磨削粗糙表面法向接触刚度研究

为更加准确地描述机械磨削表面的接触刚度,本文在现有统计分析理论的基础上,提出了一种新的粗糙表面接触模型。模型针对接触表面微凸体形貌,将原有的球体假设采用cos函数曲线回转体代替,在假设形貌的基础上重新解算了微凸体弹塑性变形的临界压入深度,推导出了接触区域真实接触压力与接触刚度关系表达式。通过数值仿真方法得到了不同塑性指数下平均距离、接触刚度与接触压力之间的变化关系。对比结果显示,随着塑性指数的增大,本文模型的平均距离与球形模型的平均距离之间的差值逐渐增大。在接触刚度方面,本文模型相比球形模型更加贴近实验结果,并且随着塑性指数的增加,球形模型与本文模型之间的差值越来越大。本文模型结果与实验数据的相对偏差能够控制在5%以内,从而验证了本文模型的正确性,为更加准确地描述磨削表面零件的接触行为提供理论基础。     

Theoretical prediction of stiffness and strength of three-dimensional and four-directional braided composites

Based on unit cell model, the 3D 4-directional braided composites can be simplified as unidirectional composites with different local axial coordinate system and the compliance matrix of unidirectional composites can be defined utilizing the bridge model. The total stiffness matrix of braided composites can be obtained by the volume average stiffness of unidirectional composites with different local axial coordinate system and the engineering elastic constants of braided composites were computed further. Based on the iso-strain assumption and the bridge model, the stress distribution of fiber bundle and matrix of different unidirectional composites can be determined and the tensile strength of 3D 4-directional braided composites was predicted by means of the Hoffman＇s failure criterion for the fiber bundle and Mises＇ failure criterion for the matrix.     

The influence of variable stiffness of teeth on dynamic loads in single-gear transmission

Summary In this paper, the influence of the variable stiffness of mating gear teeth on dynamic loads occurring between teeth in a single-gear transmission is investigated using a discrete-continuous model consisting of two torsionally deformable ponderable shafts and four rigid bodies. The stiffness is described by a harmonic function of time. Considerations by means of the wave method enable to determine dynamic loads in steady as well as in transient states. Numerical calculations are concentrated on the determination of the amplitudes of dynamic loads on gear teeth with respect to revolution per minute. Received 4 March 1997; accepted for publication 12 September 1997     

On the choice of the reference frame for beam section stiffness properties

This work discusses the choice of a reference frame for beam section stiffness properties. Established concepts as the center of elasticity, the center of stiffness and the center of compliance are discussed and contextualized. An interpretation of univocally defined generalized strain transformations is given in terms of minimization of appropriate norms of the stiffness and compliance matrices of the beam section that univocally define special reference points. Transformations of generalized strain perturbations that preserve the angular strain are sought. They are subsequently constrained to represent a change of reference point, and further restricted to lie in the plane of the section. Each transformation is univocally defined and given a clear mathematical and geometrical interpretation. It is recognized that transformations that decouple forces and linear strains from moments and angular strains cannot be described as a mere change of reference point.     

岩土弹塑性有限元分析的隐式积分弹性刚度法

本文提出了用于岩土弹塑性有限元分析的隐式积分弹性刚度算法。该算法既具有隐式积分法精度好、效率高、无条件稳定等优点，也具有弹性刚度法中刚度矩阵正定、对称的特点，更重要的是它避免了传统切线刚度法在处理岩土非相关联塑性流动和屈服面“角点”所遇到的非对称性和奇异性计算问题。通过算例分析了该算法的精度、效率     

平行圆管空心板双向抗弯刚度的确定

平行圆管空心板横管方向抗弯刚度的取值问题尚未获得圆满解决.本文通过有限元分析,发现横管方向平均应变仍符合平截面假定;提出了两种基于数值解求其等效刚度的方法,即分别用水平位移按刚度定义计算和用竖向挠庹按挠度-刚度关系式计算,两种方法的结果得到了相互印证;继而经拟合得到了横管与顺管两个方向刚度比的经验公式,简单实用.值得指出,本文提出的等效刚度确定方法简便合理,对解决类似问题有重要的借鉴价值.     

滚轴承刚度分析程序

本文介绍了一种用Fortran语言编写的滚动轴承刚度分析程度,它基于作者近年来研究的刚度分析理论,具有兼容性好,输入简单,输出直观的特点,并已通过了很多实例验算,结果良好。     

陀螺电机动压气体轴承刚度测试方法改进（英文）

动压气体轴承陀螺电机的气膜刚度是评价轴承承载能力的关键指标。针对H型动压气体轴承陀螺电机气膜刚度测试方法存在测量精度和重复性差的问题,提出了刚度测试工装是保证刚度测试重复性精度的一个重要方面,刚度测试工装的加工和装配精度、材料的热变性和应力变形都是影响气膜刚度测试准确性的主要因素,在设计时必须考虑。通过对现有刚度测试工装材料、结构和方法的优化改进和仿真分析,验证了采用改进后的刚度测试工装和方法更有利于提高了轴承刚度测试的重复性精度。     

基于刚度损伤并考虑强度退化的钢筋模型

Clough本构广泛应用于现浇节点的滞回模拟中,针对原始Clough本构中的应力可能会超出材料自身极限强度的问题,提出了一种根据节点刚度损伤来推导钢筋本构的算法。该算法依次建立现浇节点刚度退化与构件中钢筋模量退化间的关系及梁端位移角与钢筋应变的关系,根据以上关系建立钢筋强度退化的表达式,并得到钢筋的本构模型。使用Fortran语言编写自定义纤维单元材料子程序,利用有限元软件ABAQUS进行两个算例验证,得到的模拟滞回曲线具有捏缩现象,形状与试验吻合良好,耗能和延性等方面可与试验接近,在峰值点位移角的预测方面也具备一定的优势,同时,本构在二维和三维模型中均有良好的收敛性,且精度较高,可以应用于实际工程中。     

Dynamic stiffness matrix of a general cable element

Summary A computational scheme for determining the dynamic stiffness coefficients of a linear, inclined, translating and viscously/hysteretically damped cable element is outlined. Also taken into account is the coupling between inplane transverse and longitudinal forms of cable vibration. The scheme is based on conversion of the governing set of quasistatic boundary value problems into a larger equivalent set of initial value problems, which are subsequently numerically integrated in a spatial domain using marching algorithms. Numerical results which bring out the nature of the dynamic stiffness coefficients are presented. A specific example of random vibration analysis of a long span cable subjected to earthquake support motions modeled as vector gaussian random processes is also discussed. The approach presented is versatile and capable of handling many complicating effects in cable dynamics in a unified manner.The work reported in this paper has been carried out as a part of a research project on dynamics of extensible cables funded by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. The financial support received is gratefully acknowledged.     

CONSTITUTIVE RELATION AND STIFFNESS DEGRADATION OF CRACKED ANISOTROPIC COMPOSITE LAMINATES(II)─DETERMINATION OF RESOLVED STIFFNESS AND INVESTIGATION OF STIFFNESS DEGRADATION

The study on properly degradation of damaged,.onlj,osile laminates is extendedto anisotropic laminates with matrix cracking. In (II) of the paper, a solution forpartitioned stiffness is given to complete the constitutive relations developed in (I) Thestiffness degradation in (θ_m/90_n)_s cracked laminates is calculated and the results arediscussed.     

边界约束刚度不确定的结构振动特征值

利用摄动法 ,将随机的微分方程和边界条件化为一系列的确定性微分方程和边界条件。运用有限元离散方法 ,推导了统计特征值的二阶摄动近似表达 ,用算例对本文方法进行了说明并和 Monte-Carlo模拟法结果进行了比较     

A continuum constitutive model for the active behaviour of skeletal muscle

In the present paper we propose a continuum constitutive model for the passive and active mechanical behaviour of skeletal muscle. Unlike most works in this field, the model is not based on an additive split between passive and active components but considers muscle tissue as one continuous biological material, which alters its properties when activated. This alteration also allows for a kinematic interpretation on the muscle fibre level and is described by a single activation-dependent model parameter. This as well as the other material parameters are obtained from standard experiments on resting and activated muscle or from microstructural information such as fibre type and twitch characteristics. In the passive state, the constitutive equations are governed by a transversely isotropic polyconvex and coercive strain-energy function. The model shows excellent agreement with experimental stress-stretch data of a passive and activated rat tibialis anterior muscle.     

有限元病态刚度方程的解法研究

本文在文献〔１〕、〔２〕的基础上，对有限元局部节点位移构成准刚体运动这种情况进行了研究，提出了一种新的改性转换矩阵〔Ｑ〕，并给出了两种简单易行的计算〔Ｑ〕￣Ｔ〔Ａ〕〔Ｑ〕的方法。所提方法对直接法和迭代法求解有限元病态方程都是适用的，算例表明，得到了较好的计算结果。     

缝合复合材料层板刚度预报

提出了缝合复合材料层板的刚度预报模型,该模型考虑了缝合针脚处的孔洞对刚度的影响,描述了缝合孔洞的几何形态,建立了孔洞形态与纤维弯曲的关系,采用平均刚度法和经典层合板理论进行了刚度预报,获得了与试验数据相吻合的预报结果,表明了该模型的有效性,详细探讨了缝合孔洞对缝合层板刚度的影响规律,得到一些有益结论。     

杆件纵向振动中联接刚度的识别

以传递矩阵法为基础，用计算机代数系统编程，导出以联接刚度为未知量的方程，输入杆件纵向振动的第二阶固有频率，从而识别出杆件的联接刚度，并通过实验来验证该法的正确性。     

考虑约束扭转的薄壁梁单元刚度矩阵

推导了薄壁空间梁单元刚度矩阵 ,考虑了双向弯曲及截面约束扭转对杆件轴向变形的影响 ;计算了截面的翘曲变形 ,以及二次剪应力对翘曲变形的影响 ,可适用于任意截面 (包括开口、闭口和混合剖面 )的薄壁杆件。计算结果表明 ,考虑约束扭转的薄壁梁单元刚度矩阵有相当好的精确度 ,可以用于薄壁杆件的静动力分析。     

如何在教学中培养学生的思维和能力（3）

系统是人为界定的由一些有关联的物体或成份组成的有序整体。模型是经过处理的简化系统,但能体现原系统的本质特征,是描述和理解系统的有效工具。真实问题很复杂,但可以用简化的模型来描述。本文介绍了琴弦振动问题、雨滴下落问题和生物竞争问题,这些问题涉及到质点动力学、变质量以及跨学科领域中更广泛的“力”与“运动”,展示了如何简化实际问题并建立模型的过程,根据模型得出的结论能很好地解释所关心的现象,甚至与实际情况十分接近,有利于让学生了解一种处理问题的方法和思维模式。

     

Finite deformations of fibre-reinforced elastic solids with fibre bending stiffness

In the conventional theory of finite deformations of fibre-reinforced elastic solids it is assumed that the strain-energy is an isotropic invariant function of the deformation and a unit vector A that defines the fibre direction and is convected with the material. This leads to a constitutive equation that involves no natural length. To incorporate fibre bending stiffness into a continuum theory, we make the more general assumption that the strain-energy depends on deformation, fibre direction, and the gradients of the fibre direction in the deformed configuration. The resulting extended theory requires, in general, a non-symmetric stress and the couple-stress. The constitutive equations for stress and couple-stress are formulated in a general way, and specialized to the case in which dependence on the fibre direction gradients is restricted to dependence on their directional derivatives in the fibre direction. This is further specialized to the case of plane strain, and finite pure bending of a thick plate is solved as an example. We also formulate and develop the linearized theory in which the stress and couple-stress are linear functions of the first and second spacial derivatives of the displacement. In this case for the symmetric part of the stress we recover the standard equations of transversely isotropic linear elasticity, with five elastic moduli, and find that, in the most general case, a further seven moduli are required to characterize the couple-stress.     

内圈离心位移对高速角接触球轴承刚度的影响

以弹性力学理论、滚动轴承动力学和沟道控制理论为基础,计算了角接触球轴承内圈在离心力作用下的径向位移,给出了计及内圈离心位移影响时,高速角接触球轴承滚动体与内、外圈的接触刚度与轴承整体的径向刚度、轴向刚度、角刚度的计算方法和相应程序。对7012/CD轴承的计算结果表明,轴承内圈外径的离心位移随转速增加而增大,在高速条件下其值较大,不容忽视;轴承内圈离心位移对内圈接触刚度和轴承径向刚度影响较大,导致内圈接触刚度和轴承径向刚度相对增大;对外圈的接触刚度、轴承轴向刚度和角刚度的影响很小;随着转速的增加与内圈离心位移的增大,对轴承内圈接触刚度与轴承径向刚度的影响会更加明显。因此,为使高速角接触球轴承的刚度分析更加精确、更加接近实际,必须考虑内圈离心位移的影响。