N-吡咯烷基-2-吡啶甲酰胺(NPPFA)对水溶液中苯酚的萃取行为

N-吡咯烷基-2-吡啶甲酰胺(NPPFA)对水溶液中苯酚的萃取行为;N-吡咯烷基吡啶甲酰胺(NPPFA);萃取;苯酚     

Synthesis and characterization of triethanolamine complexes with cobalt(ii) and zinc(ii) cinnamates

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Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the thermal decomposition of zinc(ii) dialkyldithiocarbamate complexes

The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition of Zn(S₂CNR₂)₂ complexes (R=CH₃, C₂H₅ and n-C₃H₇) were determined with the dynamic thermogravimetric method. Superimposed TG/DTG/DSC curves show that thermal decomposition reactions for chelates with R=C₂H₅ and n-C₃H₇ occur in the liquid phase, at temperatures far away from their melting points, whereas for the complex with R=CH₃ the thermal decomposition begins at a temperature closer to its melting point, suggesting a rather complex decomposition mechanism. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Electrochemical reduction of zinc complexes from glycinate solutions

Kinetics of electrochemical reduction of zinc(II) complexes is studied in a wide range of solution pH using the polarization measurements and chronopotentiometry. Adsorption of glycinate ions on zinc electrode and complexing of zinc(II) with glycine are studied using the ¹³C NMR method. Based on the experimental data, the electrochemical behavior of zinc(II)–glycine–water system is considered.Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2005, pp. 228–231.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Berezin, Sagdeev, Gudin, Roev, Mezhevich.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with corrections to the article note and article title and cover date.     

Gold(III) amine complexes in aqueous alkali solutions

The gold(III) 1,3-diaminopropane complex [Au(1,3-pn)(1,3-pn-H)]Cl₂ has been synthesized. Its dissociation constant has been determined: Au(1,3-pn)₂³⁺ = Au(1,3-pn-H)²⁺ + H⁺, logK _a1 = −7.03 ± 0.05 (I = 0.1 mol/L NaClO₄). Considerable spectral changes are observed for strong alkali solutions (pH 11–14) containing the monoamido forms of the gold(III) ethylenediamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, and diethylenetriamine complexes (Au(en)(en-H)²⁺, Au(1,3-pn)(1,3-pn-H)²⁺, Au(dien-H)OH⁺). These changes are attributed to the formation of the diamido species Au(en-H)₂⁺, Au(1,3-pn-H)₂⁺, and Au(dien-2H)OH⁰. The dissociation constants of the monoamido complexes have been determined: Au(en)(en-H)²⁺ (logK _a2 = −10.9 ± 0.1 at I = 0.001–0.01 mol/L NaCl); Au(1,3-pn)(1,3-pn-H)²⁺ (logK _a2 = −11.3 ± 0.1 at I = 0.1 mol/L NaCl); Au(dien-H)OH⁺ (logK _a2 = −12.4 ± 0.1 at I = 0.1 mol/L NaCl).     

Extraction of uranium(IV) and uranium(VI) by primary and tertiary-amines from sulphate solutions

In developing a method for possible low level isotopic enrichment, which uses to advantage the equilibrium isotope effect observed during U(1V)-U(VI) electron exchange reaction in sulphate solutions, details of a solvent extraction process involving high concentration of a mixture of U(IV) and U(VI) and at low acid concentrations, are described. The extraction behaviour of uranium under these conditions is discussed. During the extraction with amines, U(IV) tended to get oxidised in sulphate solutions.     

Extraction of lutetium(III) from aqueous solutions by employing a single fibre‐supported liquid membrane

Transport behaviour of Lu(III) across a polypropylene hollow fibre‐supported liquid membrane containing di(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) in dihexyl ether as a carrier has been studied. The donor phase was LuCl₃ in the buffer solution consisting of 0.2 M sodium acetate at pH 2.5–5.0. A miniaturised system with a single hollow fibre has been operated in a batch mode. The concentration of Lu(III) was determined by indirect voltammetric method using Zn–EDTA complex. The effect of pH and volume of the donor phase, DEHPA concentration in the organic (liquid membrane) phase, the time of extraction and the content of the acceptor phase on the Lu(III) extraction and stripping behaviour was investigated. The results were discussed in terms of the pertraction and removal efficiency, the memory effect and the mean flux of Lu(III). The optimal conditions for the removal of ¹⁷⁷Lu(III) from labelled ¹⁷⁷Lu‐radiopharmaceuticals were discussed and identified. The removal efficiency of Lu(III) greater than 99% was achieved at pH of the donor phase between 3.5 and 5.0 using DEHPA concentration in the organic phase of 0.47 M and the ratio of the donor to the acceptor phase of 182.     

Aggregation of dextran hydrophobically modified by sterically-hindered phenols in aqueous solutions: Aggregates vs. single molecules

The hydrodynamic properties of dextrans hydrophobically modified by sterically-hindered phenols in aqueous solution were characterized by a combination of Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM), fluorescent spectroscopy, and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). All solutions investigated contained aggregates the structure, shape, and critical aggregation concentration of which are influenced by the amount of the inserted phenol groups in the polymer matrix. We found that increasing of temperature enhances aggregation. It was established that the critical aggregation concentration could be well approximated by a logarithmic function of the substitution degree of the glycoside units. The results suggest that the proportion of aggregates is nevertheless negligible in comparison with the proportion of single molecules.     

Extraction of Co(II) and Ni(II) ammine cations from aqueous solutions into chloroform by highly lipophilic crown carboxylic acids

The proton-ionizable crown ethers, 2-[(sym-dibenzo-14-crown-4)oxy]-decanoic acid (1), 2-[sym-dibenzo-16-crown-5)oxy]decanoic acid (2), and 2-[sym-dibenzo-19-crown-6)oxy]decanoic acid (3) efficiently extract Co(II) and Ni(II) ammine cations from highly alkaline aqueous solutions (pH>10) into chloroform. For extractions of the individual metal species,2 is more efficient than1 or3. In competitive extraction systems, good selectivity for Co(II) ammine cations over Ni(II) ammine cations is observed.     

Supported liquid membranes (SLM) for recovery of bismuth from aqueous solutions

In this study, the extraction of Bi(III) from synthetic solutions of 2 M H₂SO₄/0.5 M HCl by supported liquid membranes (SLM) using tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (Cyanex 921) as extractant is reported. First, the nature of the Bi(III)/Cyanex 921 solvates extracted to organic phase (in a solvent extraction system) was determined by the slope method. It was found that Bi(III) reacts with 2 molecules of Cyanex 921 to form the solvate BiCl₃·2Cyanex 921. In the recovery of Bi(III) by the SLM system, parameters that influence extraction efficiency were evaluated, including: support, feed solution and stripping solution nature, and extractant concentration in the organic phase which impregnates the support. Results indicate that Cyanex 921 dissolved in kerosene is not able to extract Bi(III) from H₂SO₄ media. Moreover, transfer of H₂SO₄ was observed. HCl addition to the feed solution up to a maximum concentration of 0.5 M increases Bi(III) extraction. Further increase in HCl concentration causes a decrease in Bi(III) transfer. Likewise, the concentration of Cyanex 921 in the SLM organic phase which produced the maximum Bi(III) extraction was found to be 0.3 M. The performance of H₂O and 0.2 M H₂SO₄ as stripping solutions was evaluated, and it was found that only H₂SO₄ enabled Bi(III) transfer.     

Extraction kinetics of iron(III) from aqueous nitrate solutions to toluene solutions of tri-n-butylacetohydroxamic acid

The forward and reverse extraction rate of Fe³⁺ at time zero between aqueous nitrate solutions and toluene solutions of tri-n-butylacetohydroxamic acid, HX, has been studied as function of the composition of the system and the stirring speed of the two phases. Experimental information has been also obtained on the degree of aggregation of HX, its surface active properties, its solubility in the aqueous phase as well as on the equilibrium distribution of Fe(III). Rate equations have been derived. The rate determining step of the extraction reaction has been shown to be the reaction of the free and hydrolyzed iron ions, Fe³⁺ (hydrated) and FeOH⁺ (hydrated), with the HX undissociated molecules. The reactions occur simultaneously in the aqueous phase (homogeneous path) and at the interface (heterogeneous path). A correlation between the rate constants and the equilibrium constant of the extraction reaction of Fe(III) has been established.     

Extraction of cobalt(II) from aqueous thiocyanate solutions by tri-n-octylamine

The distribution of cobalt(II) between acidic thiocyanate solutions and tri-n-octylainine dissolved in various diluents has been measured for several cobalt(II) loadings and amine concentrations. Diluents investigated included n-hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, xylene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene and nitrobenzene. In all cases, the species extracted is bis(tri-n-octylammonium) tetrathiocyanatocobaltate(II). The ability of each diluent to extract cobalt(II) from acidic thiocyanate solutions is approximately correlated with the dielectric constant of the pure diluent, i.e., the smaller the dielectric constant, the larger the distribution ratio, with the exceptions of nitrobenzene and chloroform.     

Extraction of Co(II) ions from aqueous solutions with thermally activated dolomite

It was found that thermal activation of dolomite at 700–900°C may increase the sorption capacity of the samples up to 520 mg g^?1. It was shown that the most effective sorbent for Co²⁺ ions may be obtained by calcination of dolomite at 800°C, which allows under dynamic conditions (20 m h^?1) purifi cation of 500 column volumes of an aqueous solution with a Co(II) concentration of 10 mg L^?1 to the maximum allowable concentration.     

Mechanism of sorption of phenols from aqueous solutions onto surfactant-modified montmorillonite

Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the sorption of phenol, m-nitrophenol (m-NP), and o-cresol from water onto montmorillonite modified with cetyltrimethylammounium bromide (CTAB) were conducted. Experiments were carried out as a function of solution pH, sorbate concentration, and temperature (25-55 degrees C). It was shown that the sorption capacity decreased in the order phenol>o-cresol>m-NP. The Langmuir, dual-mode sorption, and Redlich-Peterson models were tested to fit the sorption isotherms of single-solute systems, whereas the Langmuir competitive model was used to describe bisolute sorption equilibria. Thermodynamic parameters (DeltaH degrees and DeltaS degrees ) and the mean free energy (E) for the sorption of phenols were determined from the temperature dependence of the distribution constant and the Dubinin-Radushkevick equation, respectively. A simplified kinetic model was proposed to confirm the sorption mechanism.     

Sorption of 60Co(II) from aqueous solutions onto biosynthesized zinc oxide nanocomposites

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - Nano ZnO is biosynthesized using Lactobcillus sp. Poly Acrylic acid-co-Acrylonitrile/ZnO, PAACAN/ZnO, and poly Acrylic acid-co-Maleic acid/ZnO,...     

Separation of phenols from aqueous micellar solutions by cloud point extraction

The cloud point technique was used to recover phenol, 4-methylphenol, and 4-nitrophenol from aqueous solutions using oxyethylated methyl dodecanoates as nonionic surfactants. Oxyethylated methyl dodecanoates are convenient nonionic surfactants for such separations. Their cloud points can be easily modified by a change in surfactant hydrophilicity or by the addition of a second nonionic surfactant and/or an electrolyte. The use of the hydrophile lipophile balance is preferred to model the cloud point of oxyethylated methyl dodecanoates and their mixtures with other surfactants. The composition of the surfactant-rich phase depends on electrolyte type and the overheating. The phase can contain only 5-15% of water. Recovery of phenols changes in the order 4-nitrophenol >4-methylphenol > phenol and is increased in the presence of sodium chloride. The presence of salting-out electrolytes is preferred both to decrease the cloud point and to increase the efficiency of extraction.     

Extraction of ethylene glycol from aqueous salt solutions

A method is proposed for extracting ethylene glycol from aqueous salt solutions by dialysis through ion-exchange membranes, based on the Donnan exclusion of the electrolyte. Dialysis is performed in the continuous and batch modes. It is found that the batch mode of dialysis is more effective for extracting ethylene glycol from its aqueous salt solutions. The effect of the ionic form of the membrane on ethylene glycol fluxes is explained through computer simulation.     

Electrochemical formation of zinc selenide from acidic aqueous solutions

An investigation on electrochemical ZnSe thin film growth from acidic aqueous baths of Se(IV) and Zn(II) species is described. The range of co-deposition potentials is predicted on a thermodynamic basis according to a known electrochemical model. A study on the voltammetric behavior of Ti and Ni electrode substrates in the working solutions at various temperatures provides the main features of the applied electrochemical process. Cathodic electrodeposition at high temperatures (>65 °C) results in the formation of polycrystalline cubic, randomly oriented, ZnSe crystallites suffering, in general, from the presence of a crystalline Se phase in excess. Annealing of as-grown films adjusts the stoichiometry and leads to the production of semiconductive ZnSe with a band gap width of 2.7 eV. Electronic Publication     

Selective back-extraction and preconcentration of zinc(II) from metal-1,3,5-triketone extracts prior to its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A simple back-extraction method was developed for the separation and preconcentration of trace levels of zinc from different matrices. Ethyl-2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropanoylcarbamate (EMPC) was used as a new complexing agent for the extraction of zinc(II) from the aqueous sample phase to the methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) phase as Zn(EMPC)₂ complexes. The Zn(II) can be selectively stripped with 1?mL of 0.5?mol?L^?1 HCl from Mⁿ⁺(EMPC)_n complexes [Ag(I), Al(III), Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Fe(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Pd(II)] which dissolved in MIBK phase. Some experimental parameters, which are important for the whole extraction process, including pH, sample volume, shaking time, amount of the EMPC reagent, amount of MIBK, ionic strength, and type of back-extractant were investigated. The recovery for Zn(II) was greater than 95%. The detection limit of the method was found to be 0.2?µg?L ^{? 1} and the relative standard deviation as 6.4%. The concentrations of Zn(II) in the certified reference materials (LGC6019 river water and NIST-1547 peach leaves) by the presented method were in good agreement with the certified values. The proposed method was succesfully applied to the determination of zinc in some natural waters, rice, hair, soil, and tea samples.