基于中红外分布反馈量子级联激光器的光声光谱技术用于痕量甲烷气体检测

由于工业监控和环境检测的需要,甲烷气体检测日益得到人们的关注。研究了基于中红外分布反馈量子级联激光器(DFB-QCL)的光声光谱技术,并应用于痕量甲烷的检测。自主研发的DFB-QCL室温工作时的激射波长在7.6μm附近,覆盖了甲烷的特征吸收谱线1 316.83cm-1。待测甲烷气体充入亥姆霍兹光声谐振腔中,DFB-QCL的工作频率为234Hz、室温脉冲工作时峰值功率为80mW。中红外光经过甲烷吸收后,产生的声波信号经麦克风检测,由锁相放大器对信号进行采集并输入计算机进行处理。按信噪比为1计算,得到甲烷的探测极限为189nmol.mol-1。     

大气痕量气体遥感探测仪发展现状和趋势

阐述了大气痕量气体探测技术的发展历程;详细介绍了几种国外先进的大气痕量气体遥感探测仪器的设计理念、工作原理和功能、工作模式、谱段设置和主要技术指标。讨论了我国遥感用星载大气痕量气体探测仪器的发展现状,给出了两种典型探测仪器的工作模式、谱段设置和主要性能指标。指出了未来星载大气痕量气体探测仪器的发展方向是提高遥感仪器的光谱分辨率、空间分辨率、灵敏度和定标精度以及发展主动遥感技术等,意在为我国今后这一领域的发展提供借鉴。     

Recent advances in laser-based diagnostics for gaseous flows

Laser-based diagnostic techniques offer unique capabilities for experimentation on gaseous flows. In this paper, we overview recent progress of two concepts: spectrally resolved absorption and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging. The absorption measurements utilize tunable diode lasers (TDLs) as light sources. Recent TDL applications include a wavelength-multiplexed system for rapid temperature sensing for use in combustion control, and absorption probes for time-resolved measurements of temperature, velocity and species concentrations in a hypersonic shock tunnel. Recent PLIF work includes applications to supersonic, exothermic flowfields relevant to ram accelerators, and development of a method for imaging temperature in air flows using acetone seeding.     

Quantum cascade laser-based spectrometer for high sensitive measurements of trace gases in air

A quantum cascade(QC)laser-based spectrometer is developed to measure trace gases in air.The proposed spectrometer is tested for N2O,and the results presented in this letter.This system takes advantage of recent technology in QC lasers by utilizing intra-pulse scan spectroscopy,which allows high sensitive measurement.Without calibration gases,the gas concentration can be calculated with scan integration and the corresponding values from the HITRAN04 database.By analyzing the Allan variance,a detection limit of 2 ppb is obtained.Continuous measurement of N2O sampled from ambient air shows the applicability of the proposed system for the field measurements of gases of environmental concern.     

Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis

Quantum cascade (QC) lasers are virtually ideal mid-infrared sources for trace gas monitoring. They can be fabricated to operate at any of a very wide range of wavelengths from ∼ 3 μm to ∼ 24 μm. Seizing the opportunity presented by mid-infrared QC lasers, several groups world-wide are actively applying them to trace gas sensing. Real world applications include environmental monitoring, industrial process control and biomedical diagnostics. In our laboratory we have explored the use of several methods for carrying out absorption spectroscopy with these sources, which include multipass absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS), and quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS). PACS 42.62.Fi; 42.62.Be; 07.88.+y; 33.20.Ea     

Recent progress in design of conductive polymers to improve the thermoelectric performance

Organic semiconductors,especially polymer semiconductors,have attracted extensive attention as organic thermoelectric materials due to their capabilities for flexibility,low-cost fabrication,solution processability and low thermal conductivity.However,it is challenging to obtain high-performance organic thermoelectric materials because of the low intrinsic carrier concentration of organic semiconductors.The main method to control the carrier concentration of polymers is the chemical doping process by charge transfer between polymer and dopant.Therefore,the deep understanding of doping mechanisms from the point view of chemical structure has been highly desired to overcome the bottlenecks in polymeric thermoelectrics.In this contribution,we will briefly review the recently emerging progress for discovering the structure–property relationship of organic thermoelectric materials with high performance.Highlights include some achievements about doping strategies to effectively modulate the carrier concentration,the design rules of building blocks and side chains to enhance charge transport and improve the doping efficiency.Finally,we will give our viewpoints on the challenges and opportunities in the field of polymer thermoelectric materials.     

Muon states in metals: Recent progress

We report on our results in two interesting questions related to muon spin rotation studies in condensed matter: (i) energetics of muons in metals, including lattice relaxation and zero point motion in self-trapping phenomena, and (ii) systematics of Knight shifts and hyperfine fields.In the former topic, a comprehensive theory is developed which entails the construction of the muon potential energy field in terms of the effective-medium or quasi-atom theory first introduced by Zaremba, Stott, NØrskov and Lang. The muon wave function is then solved by numerical (3-D) relaxation techniques. From this the forces exerted by the muon on the neighbouring lattice atoms are calculated, and the ensuing relaxations are evaluated by lattice Green's function techniques. These in turn modify the potential energy field, and the calculation is iterated to self-consistency. We search for the stable trapping sites in bcc and fcc metals, calculate self-trapping energies, diffusion barriers and excitation energies. Other hydrogenic imputies are also considered, and isotopic effects in e.g. heats of solution are investigated.In the latter topic, the spin-density functional theory is applied, including in the Knight shift calculation both the contact spin density and the diamagnetic shielding. The lattice potential is described in terms of the spherical solid model. A systematic behaviour as a function of the electron density and the host valency is found in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Co-laser photoacoustic spectroscopy of gases and vapours for trace gas analysis

This comprehensive study reviews the sensitive and selective detection of trace gases by laser photoacoustic spectroscopy. A computer controlled CO-laser photoacoustic system is presented. The wavelength range between 5.0 and 6.5 μm is of great interest because it coincides with specific absorption bands of various gases and vapours of environmental concern. However, since water-vapour, which is present in most samples, absorbs rather strongly in this wavelength region, its contribution to the total absorption has to be determined with high accuracy. For this purpose, we developed a dual-beam setup with sample- and reference cell. The novel design of these resonant photoacoustic cells is based on a new matrix formalism with distributed acoustic impedances and sources.Our photoacoustic system is calibrated with certified gas mixtures and vapours. In total, the absorption cross sections of 18 gases and vapours have been derived for all CO-laser lines. In addition to the absorption, the relaxation time of vibrationally excited nitric oxide (NO) could be deduced by measuring the phase shift of the photoacoustic signal for a sample of nitrogen containing traces of NO and water-vapour.The main application concerns the detection of multiple components in gas mixtures, particularly in exhaust gases. The high sensitivity achieved permits the detection of trace gases at ppbv concentrations. The problem of interfering absorptions occurring for multicomponent mixtures is studied in detail. We discuss measurements and results on exhausts of various vehicles. The photoacoustic spectra of the exhaust samples are analyzed on the basis of the calibration spectra with the aid of an iterative mathematical procedure.The individual concentrations of 12 of the most important components including nitric oxide, olefines, aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes could be derived. In particular, the selective detection of the different isomers of xylene is emphasized.     

自旋电子学研究与进展

自旋电子学是最近几年在凝聚态物理中发展起来的新学科分支,它研究在固体中自旋自由度的有效控制和操纵,在金属和半导体中自旋极化、自旋动力学、自旋极化的输运和自旋电子检测.由于它在信息存储方面的重大应用前景,受到学术界和工业界的高度重视.文章扼要地介绍了自旋电子学发展的历程和发展中的最重要的发现.最近几年,最奇特的发现和最重要的应用莫过于巨磁电阻,薄膜领域纳米技术的迅速发展使巨磁电阻的应用变成可能.作为磁记录头它已使硬磁盘的记录密度提高到170Gbit/in2.动态随机存储器MRAM的研究已实现16Mbit的存储密度.     

Loop quantum cosmology: Recent progress

Aspects of the full theory of loop quantum gravity can be studied in a simpler context by reducing to symmetric models like cosmological ones. This leads to several applications where loop effects play a significant role when one is sensitive to the quantum regime. As a consequence, the structure of and the approach to classical singularities are very different from general relativity. The quantum theory is free of singularities, and there are new phenomenological scenarios for the evolution of the very early universe such as inflation. We give an overview of the main effects, focussing on recent results obtained by different groups.     

Recent progress on borophene: Growth and structures

Boron is the neighbor of carbon on the periodic table and exhibits unusual physical characteristics derived from electron-deficient, highly delocalized covalent bonds. As the nearest neighbor of carbon, boron is in many ways similar to carbon, such as having a short covalent radius and the flexibility to adopt sp² hybridization. Hence, boron could be capable of forming monolayer structural analogues of graphene. Although many theoretical papers have reported finding two-dimensional allotropes of boron, there had been no experimental evidence for such atom-thin boron nanostructures until 2016. Recently, the successful synthesis of single-layer boron (referred to as borophene) on the Ag(111) substrate opens the era of boron nanostructures. In this brief review, we will discuss the progress that has been made on borophene in terms of synthetic techniques, characterizations and the atomic models. However, borophene is just in infancy; more efforts are expected to be made in future on the controlled synthesis of quality samples and tailoring its physical properties.     

人工合成金刚石研究进展

1796年英国科学家S．Tennant的精确燃烧实验，首次揭示金刚石是由纯碳构成的宝石，从此人类开始了漫长的人工合成金刚石的探索．金刚石通常只能在极端条件下形成，因此，合成技术的突破是人类合成水平提高的一个重要标志，文章对这一领域一些重要工作做了简单回顾，也讨论了作者在合成金刚石方面的工作．我们在440℃的低温条件下，用碱金属(Li，Na，K)还原超临界CO2，得到透明、大尺寸的金刚石晶体，首次实现了金刚石燃烧实验的逆过程，即把低能、直线型CO2分子变成了碳-碳四面体连接的金刚石，开辟了人工合成金刚石的新途径．也讨论了它与天然金刚石起源之间的可能联系．     

太阳电池新进展

介绍了各种太阳电池技术和发展概况 ,其中晶硅太阳电池技术发展比较成熟 ,商业化程度最高 ,许多技术和理论问题带有普遍性 ,对其他电池的研究开发有借鉴作用 ,文章对此作了较详细的介绍 .薄膜电池是未来发展方向 ,文章对目前国际上研究得最多的几种薄膜电池 ,如非晶硅 (a Si)、碲化镉 (CdTe)、铜铟硒 (CuInSe2 ,CIS)、多晶硅、染料敏化TiO2 等电池的技术发展概况作了介绍 ,并简要说明了不同电池的商业化生产情况 .     

电子铁电体研究进展

电子铁电性是基于关联体系电荷有序态的一种新的物理现象。近期研究发现,这种新型铁电体通常表现出丰富的磁电性质和耦合效应,在发展可控性多功能微电子器件方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文重点介绍了电子型铁电体代表材料LuFe2O4的实验和理论研究进展,着重探讨了电荷序相变,极化机理,介电,铁电,磁电耦合等重要物理性能。随后,简要介绍了其它体系在相关问题研究中的进展情况,包括：钙钛矿体系Pr(Ca)MnO3,Fe3O4和有机材料(TMTTF)2X等。     

Recent progress in medical photonics

The field of medical photonics is rapidly expanding, and a wide variety of optical technologies and instruments have recently been developed for diagnostic, therapeutic and basic science applications in medicine. This review presents the recent advances and application of medical photonics, and the obtained results from our laboratory are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future prospects for the transition from technological exploration to clinical studies are discussed. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60678054), the PhD Program Foundation of Ministry of Education (Grant No. 200803940001), the Key Grants from Ministry of Education (Grant No. 209063), and the Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2008J0001)     

Development of a laser-based Raman scattering system for identifying and quantifying major gas species

The construction of a laser-based Raman scattering system for identifying major gas species and quantifying their partial pressures is described. The system incorporates a pulsed laser to minimize the background luminescence. The results obtained at room temperature for N₂ at (365·80·5) nm and for O₂ at (355·80·5) nm are presented.     

可调谐超构透镜的发展现状

随着新兴光学设备对微型化、一体化、智能化光学变焦系统的需求与日俱增,大大促进了纳米光电子学的迅猛发展。超构透镜是由具有特殊电磁属性的人造元素按照一定的排列方式组成的具有透镜功能的二维平面结构,其最大优点就是:轻薄和易于集成。然而,集成在超构透镜上的微纳结构一旦制备完成,便难以再改变其形貌或者尺寸,因而无法对其聚焦性能进行实时调控,限制了其功能及应用范围的进一步扩展。近年来,科学家们探索了实现超构透镜聚焦性能实时调控的多种途径,其中最引人注目的是将智能材料与超构透镜相结合。本文首先回顾了可调谐超构透镜的最新进展,分别详细阐述和分析了它们的调节原理和器件性能。最后,归纳分析了当前阻碍可调谐超构透镜发展的主要问题,并进一步对未来可调谐超构透镜的发展趋势做出了展望。     

人工合成金刚石研究进展

1796年英国科学家S.Tennant的精确燃烧实验,首次揭示金刚石是由纯碳构成的宝石,从此人类开始了漫长的人工合成金刚石的探索.金刚石通常只能在极端条件下形成,因此,合成技术的突破是人类合成水平提高的一个重要标志,文章对这一领域一些重要工作做了简单回顾,也讨论了作者在合成金刚石方面的工作.我们在440℃的低温条件下,用碱金属（Li,Na,K）还原超临界CO2,得到透明、大尺寸的金刚石晶体,首次实现了金刚石燃烧实验的逆过程,即把低能、直线型CO2分子变成了碳-碳四面体连接的金刚石,开辟了人工合成金刚石的新途径.也讨论了它与天然金刚石起源之间的可能联系.