PHASE PLANE ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR ODE''''S IN REACTION ENGINEERING

The application of phase plane analysis is extended on the basis of the authors' previous paper in which this approach was suggested to analyze a set of first-order nonlinear ODE's. The main point of phase plane analysis is the temporary elimination of non-intrinsic variables e.g. t and z, involved in the ODE sets which are commonly encountered in the course of solving reaction engineering problems. Two types of nonlinear ODE's i.e. a set of firstorder ODE's and a set of second-order ODE's, which depict the phenomena of parametric sensitivity and multiplicity of reactors, respectively, are explained. The concept of iso-parameter lines of phase planes is taken advantage of, and, as a methodology, emphasis has been placed on the flexibility of phase plane analysis.     

SMALL-BORE COLUMNS OF 1 mm I. D. FOR HPLC

The performance of small-bore columns of 1 mm I. D. for HPLC is described. The effect of mobile phase velocity and connecting effect on the values of H, a′, b′ and β are investigated. By operating at mobile phase velocity of 0.8 mm/s, the column of 200×1 mm I. D. packed with YWG-5μm (silica gel) can give the efficiency of about 11,000 plates which meet the needs of ordinary analysis. Oompared with column of 150×2 mm I. D., the solvent consumption is reduced to 1/3. The value of n~∞/t_r~0 about 700 T. P./s can be obtained. But the value of β is rather large. It needs further to be improved. Coupling 5 columns of 200×1 mm I. D., the efficiency of about 50,000 plates can be obtained. For a column of 1000×1 mm I. D. packed directly, the efficiency of 70,000 plates was achieved. Some applications of 1 mm I. D. column are given. We propose to use the column of 200×1mm I. D. in the routine analysis.     

Congratulations to Professor Fosong Wang on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday——Biographic Sketch of Professor Fosong Wang

Professor Fosong Wang of the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry,ChineseAcademy of Sciences was born on May 23,1933 in Xingning,Guangdong province.Hereceived his B.S.degree from Wuhan University in 1955 and Ph.D.degree from theInstitute of High Molecular Compounds,Leningrad,former USSR,in 1960.In1979-1981,he was a visiting professor in the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry ofCNR,Italy.Since 1960,he has been working in the Changchun Institute of AppliedChemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and was promoted to full professor in 1983.He is a Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a Member of the Academy ofSciences for the Developing World.He served as the Director of Changchun Institute ofApplied Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1985-1988 and Vice President ofthe Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1988-1994.He has been a Member of theStanding Committee of the National People's Congress,People's Republic of Chinafrom 1993 to 2003.     

Enthalpic Interaction for α-Amino Acid with Alkali Metal Halides in Water

The studies of the enthalpic interaction parameters, hxy, hxyy and hxxy, of alkali metal halides with glycine, α-alanine and α-aminobutyric acid were published. Synthetic considering of the results of the studies, some interesting behaviors of the interaction between alkali metal halides and the α-amino acids have been found. The values of hxy will increase with the increase of the number of carbon atoms in alkyl side chain of amino acid molecules and decrease with the increase of the radius of the ions. The increasing of the salt‘s effect on the hydrophobic hydration structure as the radii of anion is more obvious than as that of cation. The value of hxxy will regularly decrease with the increase of the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain of amino acids and linear increase with the increase of the radius. But the relation of hxxyWith the radius of cations is not evident. The value of hxyywill increase with the increase of the radii of the ions. As the increase of the number of carbon atoms of amino acids, hxyy is decreas for the ions which have lager size and there is a maximum value at α-alanine for the ions which have small size. The behaviors of the interaction mentioned above were further discussed in view of electrostatic and structural interactions.     

EFFECT OF CROSS-LINKING ON THE EXCESS ENTHALPY RELAXATION OF EPOXY

A method of comparative DSC technique is proposed for excess enthalpy relaxation study. The essential of the comparative DSC technique consists of comparing the enthalpy relaxation behavior of an aged sample with a quenched sample as reference. The accuracy of comparison is improved because of simultaneous measuring of the sample and reference which makes noise of the apparatus subtractive. This technique has been applied to studying the influence of crosslinking on the enthalpy relaxation behavior of epoxy resins. The effect of crosslinking on the kinetics of enthalpy relaxation of epoxy resins is discussed.     

THE RADIATION PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SINAPINE DISTRIBUTED IN CRUCIFEROUS PLANTS ON GERMINATING SEEDS OF BARLEY AND WHEAT

Many species of Cruciferae are very resistant to ionizing radiation. The inhibition of barley growth induced by X-irradiation was reduced by pre-irradiation treatments with seedling extracts of Brassica napus, B. chinensis or B. juncea. The extracts of seedling of B. napus, B. chinensis, B. juncea, B. juncea var. crispifolia, B. oleracea, Raphanus sativus and the extracts of the infloreseences and leaves of Rorippa montana had the similar effect on wheat. The results showed that the radiation resistance of these cruciferous plants may relate to some natural radiation protective substances in these plants. Sinapine is widely distributed in Cruciferae. The reactions of rape extract in qualitative analysis were identical to those of sinapine. Pre-irradiation treatments of wheat and barley seeds with the solution of sinapine thiocyanate crystals extracted from rape showed similar radiation protective effect. The results of ESR spectra of sinapine-thymine binary systems showed that sinapine protected thymine     

Effects of additives on the aggregation of surfactants: binding domination

The effects of electrolytes, alcohols, and urea on the aggregation of SDS, CTAB, and TritonX-100 at 25℃ have been investigated by fluorescence probing of pyrene. Both electrolytes and alcoholsreduce the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the ionic surfactants, while the effect of the former ismore pronounced. It is shown that the effects of electrolytes mainly depend on the concentrationsand especially the valence of the opposite charge ions, and only slightly depend on the same charge ionsin respect of ion aggregate of micelle. The logarithm of CMC is not linearly correlated with theconcentrations of the counter ion or the electrolytes. The results are rationalized in terms of Hartley'smodel. Propanol increases the CMC of TX-100, while electrolytes and urea do not. In all the threekinds of surfactant micelles the excitation spectrum of pyrene slightly red-shifts (ca. 4 nm) from thatin water, but is not affected by the additives. The micropolarity of the environment in which pyrenemolecule resides in SDS micelle decreases with the increase of the concentrations of electrolytes. Thisis not the case when alcohols and urea were added to SDS or to TX-100. It is suggested that theaddition of electrolytes would result in more orderly orientation of SDS molecules. It is the bindingstrength of the counter ions that dominates the effects of additives on the aggregation of surfactants.     

THE STUDY OF PHYCOBILIPROTEINS IN Porphyra yezoensis——THE PHYSICAL AND IMMUNO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF R-PHYCOERYTHRIN~*

There are two kinds of phycoerythrin of different physical properties in Porphyra yezoensis. Their molecular weights are different. They are both composed of a-subunit and β-subunit. Their polymeric forms are (αβ)n. The absorption bands and fluorescence emission bands of the smaller molecules show hypsochromic shifts of several rims relative to that of the polymeric molecules. The isoelectric point of the former is lower than that of the latter. It is worthy of note that the smaller molecules display binding activities with guinea pig antisera. Through using radioimmunoassay, when the depression of the biuding activity of ~(125)I-insulin reaches 50%, the required quantity of the smaller molecules of R-phycoerythrin would be ca. 0.1mg, corresponding to ca. 8μ units of insulin used in a parallel experiment (26 units corresponding to 1 mg of insulin).     

超细CaCO_3的粒子尺寸对PP结晶行为的影响

The effects of CaCO3 on the crystallization behavior of polypropylene (PP) were studied by means of DSC and WAXD.The average sizes of the CaCO3 powders used were 0.1μm (UC) and 0.5μm (GC),respectively.The PP/CaCO3 composites at compositions of 1phr and 10 phr were investigated.The results showed that the addition of CaCO3 reduced the supercooling,the rate of nucleation and the overall rate of crystallization (except for the 10phr UC/PP sample).The crystallinity of PP was increased and the size distribution of the crystallites of α-PP was broadened.On the other hand,the crystallization rate of 10phr UC/PP is 1.5 times higher than that of neat PP.It has an overall rate of crystallization 2 times as much as that of the neat PP and has the maximum crystallinity.The sizes of crystallites and the unit cell parameters of α-PP were varied by the addition of CaCO3.β-PP was formed by addition of GC and was not detected by addition of UC.The differences of crystallization behaviors of PP might be attributed to the combined effects of the content and size of CaCO3 filled.     

Studies on Chromatography Fingerprint of Hongqi by High-performance Liquid Chromatography

Chromatography fingerprint (CFP) of 10 samples of hongqi were studied. 23 commonpeaks were analyzed, their average similarity was 97.29%. CFP were positioned with main indexcomposition such as formononetin, calycosin and then the contents of index composition weredetermined. The character and exclusive of CFP of 10 samples of hongqi were clear. CFP andcontent determination of index composition of hongqi could be used to evaluate the quality of hongqicomprehensively.     

INFLUENCE OF THERMAL AND NON—THERMAL EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND ON ISOTHERMS OF PHENOL ON NKAⅡ RESIN

Adsorption equilibrium experiments of phenol on the NKA II resin are separately conducted in the presence and absence of ultrasound at ambient temperature.The isotherm of phenol on the polymer adsorbent in the presence of ultrasonic field is firstly reported.Results indicated that the isotherm of phenol determined in the presence of ultrasound is lower than that in the absence of ultrasound.In addition,experiments also show that the use of ultrasound to the adsorption system of the phenol aqueous solution and NKA Ⅱ resin could cause the rising of the temperature of the system in the order of 6^-C.The effect of ultrasound on the isotherm of the phenol on the NKA Ⅱ resin mostly ascribes to the thermal effect and the non-thermal effect of ultrasonic field.and the role of the later is greater than that of the former.     

EPITAXIAL CRYSTALLIZATION OF HDPE ON iPP IN HDPE/iPP BLENDS

Unique crystalline morphologies of solution-cast films of HDPE/iPP blends were inves-tigated by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction, metalshadowing and specimen-tilt techniques. The unique morphologies come from an epitaxialcrystallization of HDPE on iPP. The contact planes of the two kinds of crystals are (100)of HDPE and (010) of iPP, while the intercrossing angle between their chain axes is about50°. The HDPE existed with different crystalline morphologies in the two kinds of crystal-line regions of iPP spherulites, i.e. cross-hatched and single-crystal-type structures. Basedon structural analysis, two models of epitaxial growth of HDPE on iPP are proposed.     

Asymmetric catalytic anhydride openings via carbon-based nucleophiles

The asymmetric desymmetrization of cyclic anhydrides via the addition of carbon-based nucleophiles has been the focus of considerable levels of interest because it leads to optically active products. Over the past 20 years, a variety of different catalytic asymmetric alkylation reactions have been developed for the desymmetrization of cyclic anhydrides using different metal reagents as nucleophiles and using chiral ligands. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of significant developments in this field. ~ 2013 Fen-Er Chen. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.     

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON DYNAMICS AND LOCATION OF DNA SYNTHESIS OF DUCK PLAGUE VIRUS

Electron microscopic autoradiographic studies on the dynamics and location of DNAsynthesis by means of incorporation of ~8H-thymidine during the replication of duck plaguevirus (DPV) revealed that the duration of DNA synthesis of DPV was rather long. The repli-cation of viral DNA occurred simultaneously with the assembly procedure of nucleocapsids, thematuration and release of viruses. DNA synthesis of DPV occurred in the matrix with lowerelectron density in the nucleus. The replicated viral DNA accumulated in the viroplast With highelectron density where the assembly of nucleocapsids occurred. The viroplast with high electrondensity was not the region of viral DNA synthesis.     

酸碱处理后纳米微晶纤维素的热行为分析

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was prepared from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by acid hydrolysis. It was observed that the diameter of NCC particles mainly distributed over 30-50nm by transmission electron microscope (TEM) . The crystal form and degree of crystallinity were detected by X-Ray diffraction. The results showed that NCC and MCC have the same crystal form of cellulose I, and that the reactions mainly occurred in the amorphous region of MCC during the acid hydrolysis process. The thermal behavior of NCC in different pH conditions was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) . The consequences indicate that the thermal stability of NCC distinctly decreased by contrast with the thermal stability of MCC, and that the thermal stability of NCCs in alkali conditions was higher than that of NCCs in acid conditions. The specific surface area distinctly increased with sharp decreasing of the particle size of NCC. This induced the end carbons and active groups of surface of NCC to increase sharply, therefore caused the thermal stability of NCC to distinctly abate. That NCC has very strong adsorption affinity is the cause of the obvious difference of thermal behavior of NCC in different pH. In acid conditions the surface of NCC adsorbed a great lot of H^ , which induced the cellulose chains of surface of NCC to decompose at low temperature catalyzed by H^ . When adding sodium hydroxide solution, on one hand the H^ of surface of NCC was neutralized; on the other hand, the cellulose chains of low molecular weight were dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution and the defects of surface of NCC rearranged and stable structure formed. These factors improved the thermal stability of NCC in alkali conditions.     

聚合物负载的钯-咪唑催化烯烃加氢

A polymer-supported palladium-imidazole catalyst was used to catalyze the hydrogenation of various olefins under mild conditions. The rate of hydrogenation was studied. The effects of factors such as substrate concentration,catalyst concentration,partial pressure of hydrogen and temperature on initial rate of reaction of selected olefins were investigated. A mechanism for the reaction was proposed from the rate equation. The effects of the solvent and structure of the olefin on the rate of hydrogenation were investigated. The catalyst showed good reusability without any leaching of metal from the support. The homologous analog of the polymer-supported catalyst could not be used as catalyst for the hydrogenation of olefins in methanol because there was precipitation of the metal during reaction.     

Plasma modification of polypropylene surfaces and grafting copolymerization of styrene onto polypropylene

The surface of polypropylene(iPP) is modified with glow discharge plasma of Ar,so that the modified surfaces of iPP films are obtained.The studies of scanning electron microscopy(SEM) show the surface etching pattern of iPP films. The chemical structures of iPP films are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy.The wetting properties of modified surfaces of iPP films are characterized by contact angle, and the free energy of surfaces is calculated.The free radical of modification surfaces of iPP is measured by chemical method.The surfaces of iPP are achieved with Ar plasma treatment followed by grafting copolymerization with styrene(St) in St.The grafting polymer of St onto iPP is characterized by FTIR.The grafting rate is dependent on plasma exposure time and discharge voltage.The studies show that homopolymerization of St is undergone at the same time during the grafting-copolymerization of St onto iPP.     

PACKING OF IONS IN SILICATE GLASSES

Any silicate glass can be regarded as the relaxation of SiO_2 glass and the volumeis composed of two parts. One is the topological volume of O~(2-), which is equal to thevolume per oxygen of SiO_2 glass, the other is the topological volumes of cations. Thetopological volume of a monovalent cation equals the volume shared by each sphere indense haphazard packing of equal spheres of the cation's size. The charges of bivalentcations cause a decrease of volume, the decrement being the packing volume of Ca~(2+). Anequation is reached for the calculation of the volume per oxygen of silicate glasses. Alot of calculations show that the equation is accurate, so accurate that the densities canbe calculated. The study reveals some characters of the glass structure and clearly ex-presses the contributions of various cations to the volumes of glasses.     

Effects of Ni-Doping on Microstructures and Properties of Zn-20Sn High-Temperature Lead-Free Solders

In the present work, the effect of Ni doping on the microstructures and properties of Zn-20 Sn high temperature lead-free solder has been investigated. Interestingly,Ni was present as the form of Ni-Zn compounds in the microstructure of Zn-20 Sn-xNi alloy.When the Ni-doping amount was 0.2～0.4 wt.%, the presence of δ phase was found, and when the doping amoun was 0.8 wt.%, the presence of γ phase was observed. With the increase of Ni content, the liquidus temperature increased but the solidus temperature did not change obviously. In addition, the microhardness and electrical resistivities of Zn-20 Sn-xNi solder increased gradually. And the spreading area and shear strength increased firstly but decreased afterwards. When the content of Ni was 0.4 wt.%, the spreading area and shear strength of solder reached to be maximum. After the addition of 0.4 wt.% Ni, the microstructure of the interfacial intermetallic compound(IMC) layer of the interface didn't change, but the total thickness of the IMC layer reduced. The δ-phase was embedded in the grain boundary of ε-Cu Zn5, which hindered the diffusion of atoms. The thickness of IMC layer at the interface reduced, which led to the improvement of the shear strength of the interface.     

Preparation,Characterization and Optical Properties of Hostguest Nanocomposite Material Mordenite—silver Iodide

Silver iodide nanoclusters were successfully prepared in the channels of mordenite by a heat diffusion method.Powder X-ray diffraction.adsorption technique and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the prepared materials,which showed that the guest silver iodied had been encapsulated in the channels of mordenite.The optical properties of the solid phase diffuse reflectance absorption of nanocomposite material NaM-AgI were studied,showing that the absorption bands of the diffuse reflectance absorption of the prepared material moved to the region of high energy.The absorption peak of the material prepared shifted to the region of high energy.Namely,blue shift was caused.This has demonstrated the incorporation of silver iodide into the channels of the zeolite.We observed the luminescence and surface photovoltage spectra of NaM-AgI sample,proposing the mechanisms of the photoluminescence and photovoltaic responses.