基于椭圆型Monge-Ampére方程的太阳能聚光器设计方法

基于微分几何原理,结合折射、反射定律以及能量守恒定律,将太阳能聚光问题转换成一个带有非线性边界条件的椭圆型Monge-Ampére方程,并建立了相应的数学模型。根据该数学模型,设计了自由曲面聚光器,利用光线追迹软件对所设计的自由曲面聚光系统进行了模拟研究。结果表明:在考虑菲涅耳损失和光学材料的吸收情况下,当实际太阳光线以0.27°的发散半角入射时,1000mm长度的自由曲面聚光器的几何聚光比达到500,聚光效率为77.5%。通过该方法设计的自由曲面具有很高的设计自由度,为设计不同程度聚光需求的太阳能聚光器提供了可能。     

平板型太阳能聚光器的无漏光设计

针对平板型太阳能聚光器中出现的漏光问题,提出了无漏光聚光器的设计方法.该方法结合简单的数学计算与折射定律、反射定律推导出光线在光波导板中无漏光传播的最大距离理论公式,建立了无漏光聚光比与空气隙结构张角角度、主聚光器高度和宽度之间的数学模型,利用控制变量法分析了无漏光聚光比与各参数之间的关系.运用光线追迹软件对所设计的平板型无漏光太阳能聚光器进行光线追迹模拟,结果表明:在模拟光源选择存在0.27°的发散半角的太阳光源条件下,考虑光线在透射面处的菲涅耳损失和光学材料的吸收,在无漏光范围内实际最大聚光比达到698×、857×和1 032×时的聚光效率分别为88.2%、85.3%和80.2%;超过无漏光范围后随着聚光比进一步增大聚光效率下降较平缓.     

可改善平面接收器能流均匀性的太阳能碟式聚光器设计

为了改善平面接收器的能流均匀性,针对抛物碟式聚光器,提出一种重新优化布置各镜面单元的改进方法,并设计了一种新型非成像碟式聚光器。建立平面接收器目标区域内能流均匀化的优化模型,联合运动累加光线跟踪方法和遗传算法优化碟式聚光器。研究优化的聚光器与抛物碟式聚光器的聚焦能量分布,分析平面接收器上局部聚光比、非均匀因子、峰值聚光比及拦截效率指标。最后讨论了新型聚光器的应用价值,并展示了优化的新型碟式聚光器在平面型金属盘管接收器上的能流均匀化效果。结果表明,非成像碟式聚光器的能流均匀化效果最优异,能将非均匀因子从3.62～4.22显著减小到0.18～0.25,峰值聚光比从24737～37245降低到1722～2055。研究结果不仅能为太阳能平面接收器能流均匀化提供一种新的方法,还能为现有抛物碟式聚光器的改进提供新的思路。     

抛物面式太阳能聚能系统聚光特性模拟

结合集热器的光学特性,本文应用蒙特卡罗法对理想的槽型和碟型两种抛物面集热器在不同焦距、不同边缘角时焦面上的热流密度进行了计算,获得了焦距、边缘角和聚光比之间的关系。在考虑太阳不平行度、跟踪指向误差、镜面的反射误差条件下,对碟型抛物面太阳能聚能系统的辐射特性进行了数值模拟分析,获得了吸收器壁面热流分布以及边缘角对焦面热流分布的影响,为太阳能聚能系统的设计和安装提供参考依据。     

多平面镜线性组合太阳能聚光器的设计和聚光特性

提出了一种新型多平面镜线性组合太阳能聚光器的聚光光伏系统,应用几何分析法计算影响聚光器光学效率的几何参数因子。采用最小设计间距和余弦效率的概念,得出了不同子镜面尺寸和不同子镜面数量与焦距长短的相互影响规律,得到了最小设计间距值和最优的余弦效率。利用Trace Pro软件建立了聚光器的仿真模型,并对不同几何参数下焦平面上的能流分布特性进行了模拟研究。制作了一套450倍聚光的多平面镜线性组合太阳能聚光器,并进行初步测试,证实聚光焦平面上的能流分布均匀性可达到预期设计效果,为点聚光式太阳能聚光系统的设计和优化提供了参考。     

用于太阳光泵浦激光的抛物面环形阵列聚光器

为研制适用于太阳光直接泵浦激光器的聚能系统,在分析菲涅尔透镜聚光原理及缺陷的基础上,提出抛物面环形阵列聚光器的设计方法。完成了由抛物面环形阵列聚光器、菲涅尔透镜及复合抛物面聚光器（CPC）组成的太阳光泵浦激光器二级聚能方案,并与传统菲涅尔透镜方案进行了对比。光线追迹仿真分析表明:新型聚光器能够克服传统菲涅尔透镜的色散、小棱镜面像差及光线遮挡的缺陷,从而提高聚能效,使用抛物面环形阵列聚光器的多级聚能方案较传统菲涅尔透镜的多级聚能方案聚光比提高约18.5%,更适合于大相对孔径、高聚光比聚光场合的应用。     

用于太阳能推进的可折叠展开式伞状龙骨聚光器

为有效提高空间太阳能聚光器的聚光效率,提出了一种用于太阳能热推进器的具有伞状龙骨结构的可折叠展开式抛物面太阳能聚光器设计方案,该方案可以克服充气展开式抛物面聚光器和刚性固定抛物面聚光器具有的技术难题。设计了一个聚光功率100 kW,开口圆半径4.9 m的可折叠展开式伞状龙骨结构正焦抛物面聚光器,利用Fluent软件,对太阳能热推进器进行了模拟和性能预示,以氢气为工质气体,得到系统的推力和比冲可以分别到达10.23 N和701.4 s。结果表明:这种推进器具有比冲高、推力适中的特点,可以用于微小卫星、纳卫星的轨道转换及姿态控制。     

一种基于复合抛物面聚光器的面向大尺寸LED的反射器设计方法

为设计一款使大尺寸LED光源在一定距离内满足特定角度范围均匀照明的反射器,提出了一种基于复合抛物面聚光器聚光原理、边缘光线原理以及几何光学轴外光线追迹原理的新方法。该方法可以从理论上定量地推导出适用于大尺寸LED的反射器的结构,实现高光效、高均匀度的照明效果。通过光学设计软件ZEMAX仿真验证了该方法的合理性。     

积尘对槽式太阳能聚光器焦面能流密度分布的影响及聚光优化

为研究灰尘对槽式太阳能聚光器光学效率和金属管能流分布的影响,从理论上分析了积尘对聚光器光学效率的影响,对槽式太阳能聚光镜积尘工况进行了模拟,应用蒙特卡罗光线追迹法和有限元体积对抛物槽式集热系统传热进行了分析,得到了金属管周向温差(CTD)和能流密度分布。结果表明,积尘对反射光线方向和金属管壁面能流影响较大,由积尘改变壁面能流密度的分布对CTD有一定影响。针对CTD对抛物槽式集热系统的影响,提出了在常规抛物槽式集热器基础上添加一个二次均光反射镜的方法,二次反射镜的添加使金属管周向能流分布趋于均匀,并使金属管的CTD显著降低,减小了积尘工况对聚光集热系统的影响,这一方法为抛物槽式太阳能聚光系统的优化提供了参考。     

新型圆形吸收体太阳能复合抛物聚光器面形构建及光学分析

针对圆形吸收体提出了一种几何聚光比和可接收角同步提高的新型太阳能复合抛物聚光器(CPC),构建了新型CPC面形结构模型及数学解析解。对新型CPC的聚光性能进行了分析,并与常规CPC的光学性能进行了比较,结果表明:对于切线角相同的圆形吸收体新型CPC,随着圆形吸收体的直径增大时,面形起点的纵坐标值减小;当圆形吸收体直径和切线角分别为47 mm和5.56°时,面形起点的纵坐标为-29 mm;随着光口宽度角增大,新型CPC聚光器的几何聚光比减小,可接收角和平均光学效率随着光口宽度角的增大而增大;当光口宽度角为60°时,几何聚光比为1.16,可接收角为74.39°,平均光学效率为86.77%;新型CPC聚光器吸收体表面的能流分布较传统CPC更均匀。     

Comparison of different types of secondary mirrors for solar application

Two-stage solar concentrators make solar beams downwards providing flexible choices for energy utilization. Five types of secondary mirrors (a flat mirror, an ellipsoidal mirror, a hyperboloidal mirror with upper/lower sheet and a paraboloidal mirror) are compared. Effects of geometry parameters and concentrator precisions on the optical performance are analyzed using Advanced System Analysis Program. The results indicate that concentrators with a flat mirror or hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet are more sensitive to rim angle or relative location. The secondary mirror is better a convex surface especially when rim angle is more than 90°. A flat mirror or hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet performs better with higher redirect focal points. A hyperboloidal mirror with upper sheet is the best however numerical aperture changing. The intercept factors decreased with the increase of random errors or optical errors. Both the fabrication and assemblage requirements for a concentrator with a hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet are the strictest. Experiments are carried out based on a hyperboloidal mirror with upper sheet. The experiments results are in accordance with the ray-tracing results. Therefore, further studies on optimization of the two-stage concentrators using the ray-tracing model can be conducted.     

旋转抛物面聚光器焦面能流分布的有限元分析

提出一种计算太阳能聚光器聚光焦斑能流密度分布的新方法。在考虑太阳形状、聚光器表面形状误差、跟踪误差、接收器位置误差、漫反射及接收器遮挡作用等各项光学误差和影响因素的基础上,结合旋转抛物面聚光器的光学特性,采用有限元法对焦面能流密度分布进行计算,并与文献中的结果进行比较,证明了该方法的正确性和可行性。同时又对半球形接收器和圆柱形接收器进行了实例计算,结果表明该方法不受聚光器或接收器面型的限制,算法简单,通用性也较强,从而为系统的优化设计和能流密度的测量奠定基础。     

Design of a solar concentrator combining paraboloidal and hyperbolic mirrors using ray tracing method

A solar concentrator combining primary paraboloidal and secondary hyperboloidal mirrors is numerically designed by using the ray tracing method to obtain higher concentration ratio when the concentrator tracing error exists. It is found that, when the concentrator tracing errors are 0.5° or 1°, the concentration ratios are about 2027 or 1220 without the detector in the radial-direction, and the concentration ratios are about 5447 or 4701 with the detector in the radial-direction. It is shown that such method can increase the concentration solar flux by two folds when the concentrator tracing error exists. Obviously, it is an effective method to reduce the effect of concentrator tracing error even when the angle of concentrator tracing error is considered. In addition, when the angle of concentrator tracing error is small than 1°, a set of mirror shapes is suggested where the primary mirror has a f-number of 0.22 and the secondary mirror has a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.61.     

Ellipsoidal Thermal Concentrator and Cloak with Transformation Media

Thermal concentrators and cloaks with ellipsoidal shapes are designed by utilizing the transformation thermotics method and finite element simulations.The thermal conductivities for the concentrator and cloak are directly derive in Cartesian coordinates.The simulation results show that the ellipsoidal thermal concentrator can focus heat flux into a central region and that the ellipsoidal thermal cloak can guide heat flux around the cloaked region smoothly without disturbing the external temperature distribution and heat flux.The present method can be extended to design arbitrarily shaped thermal metadevices with novel properties.     

线性菲涅耳反射聚光器聚焦光斑能流密度分布的计算

利用光线追迹的方法,考虑太阳形状、余弦损失、阴影及遮挡损失的影响,建立线性菲涅耳反射（LFR）聚光器的三维光学几何模型,给出其光斑能流密度分布的计算式,采用Matlab软件编程实现该算法。将计算结果与美国国家可再生能源实验室（NREL）开发的SolTrace软件仿真结果相对比,光斑能流密度分布曲线基本吻合,证明了该算法的正确性。为了获得更高的镜场聚光效率,对比了不同反射镜面型对LFR聚光器的影响。     

Soft X-ray concentrators fabricated by the glass thermoplastic deformation technique

The technique of thermoplastic deformation of a glass has been adapted to the problem of fabrication of an axisymmetric X-ray concentrator. The FOKON-2 facility implementing this technique enables fabrication of ellipsoidal, parabolic and toroidal specimens with geometrical parameters up to 500 mm in length and 30 mm in diameter. The focusing properties of some ellipsoidal concentrators have been investigated. The maximum gain of soft X-rays flux density with wavelength 4.47 nm achieves 370 in the concentrator focal plane.     

High-Efficiency Photovoltaic Modules with Solar Concentrators

Technical Physics - The results of research and development of solar concentrator photovoltaic modules with an area of 0.5 m2 based on Fresnel lenses with secondary solar concentrators in the form...     

Measurements of the distribution of the flux of energy in the focus of a solar concentrator with visualization techniques

Summary This work analyses the setting-up of an optical head which allows the visualization of a section of the distribution of the flux of energy along the focal axis of optical systems in general and of solar concentrators in particular. A circular-type solar concentrator, with the reflector consisting of a plastic lamina aspirated by means of a pump, has been built. The distribution of the energy flux in the focus of this concentrator has been calculated by the theoretical method. Results are compared with experimental data obtained by means of the optical head.

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Riassunto Questo lavoro analizza la messa a punto di una testa ottica che consente la visualizazione di una sezione della distribuzione del flusso di energia lungo l'asse focale di sistemi ottici in generale e in particolare di concentratori solari. è stato realizzato un concentratore solare di tipo circolare, con riflettore costituito da una lamina di plastica aspirata mediante una pompa. La distribuzione del flusso energetico nel fuoco di questo concentratore è stata ricavata per via teorica. è stato fatto un confronto con misure sperimentali ottenute mediante la testa ottica.