (Pt) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles on indium oxide (In₂O₃), we fabricated a CdS/Pt/In₂O₃ photocatalyst. Selective photoreduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to methane (CH₄) was achieved on CdS/Pt/In₂O₃ with electronic Pt−In₂O₃ interactions, with CH₄ selectivity reaching to 100 %, which is higher than that on CdS/Pt/In₂O₃ without electronic Pt−In₂O₃ interactions (71.7 %). Moreover, the enhancement effect of electronic Pt-(metal-oxide) interactions on selective photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄ also occurs by using other common metal oxides, such as photocatalyst supports, including titanium oxide, gallium oxide, zinc oxide, and tungsten oxide. The electronic Pt-(metal-oxide) interactions separate photogenerated electron-hole pairs and convert CO₂ into CO₂^δ−, which can be easily hydrogenated into CH₄ via a CO₂^δ−→HCOO*→HCO*→CH*→CH₄ path, thus boosting selective photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄. This offers a new way to achieve selective photoreduction of CO₂.     

等离子体甲烷偶联体系中纯氢气放电消除积炭

发现了等离子条件下甲烷偶联反应中形成的积炭可以通过该体系中纯氢气放电而消除.将消除积炭使用直流电场的正高压和负高压与使用交流电场作了比较，发现直流电场中无论使用正高压还是负高压，只有阴极上的积炭可以被消除，而交流电场中两极积炭均可被消除，反应器壁上的积炭在以上任何情况下均可被消除.基于实验事实提出了机理假设.消除积炭的量与输入功率、反应器对电极的直径比以及电极材料有关.     

Amine‐Appended Hierarchical Ca‐A Zeolite for Enhancing CO2/CH4 Selectivity of Mixed‐Matrix Membranes

An amine‐appended hierarchical Ca‐A zeolite that can selectively capture CO₂ was synthesized and incorporated into inexpensive membrane polymers, in particular polyethylene oxide and Matrimid, to design mixed‐matrix membranes with high CO₂/CH₄ selectivities. Binary mixture permeation testing reveals that amine‐appended mesoporous Ca‐A is highly effective in improving CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of polymeric membranes. In particular, the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of the polyethylene oxide membrane increases from 15 to 23 by incorporating 20 wt % amine‐appended Ca‐A zeolite. Furthermore, the formation of filler/polymer interfacial defects, which is typically found in glassy polymer‐zeolite pairs, is inhibited owing to the interaction between the amine groups on the external surface of zeolites and polymer chains. Our results suggest that the amine‐appended hierarchial Ca‐A, which was utilized in membrane fabrication for the first time, is a good filler material for fabricating a CO₂‐selective mixed‐matrix membrane with defect‐free morphology.     

Theoretical study of the mechanism of CH2CO + CN reaction

The potential energy surface information of the CH₂CO + CN reaction is obtained at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level. To gain further mechanistic knowledge, higher‐level single‐point calculations for the stationary points are performed at the QCISD(T)/6‐311++G(d,p) level. The CH₂CO + CN reaction proceeds through four possible mechanisms: direct hydrogen abstraction, olefinic carbon addition–elimination, carbonyl carbon addition–elimination, and side oxygen addition–elimination. Our calculations demonstrate that R→IM1→TS3→P3: CH₂CN + CO is the energetically favorable channel; however, channel R→IM2→TS4→P4: CH₂NC + CO is considerably competitive, especially as the temperature increases (R, IM, TS, and P represent reactant, intermediate, transition state, and product, respectively). The present study may be helpful in probing the mechanism of the CH₂CO + CN reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006     

Experiments and Calculations on Photoionization and Dissociative Photoionization of CH2CO

The dissociative photoionization of molecular‐beam cooled CH₂CO in a region of ?10–20 eV was investigated with photoionization mass spectrometry using a synchrotron radiation as the light source. Photoionization efficiency curves of CH₂CO⁺ and of observed fragment ions CH₂⁺, CHCO⁺, HCO⁺, C₂O⁺, CO⁺, and C₂H₂⁺ were measured to determine their appearance energies. Relative branching ratios as a function of photon energy were determined. Energies for formation of these observed fragment ions and their neutral counterparts upon ionization of CH₂CO are computed with the Gaussian‐3 method. Dissociative photoionization channels associated with six observed fragment ions are proposed based on comparison of determined appearance energies and predicted energies. The principal dissociative processes are direct breaking of C=C and C‐H bonds to form CH₂⁺ + CO and CHCO⁺ + H, respectively; at greater energies, dissociation involving H migration takes place.     

Au/Al2O3催化剂的制备及其在CH4/CO2重整反应中的催化活性

采用浸渍法和沉积－沉淀法制备了四种不同的Au/Al2O3催化剂，测定了它们在氢气还原前后及催化反应后的金含量及比表面积，结果表明，制备方法明显影响催化剂的金含量，应用X－光粉末衍射技术研究了这些催化剂经还原处理及反应后的物相变化，金以Au^0物相存在，没有发现氧化态的金物相，考察了该催化剂在CH4／CO2重整反应中的催化活性，发现金催化剂的活性取决于金粒子的大小，浸渍法制备的金催化剂具有较大的金晶粒尺寸，催化活性低，沉积－沉淀法制备的金催化剂金晶粒尺寸较小，催化活性较高，以尿素为沉淀剂制备的催化剂给出1073K时的CH4和CO2转化率分别为8．1％和17．6％，高温反应不仅导致金晶粒的聚集，而且存在明显的金流失现象。     

Studies on Gas Purification by a Pulsed Microwave Discharge at 2.46 GHz in Mixtures of N2/NO/O2 at Atmospheric Pressure

Pulsed microwave discharges operated at atmospheric pressure in gas mixtures containing N₂, O₂, and NO are investigated experimentally and theoretically for various gas mixture constituents and operating conditions with respect to the ability of exhaust gas purification. The rotational gas temperature and the vibrational temperature of N₂ are derived from CARS measurements. The composition of the exhaust gas after treatment is monitored using FTIR spectroscopy. The processes of the chemical, electronic, and vibrational kinetics are described by a model that has been developed to calculate the species densities. The results obtained show that in N₂/NO gas mixtures an overall reduction of NO_x takes place. In the case of N₂/O₂/NO gas mixtures, no net reduction of NO_x is achieved for a pulsed microwave power below 3600 W, a pulse length of 50 s, and a typical repetition frequency of 2 kHz.     

Elucidating the Mechanism of Simultaneous Activation of CH4 and CO2 Mediated by Single Group 10 Metal Anions in Gas Phase

Quantum chemistry calculations predict that besides the reported single metal anion Pt⁻, Ni⁻ can also mediate the co-conversion of CO₂ and CH₄ to form [CH₃−M(CO₂)−H]^– complex, followed by transformation to C−C coupling product [H₃CCOO−M−H]⁻ ( A ), hydrogenation products [H₃C−M−OCOH]⁻ ( B ) and [H₃C−M−COOH]⁻. For Pd⁻, a fourth product channel leading to PdCO₂⁻…CH₄ becomes more competitive. For Ni⁻, the feed order must be CO₂ first, as the weaker donor-acceptor interaction between Ni⁻ and CH₄ increases the C−H activation barrier, which is reduced by [Ni−CO₂]⁻. For Ni⁻/Pt⁻, the highly exothermic products A and B are similarly stable with submerged barrier that favors B . The smaller barrier difference between A and B for Ni⁻ suggests the C−C coupling product is more competitive in the presence of Ni⁻ than Pt⁻. The charge redistribution from M⁻ is the driving force for product B channel. This study adds our understanding of single atomic anions to activate CH₄ and CO₂ simultaneously.     

CH4—CO2重整反应镍催化剂的积碳性能研究

用热分析技术结合现代仪器分析，对不同条件下制备的ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２重整反应镍催化剂上的积碳量及积碳类型进行了研究。发现反应过程中镍催化剂上形成了３种不同反应活性的碳物种，积碳量的大小与所生成这三种碳物种的相对量有关。ＸＰＳ，ＳＥＭ，ＥＰＭＡ对三种不同碳物种的结构进行初步确定，为ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２重整反应镍催化上积碳机理研究提供了有用信息。     

Effect of Nano‐support and Type of Active Metal on Reforming of CH4 with CO2

Two series of Co and Ni based catalysts supported over commercial (ZrO₂, CeO₂, and Al₂O₃) nano supports were investigated for dry reforming of methane. The catalytic activity of both Co and Ni based catalysts were assessed at different reaction temperatures ranging from 500—800 °C; however, for stability the time on stream experiments were conducted at 700 °C for 6 h. Various techniques such as N₂ adsorption‐desorption isotherm, temperature‐programmed reduction (H₂‐TPR), temperature‐programmed desorption (CO₂‐TPD), temperature‐programmed oxidation (TPO), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied for characterization of fresh and spent catalysts. The catalytic activity and stability tests clearly showed that the performance of catalyst is strongly dependent on type of active metal and support. Furthermore, active metal particle size and Lewis basicity are key factors which have significant influence on catalytic performance. The results indicated that Ni supported over nano ZrO₂ exhibited highest activity among all tested catalysts due to its unique properties including thermal stability and reducibility. The minimum carbon deposition and thus relatively stable performance was observed in case of Co‐Al catalyst, since this catalyst has shown highest Lewis basicity.     

Utilizing Non-ferrous Metal Tailings to Propare Ni/SiO2 -CaO-Fe2O3 Catalyst for CO2 Reforming of CH4 to Syngas

以尾矿为载体原料,经不同温度焙烧预处理、等体积浸渍制备了一系列负载型Ni/SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3催化剂并用于CO2重整CH4制合成气,重点考察了载体原料的焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响.用ICP-AES,XRD测定了有色金属尾矿的成分,用H2-TPR,CO2-TPD,TPO等对催化剂的还原性能、吸附性能、抗积炭性能进行了表征.结果表明,载体原料经850℃焙烧后所负载的镍催化剂在800℃条件下CO2转化率为78.5%,CH4转化率为71.2%,CO和H2选择性分别达到92.2%,89.5%.