Effect of nickel and cobalt ions on low temperature synthesis of mullite by sol–gel technique

Synthesis of mullite has been achieved at a low temperature of 600 °C by sol–gel technique in presence of nickel and cobalt ions. Samples were characterized by DTA, XRD, FESEM and FTIR spectroscopy. Mullite formation was found to depend on the concentration of the ions to a certain extent. Highly crystalline spherical mullite particles of dimension 35 nm were obtained at 0.02 M nickel or cobalt concentration.     

The effect of silane concentration on the adsorption of poly(vinyl acetate-co-maleate) and γ -methacryloxypropyl- trimethoxysilane onto E-glass fibers

The adsorption of a poly(vinyl acetate-co-maleate) (PVAM) emulsion onto E-glass fibers was investigated along with sizing formulations prepared by mixing the PVAM with varying concentrations of -methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). The sized E-glass fibers were then characterized using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Loss on Ignition (LOI) along with the DRIFT spectra indicated that the addition of silane to the PVAM emulsion caused a decrease in the amount of size on the fiber. The decrease in amount of size on the E-glass fibers did not coincide with a decrease in surface coverage, instead the XPS results indicated surface coverage had increased with silane addition. These results showed that small increases in the silane concentration appear to affect the amount of size adsorbed to the E-glass fibers     

Multitracer study on adsorption of metal ions on α-Fe2O3

pH dependence of the adsorption of Na, Sc, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, and Pd on -Fe₂O₃ from a 0.1 mol dm^–3 NaCl solution was studied by using a multitracer technique. Desorption of the metal ions from the -Fe₂O₃ with the adsorbed metal ions at pH 11 was also studied by lowering the pH of the suspensions. The desorption curve of each element was in good agreement with the adsorption curve except for Ru and Rh under conditions studied. Adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption of most metal ions increases with shaking time before an adsorption equilibrium is attained. An increase in the adsorption was also observed with an elevation in temperature for the elements, suggesting that the adsorption is involved in chemisorption.     

The influence of cobalt incorporation and cobalt precursor selection on the structure and bioactivity of sol–gel-derived bioactive glass

Cobalt (Co) is a potential therapeutic ion used to enhance angiogenesis through a stabilizing effect on hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), and its incorporation into the structure of bioactive glass is a promising strategy to enable sustained local delivery of Co to a wound site or bone defect. Here Co-releasing bioactive glasses were obtained through the sol–gel method, comparing cobalt nitrate and cobalt chloride as precursors. The effect of using different Co precursors on the sol–gel synthesis and in the obtained bioactive glass structure, chemical composition, morphology, dissolution behaviour, hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) layer formation was investigated. When the chloride salt was used as Co precursor, evidence of crystalline cobalt (II, III) oxide (Co₃O₄) phase formation was found, along with the presence of Co³⁺ species as evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), whereas an amorphous glass containing mainly Co²⁺ species was obtained when the nitrate salt was the Co source. The presence of a crystalline phase decreased the surface area and pore volume of the final glass, consequently reducing the Co-release rate. Evidence of HCA layer formation after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) was still found when different precursors were used, although the rate of formation was reduced by the presence of Co. Therefore, this study showed that Co incorporation and the proper selection of the precursor could affect the final material structure, and properties, and should be considered when designing new bioactive glass compositions for tissue engineering applications.

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Study of the adsorption behavior ¶of heavy metal ions on nanometer-size ¶titanium dioxide with ICP-AES

A new method using nanoparticle TiO₂ as solid-phase extractant coupled with ICP-AES was proposed for simultaneous determination of trace elements. The adsorption behavior of nanometer TiO₂ towards Cu, Cr, Mn and Ni was investigated by ICP-AES, and the adsorption pH curves, adsorption isotherms and adsorption capacities were obtained. It was found that the adsorption rates of the metal ions studied were more than 90% in pH 8.0～9.0, and 2.0 mol L^–1 HCl was sufficient for complete elution. Nanometer TiO₂ possesses a significant capacity for the sorption of the metal ions studied which is higher than the capacity of silica, the commonly used extractant. The method has been applied to the analysis of some environmental samples with satisfactory results.     

Correlation of polymer-like solution behaviors with electrospun fiber formation of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and the adsorption study on the fiber

In this paper, the formation of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) nanofibers in electrospinning and the adsorption of organic molecules on the HPCD nanofiber were studied. The properties of a polymer-like solution from the highly concentrated HPCD/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution revealed HPCD supramolecular aggregates formation. The entanglements of HPCD self-organized aggregates were one of the most important factors that significantly influenced fiber formation during cyclodextrin electrospinning. The HPCD self-organized aggregates entanglement concentration (C(e)) was investigated. Analyzing the dependence of specific viscosity (η(sp)) on concentration enabled the determination of the aggregates unentangled and entangled regimes for HPCD polymer-like solutions. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and the (1)H NMR spectra of the HPCD solutions confirmed the presence of considerable HPCD self-organized aggregates in high concentrated HPCD/DMF solutions due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the electrospinning morphology transitioned from regular beads to uniform fibers with increasing the HPCD concentration. The dependence of the fiber diameter on the zero shear rate viscosity (η(0)) was determined. The static adsorption behavior of the HPCD fibers was studied. Neutral red (NR) was used as a model organic molecule. The adsorption of NR onto HPCD fibers fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption amount of NR was 18.41 mg g(-1), and the apparent adsorption rate constant was 9.83 × 10(-4) g mg(-1) min(-1) at 25 °C.     

Enthalpy–entropy compensation for n-hexane adsorption on HZSM-5 containing transition metal ions

In this work, the values of entropy changes related to n-hexane adsorption onto ion-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolites were calculated from differential heats, obtained from microcalorimetric experiments. The existence of enthalpy–entropy compensation effect, evidenced by the linearity of −ΔH vs. −ΔS plots and characteristic for all investigated ZSM-5 zeolites, was found. In the case of ZSM-5 structure, modifying the zeolite structure by ion-exchange gives rise to changes in the heats of adsorption and adsorption entropy in the same manner. The factors that can influence the appearance of entropy–enthalpy compensation were discussed. It was found that compensation effect is governed by ion-induced dipole interaction between highly polarising cationic centres in zeolite and nonopolar n-hexane molecules, and hence, depends on the size, charge and electron configuration of the cation. It was found also that the compensation temperature is in correlation with the number of zeolites’ strong acid centres. Contrary to the adsorption of n-hexane on ZSM-5 zeolites, compensation effect was not found for the adsorption of the same gas on faujasite-type zeolites.     

The effect of cobalt addition on sintering and microstructural behaviour of silver–tungsten (Ag–W) composite

The present investigation has been revealed that homogeneous silver-tungsten (Ag–W) composite powders doped with cobalt as sinter aid can be produced by the two-stage reduction of co-precipitated tungstate. The sintering of the powders has been studied using dilatometry and the results showed that the critical level for activated sintering is of the order of 0.3 mass percent cobalt with respect to the tungsten content of the compact powder. This critical level is equivalent to approximately six to seven atomic layer coverage of the tungsten particles by cobalt. The levels of cobalt addition above the critical amount leads to the formation of cobalt tungsten (CoW₃) intermetallic compound precipitates, which become trapped within the silver phase in the sintered composite material. Microstructural evaluation of sintered specimens has been carried out using optical and electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy results revealed the neck formation between adjacent tungsten particles along with the presence of silver around the tungsten particles. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis also confirmed that amounts of cobalt was 0.3 mass percent, in the region containing the silver at the tungsten particle interface which agreed with the level of activated sintering.     

Polyacrylonitrile molecular weight effect on the structural and magnetic properties of metal–carbon nanomaterial

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Iron–cobalt and iron–cobalt–nickel nanowires deposited by means of cyclic voltammetry and pulse-reverse electroplating

Metal nanowires composed of Fe–Co and Fe–Co–Ni alloys were successfully prepared by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and pulse-reverse (PR) electroplating techniques from acidic metal chloride solutions. The anodic dissolution process in the CVs or in the reverse electroplating period was found to be the key factor influencing the formation of metal nanowires. The addition of nickel into the Fe–Co alloy was found to extend the diameter of these nanowires. The morphology and crystalline information of these alloy deposits prepared by CV and PR deposition techniques were obtained from the field-emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) photographs and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, respectively.     

The effect of ‘crystallinity’ and structural disorder on the electrochemical performance of substituted nickel hydroxide electrodes

β_bc-Nickel hydroxide exhibit non-uniform broadening reflections in their PXRD pattern due to the presence of structural disorder. β_bc-Nickel hydroxide electrodes with smaller crystallite size and structural disorder reversibly exchanges 0.9e/Ni. Co/Zn/Ca/Cd-substituted β_bc-nickel hydroxide samples also display non-uniform broadening of reflections in their powder X-ray diffraction patterns with smaller crystallite size and exchanges 0.7–0.8e/Ni. Hydrothermal treatment of β_bc-nickel hydroxide slurry at 170 °C results in an ordering of reflections in their powder X-ray diffraction pattern with an increased crystallite size. Crystalline β-nickel hydroxide electrode reversibly exchanges 0.3–0.4e/Ni. Hydrothermal-treated Co/Zn/Ca/Cd-substituted β_bc-nickel hydroxide slurries at 170 °C display sharp reflections with similar crystallite size and electrochemical activities as that of crystalline β-nickel hydroxide. This clearly demonstrates that partial substitution of Co/Zn/Ca/Cd in the nickel hydroxide matrix does not show any dramatic improvement in their electrochemical activity at 25–30 °C. Structural disordered material with smaller crystallite size delivers electrochemical activity close to theoretical capacity.     

The application of Bimetallic metal–organic frameworks for antibiotics adsorption

Fe/Zr-base metal–organic frameworks(Fe/Zr-MOFs) were prepared using a solvothermal method from 1,3,5-phthalic acid (H₃BTC, 98 %) as the organic chain and ferrous heptahydrate (FeSO₄·7H₂O) and zirconium acetate Zr(CH₃COO)₄] as the metal ions. The resulting material was used to remove Doxycycline hydrochloride (DC). The experimental results showed that when the concentration of DC was 10 ppm and the mass of Zr/Fe-MOFs was 100 mg, the maximum removal rate after 5 h was 87.5 %. The results showed that the correlation coefficients (R²) of the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Freundlich isotherm model of Zr/Fe-MOFs adsorption of DC were greater than 0.99, indicating good consistency. The results showed that the adsorption process of DC by Zr/Fe-MOFs was endothermic and spontaneous. Fe/Zr-MOFs had a high adsorption capacity for DC removal and good application prospects.     

The effect of foreign ions on the spectrophotometric determination of boron with 1,1′-dianthrimide

The effects of about 40 inorganic ions and reducing and oxidizing agents on the determination of boron with 1,1′-dianthrimide were studied spectrophotometrically. The separate foreign ions were added both to solutions containing boron and 1,1′-dianthrimide and to solutions containing only 1,1′-dianthrimide. From the two series of extinction measurements conclusions were drawn as to the type of interference present. With the use of hydrazine sulphate as reducing agent, the only ions interfering were: germanium(IV), tellurium(IV), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), chromium(III), bromide, iodide, fluoride, vanadate and high concentrations of orthophosphate. A new method of indicating spectrophotometric interference was introduced.     

The effect of the precursor structure on the catalytic properties of the nickel—chromium catalysts of hydrogenation reactions

The influence of the Ni²⁺/Cr³⁺ ratio in the precursor compound on the formation of the catalyst structure and its transformation upon the thermal treatment and reductive activation in hydrogen was studied. The precursors with the cation ratio Ni²⁺/Cr³⁺ = (2.3–3)/1 represent a homogeneous system of the stichtite-type structure. The treatment of the precursors at T ～400 °C in an inert atmosphere forms a nanosized phase of the NiO-type structure with the lattice parameter a = 4.186±0.005 Å. At 600 °C the lattice parameter of this phase decreases to the tabulated value (a = 4.177±0.005 Å). The phase of nickel chromite of the cubic spinel structure with the lattice parameter a = 8.320±0.005 Å is also observed. Hydrogen activation of the catalyst preheated at 300 °C in an inert gas leads to the formation of Ni⁰ crystallites with a size of ～5.5 nm and a specific surface area of ～7.0 m² g^?1. This catalyst exhibits high activity and selectivity in benzene hydrogenation and preferential CO hydrogenation in the presence of CO₂. The catalysts with the ratio Ni²⁺/Cr³⁺ = 1/(2?3) containing nickel and chromium hydroxocarbonates as precursors are less active in the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane.     

Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the adsorption of VB_(12) onto CMK-3

The adsorption of VB12 onto CMK-3 was studied as a function of temperature and initial VB12 concentration. The highest VB12 adsorption capacity was determined as 353.4 mg/g at 40℃. Adsorption data were well described by the Langmuir model, although they could be modelled by the Freundlich equation. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were applied to test the experimental data. The pseudo-second-oider kinetic model provided the best correlation of the experimental data compared to the pseudo-nrsi-order model.     

The effect of metal optical constants on far- and mid-infrared reflection—absorption

Although mid-infrared reflection—absorption spectroscopy is almost routine in some laboratories, the application of this technique to far-infrared spectroscopy is generally acknowledged as a difficult experiment at best. In this report the effect of increasing optical indices with wavelength for metals is demonstrated to be a root cause of this difficulty. When appropriate, iron is a reasonable substrate because of the comparatively small imaginary component of its refractive index in the far-infrared region. In addition, there is only a modest loss in spectral intensity of the spectrum for a film on iron relative to the use of the more noble metals as substrate.     

The analytical chemistry of the pyridine thiocyanates—I: The separation of cobalt and nickel by solvent extraction

A procedure is described for the separation of cobalt and nickel as pyridine thiocyanates using solvent extraction. After separation the metals are determined colorimetrically in the extracts.     

The effect of Fe(II) ions on the 1,10-phenanthroline and neocuproine intercalates of γ-zirconium phosphate

1,10-Phenanthroline (phen), 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (neocuproine), and 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline have been intercalated between layers of -zirconium phosphate (-ZrP). The observed interlayer distances are not a simple function of the size of guest molecules. Despite the fact that -ZrP takes up very few Fe²⁺ ions, the phen and neocuproine intercalates do take up some Fe²⁺ ions without further changes in the interlayer distances. The chemical environments around Fe²⁺ ions between layers of the intercalates were investigated by⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. A fairly large fraction of the Fe²⁺ ions was found to be in a high-spin state. The low-spin [Fe(phen)₃]²⁺ ions are also ion exchanged on -ZrP, with the expansion of the interlayer up to 19.9 Å.