Magneto-crystalline properties of BaFe12−2x M x Sn x O19 (M = Sn, Ni, Zn) ferrite powders

BaFe_12?2x M _x Sn _x O₁₉ compounds, where M?=?Sn²⁺, Ni²⁺ or Zn²⁺ ions, were synthesized by mechanical milling and partially by citrate precursor methods. Analysis of magneto-crystalline structure has been carried out by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Sn⁴⁺ ions replace Fe³⁺ ions on 2b and slightly on 2a?+?4f₁ sites, Zn²⁺ ions strongly prefer 4f₁ sites, Sn²⁺ ions prefer 4f₁ sites too and Ni²⁺ ions occupy 4f₂ and 12k or 2a sites. The magnetic properties were evaluated by the vibrating sample magnetometry and the thermomagnetic analysis. A large variation of the intrinsic coercivity H _c (330 to 78 kA/m) and of temperature coefficient of coercivity of ΔH _c /Δ? (0.39 to 0.22 kA/m°C) were achieved as a function of the (Zn–Sn) and (Sn–Sn) substitutions, respectively. The Curie temperature T _c decreased with the (Ni–Sn) substitution from 447 to 399°C.     

Lattice vibrational behavior of XSn4 (X=Au,Pd, Pt) compounds

Temperature dependent¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer effect measurements on AuSn₄, PdSn₄, and PtSn₄ compounds in the temperature range of 10 to 295 K shows the presence of a Sn⁴⁺ site. Variation of thermal shift and the Debye-Waller factor shows that the mean-squared displacement (lnf) and mean-squared velocity (δ) of the tin nuclei are both characterized by a Debye temperature of 238, 255, and 304 K in AuSn₄, PdSn₄, and PtSn₄, respectively. No discernible evidence of a phonon mediated structural transition is observed in the temperature range studied.     

Mössbauer spectra of tin in float glass

Tin is not a major constituent of window glass, but is found at high concentrations in the lower surface of float glass which has been in contact with the molten tin bath. It does not extend far into the surface, but causes the physical and chemical behaviour to differ from that of the upper surface. It is important, therefore, to understand the structural role of tin in silicate glasses and thus its effect on various properties. Mössbauer spectra were taken of three series of glassy materials, namely binary glasses (SnO and SiO₂) in varying proportions, re-melted float glass containing tin, and float glass from a production plant. The binary glasses contained between 20 and 70% tin which was found to be mainly Sn²⁺, with very small amounts of Sn⁴⁺ in some of them. The spectra showed a small decrease in isomer shift with increase in tin content, which is ascribed to the change in molar volume. The re-melted samples were float glass which was mixed with stannous oxalate in appropriate conditions to try and maintain tin in the 2+ state, and contained up to 15% tin by weight. The spectra show both Sn⁴⁺ and Sn²⁺ with rather more in the 4+ oxidation state. The change in the spectra as a function of temperature revealed a large difference in thef-factor (and hence the chemical binding) of the two states. A series of spectra was taken between 17.5 and 900 K for the sample containing 15% tin. From the absorption as a function of temperature thef-factor was determined for both oxidation states, and hence enabled the relative amounts of Sn⁴⁺ and Sn²⁺ present in each sample to be estimated. Measurements of the shift as a function of temperature were also made. The float samples were surface material produced by grinding away all but 0.1 mm of the lower surface of industrially produced float glass. The Mössbauer spectra showed them to be predominantly Sn²⁺, as expected from the reducing atmosphere in the float plant. The concentration and oxidation state of the tin may be estimated from the value of thef-factors and isomer shifts.     

Phenomenological trends for heavy fermi liquids and narrow-band metals III: Characteristic temperatures

A correlation between the ratio of the Fermi temperature T_F¹ and the Debye temperature θ_D and the occurrence of superconductivity or magnetic order is described. Values of T_F¹/θ_D⪢ 1 are found to favor “conventional” superconductivity, whereas T_F¹/θ_D≲ 1 favors magnetic order. “Heavy fermion” superconductivity is found to be restricted to the case T_F¹/θ_D < 1.     

Hyperfine interactions, charge compensation mechanisms, and the distribution of tin dopant cations in rare-earth orthochromites RCrO3 (R = Sm, Eu, Gd, Ho)

The reduction in the squared cosine of angle θ of the Cr-O-Cr bond in the Sm-Ho series in samples containing Sn⁴⁺ ions in the Cr³⁺ position in the crystallite bulk is accompanied by a linear increase in hyperfine field H _{T→0 K} at ¹¹⁹Sn nuclei. Upon annealing in H₂, tin attains oxidation state +2 occupying the Cr³⁺ and R ³⁺ positions on the surfaces of particles. Mössbauer measurements in situ at 100 K do not reveal the spin polarization of Sn²⁺, but this polarization does manifest itself for part of the daughter Sn⁴⁺ ions formed when samples come into contact with air.     

Insight into structural,mechanical, electronic and thermodynamic properties of intermetallic phases in Zr–Sn system from first-principles calculations

The structural, phase stabilities, mechanical, electronic and thermodynamic properties of intermetallic phases in Zr–Sn system are investigated by using first-principles method. The equilibrium lattice constants, enthalpy of formation (ΔH^form) and elastic constants are obtained and compared with available experimental and theoretical data. The configuration of Zr₄Sn is measured with reasonable precision. The ΔH^form of five hypothetical structures are obtained in order to find possible metastable phase for Zr–Sn system. The mechanical properties, including bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, are calculated by Voigt–Reuss–Hill approximation and the Zr₅Sn₄ and Zr₅Sn₃ show excellent mechanical properties. The electronic density of states for Zr₅Sn₄, Zr₅Sn₃ and cP8-Zr₃Sn are calculated to further investigate the stability of intermetallic compounds. Through the quasi-harmonic Debye model, the Debye temperature, heat capacity and thermal expansion coefficient under temperature of 0–300 K and pressure of 0–50 GPa for Zr₅Sn₃ and Zr₅Sn₄ are deeply investigated.     

从X射线的衍射强度测定晶体的德拜特征温度

本文详尽地讨论了从X射线衍射强度测定均匀的且各向同性的晶体的德拜特征温度的方法。本方法指明:如将所有的计算强度对观察强度之比的自然对数In(I_calc/I_obs)对sin²θ/λ²标绘,则应该得到一条直线,这条直线的斜率为2B。在德拜的比热理论中,B可表示为(6h²T/MkΘ_D²){φ(x)+(x/4)},其中x=Θ_D/T。如使G=BMkT/6h²,则φ(x)+x/4=Gx²,既然已求得了B值,则这个方程式中的G是一个可量度的数。求解这个方程式可用图解法来进行。使y₁=Gx²,而y₂=φ(x)+x/4,则从这两个方程式的标绘可以得到两条曲线,这两条曲线的交点就是所要测定的x值,由x值可确定在测定温度时的特征温度。必须指出,由于Θ_D本身是温度的一个函数,本方法提供了一个在所需要的温度测定德拜特征温度的可能性。 关键词：     

Amorphization of crystalline Co and Sn multilayers by solid state reaction

Co_xSn_1?x amorphous alloys have been formed by solid state reaction at room temperature, from polycrystalline multilayers of Co and Sn deposited at 77 K. The forming ability range, temperature variation of the resistance, crystallization temperature of the amorphous alloys obtained by this new technique are very similar to those of amorphous Co_xSn_1?x alloys formed by vapour quenching.     

Winkelverteilung der Kernphotoreaktion3He (γ,p)2H

The angular distribution of the photonuclear reaction³He(γ,p)²H was measured with an exitation energyE _x=16 to 27 MeV using a 32.5 MeV betatron. In agreement with a theoretical calculation of Böschet al. we found for the coefficients of the distributionf(θ)=b (a/b+sin²θ(1+β·cosθ+γ·cos²θ)) the values:a/b≦0.14; β=0.77 (+0.14; ?0.07); γ≦0.30. This was the first attempt to use spark chambers as a detection device for photonuclear reactions in the low energy range. We found it to be a promising new facility.     

Mössbauer studies of 151Eu in europium oxalate, europium bissalen ammonium and europium benzoate

Although a number of europium water insoluble chelates have been prepared for several decades, the covalent nature of these compounds has never been established in any quantitative fashion. Shifts in the I.R. bands and conductivity measurements of these salts were hitherto used to qualitatively compare their molecular nature. In this communique we have used temperature coefficients of ¹⁵¹Eu Mössbauer spectra to determine the Debye temperatures (θ _D) of three europium chelates: namely europium oxalate, europium bissalen ammonium (recently reported) and europium benzoate and compared their θ _D with the measured θ _D of the known ionic EuF₃. Additionally, the mean square amplitude (<x ²) of these four compounds was computed and plotted as a function of temperature giving in each case a reasonable linear plot. It was interesting to note that the θ _D of the most ionic EuF₃ was greatest (283 ± 10 K) followed by the oxalate (166 ± 15 K), then the europium bissalen ammonium (133 ± 5 K) and lastly the europium benzoate with a θ _D of (105 ± 5 K).     

Mössbauer effect of tin-119 doped in highT c Y−Ba−Cu−O superconductor

Mössbauer measurements at temperatures ranging from 12 K to 300 K have been carried out on highT _c superconductor YBa₂Cu₃O_6+δ samples doped with Sn (5,2 and 0.5 wt%). The temperature dependent recoilless fractionf(T) has a narrow and small drop nearby transition temperatureT _c which is dependent on the Sn-concentration and has a drop between 200–220 K. This indicates the occurrence of phonon softening at these temperatures. The Debye temperature θ_D of the samples containing 5, 2 wt% Sn atoms was determined as (290±25) K and (320±13) K respectively. These results show that phonons may play an important role for electron pairing in novel oxide superconductor.     

Magnetic hyperfine interactions of 119Sn probe atoms in the binary perovskite CaCu3Mn4O12

The manganite CaCu₃Mn₄O₁₂ doped by ¹¹⁹Sn atoms (about 1 at % with respect to Mn atoms) is studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The introduction of diamagnetic tin atoms is found not to affect the structure of the manganite. Tetravalent tin atoms are shown to substitute for the isovalent manganese atoms that are located in an octahedral oxygen surrounding. The cluster method of molecular orbitals is used to calculate the contributions of Mn⁴⁺ and Cu²⁺ cations that belong to different structural sublattices to the hyperfine magnetic field at ¹¹⁹Sn nuclei (H _Sn = 105 kOe at T = 77 K). These partial contributions are analyzed, and the intrasublattice Mn⁴⁺-O-Mn⁴⁺ exchange interactions are found to play a significant role in the formation of the magnetic structure of the manganite.     

Mössbauer studies of the magnetic behavior of amorphous Mn x Sn1−x alloys

We present systematic low temperature in situ¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer effect (ME) studies in vapor quenched amorphous Mn _x Sn_1?x (0.09<x<0.95) alloys between 150 and 4.2 K. It is shown that the magnetic behavior of the system is correctly displayed by the transferred magnetic hyperfine (hf) interactions detected at the¹¹⁹Sn site. Combining the results of the concentration dependence of the transferred magnetic hf field and the ordering temperature with recent ac-magnetic susceptibility data reported on this system, a complete magnetic phase diagram is proposed. The effect of an external magnetic field (up to about 3 T) on the spin correlations in the spin-glass state is also discussed.     

M2Sn17(M=Ni，Mn)及其阴离子的几何结构、电子结构和磁性的计算研究

采用密度泛函理论(density functional theory, DFT)中的广义梯度近似(generalized gradient approximation, GGA) 对Ni₂Sn₁₇，Mn₂Sn₁₇，［Ni₂Sn₁₇］^4-和［Mn₂Sn₁₇］^2-三种同分异构体的几何结构、电子 关键词： 2Sn₁₇')" href="#">Ni₂Sn₁₇ 2Sn₁₇')" href="#">Mn₂Sn₁₇ 几何结构 电子结构和磁性 密度泛函理论     

Study of magnetic properties of magnetic circuits for electric machines by the μSR-method

All samples were prepared at the same condition: prefired at 900°C for 10 hours in oxygen and sintered at 1000°C for 30 hour in oxygen. The zero resistance temperature decreased with increasing Sn content. ¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer spectra of YBa₂Cu_2.8Sn_0.2O_7?y superconductor from 80 K to room temperature were measured. The sites occupied by Sn were indicated. The variation of the isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings were observed in the superconducting transition region. The observation of the resonant line intensity shown the change of the lattice rigidity.     

德拜特征温度的各向异性与非均匀性

由于德拜特征温度标识着原子或离子在晶体内的平均振动能量,而不同原子在晶体内的振动模式,或同一原子在非立方晶体内的振动模式显然不同,这就发生了特征温度的非均匀性及各向异性问题。本文提出了从粉末X射线衍射强度测定晶体特征温度的非均匀性及各向异性的方法。测定了CaF₂的特征温度。结果发现:Ca²⁺离子在CaF₂晶体内的特征温度为400K,而F^-离子的特征温度为476K,二者相差76K。 关键词：     

Low-temperature specific heats of ZrSe3 and ZrS3

The specific heats of the semiconducting compounds ZrSe₃ and ZrS₃ have been measured in the temperature range between 8 and 200 K. At the lowest values of T, the ZrSe₃ measurements can be analyzed in terms of the familiar Debye T³ law yielding a characteristic Debye temperature at absolute zero θ_D(0) = 110 ± 2 K in satisfactory agreement with the value extracted from the available experimental sound velocities. In contrast, the low-temperature ZrS₃ measurements do not behave according to the Debye law. This is interpreted as resulting from a strong mixing of low-lying optical modes with the acoustical branches, and reflects a more pronounced one-dimensional character of ZrS₃ compared to ZrSe₃.     

Determination of Lamb–Mössbauer factors and lattice dynamics in some nitroprusside single crystals

Mössbauer spectra have been recorded for sodium, guanidinium, barium and lithium nitroprussides single crystal cuts. The temperature dependence of the Lamb–Mössbauer fraction f, respectively, the mean-square nuclear displacement 〈x ²〉 and the mean-square (of the total) velocity of the iron nucleus 〈v ²〉 were analyzed on the basis of the Debye and Einstein lattice-vibration models. The characteristic temperatures of the two models, θ _D and θ _E, fitted to 〈x ²〉 are considerably lower than those fitted to 〈v ²〉. This effect seems to be typical for the iron complexes and was explained with the presence of low and high frequencies in the phonon vibration spectra and of low-temperature anharmonicity. The Lamb–Mössbauer fraction at 77 K in all principal crystal directions of sodium, guanidinium and barium nitroprussides has been determined. These values will be used for more precise studies of the population and the properties of the light-induced molecular states of the nitrosyl [Fe(CN)₅NO]^2? anion.     

Spin glass behavior in the new amorphous alloys M2SnTe4 (M=Cr,Mn, Fe)

The amorphous alloys M₂SnTe₄ (M=Cr, Mn, Fe) are prepared by a new method involving the oxidation of main group polyanions (Zintl anions) by transition metal cations in solution at or below room temperature. The M₂SnTe₄ materials undergo a transition to a spin glass state at 12 K ? T_f ? 20 K and were characterized by dc magnetization, ⁵⁷Fe and ¹¹⁹Sn Mossbauer and x-ray diffraction measurements as well as the behavior of the remanent magnetization.