流动注射原子吸收光谱法测定富硒天麻、葡萄及大米中的硒

建立了流动注射氢化物发生-原子吸收光谱法测定富硒天麻、葡萄及大米中硒的方法。测定硒的线性范围为0．33μg/L-50μg/L，相对标准偏差小于3％，加标回收率为93％-106％。方法已广泛应用于实际样品中微量硒的测定。     

硝酸铜稳定消化—超声络合萃取测定硒

本文报道以硝酸铜作为稳定剂对含硒样品进行消化，用超声波加快硒和邻苯二胺的络合与萃取，利用紫外分光光度法测定硒。该方法使样品消化过程中的硒损失大为减少，使络合萃取时间变短，提高了硒测定的精密度和准确度。回收率达９８．３５％－１０２．１７％。     

磷酸二氢钾浸提-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中有效硒样品处理

对标准方法NY/T 3420—2019测定土壤中有效硒含量的样品处理方法进行优化。用电热板消解取代微波消解，以三氯化铁取代铁氰化钾，提高盐酸质量分数至20%，对KH₂PO₄浸提-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中有效硒的样品处理方法进行优化。用硝酸-高氯酸混合酸将浸提液中的硒溶出后，在硫酸存在条件下加热挥发完全，可避免样品溶液中高氯酸钾结晶生成。硫酸因工艺原因含有硒，加入溴化钠加热至无色，重复处理多次可将绝大部分硒去除。经过试验确定硫酸最终质量分数为4%，此条件下硒的加标回收率为96.6%～105.9%。该方法和标准方法NY/T 3420—2019的测定结果经F检验和t检验验证，不具有显著性差异。该方法简化前处理流程，测定结果满足标准质控要求，适合大批量土壤样品测定。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析生物样品中硒的化学形态

建立了用于生物样品中含硒化合物在线分离分析的联用方法。用反相离子对高效液相色谱(RP-IP-HPLC)分离含硒化合物,用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)在线分析硒含量。与标准化合物的色谱图和工作曲线对照进行定性和定量分析,实现了对硒酸钠、亚硒酸钠、硒代胱氨酸、硒代胱胺、硒代蛋氨酸、硒代尿素和三甲基硒离子等7种生物体常见的含硒小分子的分析,检出限为0.1~1.5μg/L;线性范围为1~100μg/L,应用于人血清、尿、肝组织细胞质溶胶等样品中含硒小分子的形态分析,所需进样量仅50μL,各含硒化合物加标回收率在93%~117%。本方法操作简便,灵敏度高,重现性好,适合于各种生物样品中含硒小分子的形态分析。     

原子荧光光谱法测定区域地球化学调查样品中硒的干扰校正

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)是测定土壤样品中硒(Se)的理想方法，常用SePb合金材质的空心阴极灯为激发光源，无色散系统的AFS测硒时存在铅的光谱干扰，但尚未引起广泛关注。本文研究了高浓度Pb对硒测定的影响，并提出一种干扰校正的方法，可对检测结果进行有效校正。同时对还原剂浓度和消解酸的比例进行了优化，在2~40 ng/mL范围内获得Se标准曲线r2=0.9989，检出限为0.0023 ug/g，方法精密度为2.9-9.8%，准确度ΔlogC小于0.035。对南疆铁门关区域地球化学调查样品进行了测定，校正后Se的检测结果合格率为94.0%。此方法具有操作简单、准确高效，能够有效的校正样品中高浓度Pb的干扰，适合于大批量区域地球化学调查样品的检测。     

硒（Ⅳ）—碘化物—罗丹明6G体系荧光猝灭反应测定茶叶痕量硒

拟定了一个荧光猝灭法测定痕量硒（Ⅳ）的新方法，在盐酸介质中，硒（Ⅳ）氧化碘化钾的反应，其反应物使罗丹明６Ｇ荧光猝灭，方法的检出限为１．２μｇ／Ｌ，线性范围为０～８０μｇ／Ｌ方法简便快速，选择性好，用于茶叶样品中硒的测定，结果满意。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定富硒酵母中的硒蛋氨酸

建立了气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）测定富硒酵母中硒蛋氨酸含量的方法。比较了3种从样品中提取硒蛋氨酸方法的效果。样品在三羟甲基氨基甲烷（Tris）缓冲液中酶解24 h后,以丁醇及三氟乙酸酐为衍生化试剂对硒蛋氨酸进行衍生化,采用选择离子模式对衍生物进行GC-MS测定。硒蛋氨酸的回收率为98.5%~103.7%,相对标准偏差为0.9%~2.4%,检出限为0.5 mg/L（S/N=3）。对实际样品进行测定,得到样品中硒蛋氨酸的含量结果。该法简便快速,准确可靠,灵敏度高。     

环境水样中硒形态分析的样品预处理

综述了近几年来测定环境水样中硒的样品前处理方法,主要包括样品消解,加入基体改进剂和分离富集3个方面。消解法中主要使用湿法消解;加入基体改进剂适用于石墨炉原子吸收光谱法的样品预处理,可以提高硒的灰化温度,减少硒的损失以及样品中基体的干扰;固相萃取法是萃取法的主要使用手段。     

硒(Ⅳ)-碘化物-罗丹明6G体系荧光猝灭反应测定茶叶中痕量硒

拟定了一个荧光猝灭法测定痕量硒（Ⅳ）的新方法。在盐酸介质中，硒（Ⅳ）氧化碘化钾的反应，其反应产物使罗丹明６Ｇ荧光猝灭。方法的检出限为１．２μｇ／Ｌ，线性范围为０～８０μｇ／Ｌ，方法简便快速，选择性好，用于茶叶样品中硒的测定，结果满意。     

高效液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用技术测定富硒鸡蛋中的硒形态

为监测市场上富硒鸡蛋中蛋清及蛋黄中硒形态的种类及分布规律,优化建立了一种高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱联用技术测定富硒鸡蛋蛋清及蛋黄粉中硒形态的方法。随机选取富硒鸡蛋样品,进行蛋清蛋黄分离、冷冻干燥及蛋黄脱脂处理,处理后样品经Tris-HCl缓冲液（5 mmol/L, pH=7.5）55 oC恒温振荡、酶解提取,高速离心机（10000 r/min）离心10 min,上清液过0.22 μm有机滤膜后采用高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱联用技术进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明,该方法能在11 分钟内实现5种硒形态的基线分离,且各种硒形态的线性相关系数(r)均大于0.9994,其检出限在0.5-3.0 μg/L之间,回收率在81.6%~110.4%之间,可以满足检测需求,按照该实验方法测定市场上富硒鸡蛋中的硒形态,方法灵敏度高、准确性好,且测得的富硒鸡蛋蛋清样品中硒形态主要成分为硒代蛋氨酸,而蛋黄样品主要成分为硒代半胱氨酸,还有少量的硒代蛋氨酸,同时,一些鸡蛋还含有极少量的亚硒酸根,但蛋清及蛋黄中硒代氨基酸的含量总和占总硒含量的83.3-98.4%,适用于富硒鸡蛋中的硒形态提取。由此可见,市场上富硒鸡蛋中的硒主要以硒代氨基酸的形式存在,比较适合日常补硒,且该方法可以对市场上富硒食品起到一定监测作用。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。     

Features of the mechanism of oxidative dehydrodimerization of propynol

Analysis of kinetic regularities for the propynol oxidative coupling under the action of cupric salts in pyridine and in the presence of a buffer is undertaken. The reaction mechanism, including the formation of Cu(I) acetylides, is considered.