Electropolymerization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis>-[RuCl<Subscript>2</Subscript>(vpy)<Subscript>4</Subscript>] complex—EQCM and Raman studies

The electropolymerization of trans-[RuCl₂(vpy)₄] (vpy=4-vinylpyridine) on Au or Pt electrodes was studied by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique, and Raman spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry of the monomer at a microelectrode shows the typical Ru(III/II) and Ru(IV/III) waves, together with the vinyl reduction waves at −1.5 and −2.45 V and adsorption wave at −0.8 V. Electrodeposition on EQCM technique performed under potential cycling between −0.9 and −2.0 V revealed that the polymerization proceeded well in advance of the vinyl reduction waves. At potentials more positive than −0.9 V, soluble oligomers were deposited irreversibly on the electrode during the oxidative sweep. The film also showed reversible mass changes due to the oxidation and accompanying ingress of charge-balancing anions and solvent into the film. In contrast, potentiostatic growth of the polymer at −1.6 V was slower because the oligomeric material was lost completely from the electrode. Unreacted vinyl groups were detected by in situ Raman spectroscopy for films grown at −0.7, −0.9, and −1.6 V but were absent when the polymerization was carried out at −2.9 V vs Ag/Ag⁺.     

Ship-in-a-bottle formation of Ru3(CO)12 in zeolite NaY

A NaY zeolite entrapped Ru₃(CO)₁₂ cluster has been synthesized from RuCl₃ ionexchanged NaY, which are well characterized by IR and Raman spectroscopy and CO chemisorption. When the Ru³⁺/NaY sample is heated from 298 to 393 K for 25 h and kept for 10–20 h at 393 K, the sample color changes from dark to brown-yellow. Thein situ infrared spectrum exhibits bands at 2130, 2064, 2040, 2017, 1990, 1953 and 1925 cm⁻¹. The bands at 2064, 2040, 2017 and 1990 cm⁻¹ are assigned to Ru₃(CO)₁₂/NaY, which are close to crystalline Ru₃(CO)₁₂. Furthermore, Raman results provide the bands at 150 and 185 cm⁻¹, which are attributed to Ru-Ru bonds of crystalline Ru₃(CO)₁₂). CO chemisorption on [Ru₃]/NaY gives a CO/Ru ratio of 3.85, which is similar to the stoichiometry of Ru₃(CO)₁₂ (CO/Ru=4.0).     

氧化锌表面包覆Sn_6O_4(OH)_4的制备及其在锌镍电池中的应用

采用水热-共沉淀法在氧化锌表面包覆锡化合物,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和能谱分析(EDS)对制备的包覆ZnO材料进行表征。结果表明:XRD表明附着在氧化锌表面的是Sn_6O_4(OH)_4,且结晶度较好;SEM测试显示在p H=12条件下,Sn_6O_4(OH)_4能够很好地附着在氧化锌颗粒表面;EDS显示组成物中的元素包含Zn、Sn、O三种元素。利用循环伏安曲线(CV)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、倍率充放电技术对包覆ZnO材料进行了电化学性能的测试,结果表明:包覆Sn_6O_4(OH)_4的ZnO可以提高锌负极的耐蚀性能,增大电荷转移电阻(Rct);锌电极覆Sn_6O_4(OH)_4量为3%时充放电效率最佳,在0.2C充放循环40次后充放电循环保持率仍有70%。     

溶胶-喷雾干燥法制备纳米Li3V2(PO4)3/C及其电化学性能

本文以LiOH.H2O、NH4VO3、H3PO4和柠檬酸为原料,采用溶胶-喷雾干燥法制备Li3V2(PO4)3/C正极材料,对比了喷雾前驱体直接煅烧与机械活化后煅烧的样品的结构、形貌及其电化学性能。采用XRD、SEM、BET和振实密度测试等对样品的结构、形貌等进行了表征;采用恒流充放电、CV和EIS等手段考察了材料的电化学性能。结果表明,溶胶-喷雾干燥得到的样品为多孔球壳形,其壳体由厚度为100 nm左右的纳米片组成,经机械活化后煅烧保持保持了其纳米片结构,其结晶度与振实密度改善较明显,电化学性能较优异。0.1C放电比容量为123.6 mAh.g-1,10C和20C高倍率放电比容量还高达107.8和106.0 mAh.g-1。电化学阻抗结果表明,由该方法制备的样品具有较小的电荷转移阻抗。     

氧化锌表面包覆Sn6O4(OH)4的制备及其在锌镍电池中的应用

采用水热-共沉淀法在氧化锌表面包覆锡化合物,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）和能谱分析对制备的包覆ZnO材料进行表征。结果表明：XRD表明附着在氧化锌表面的是Sn₆O₄（OH）₄,且结晶度较好;SEM测试显示在pH=12条件下,Sn₆O₄（OH）₄能够很好地附着在氧化锌颗粒表面;能谱分析显示组成物中的元素包含Zn、Sn、O三种元素。利用循环伏安曲线、电化学阻抗谱（EIS）、倍率充放电技术对包覆ZnO材料进行了电化学性能的测试,结果表明：包覆Sn₆O₄（OH）₄的ZnO可以提高锌负极的耐蚀性能,增大电荷转移电阻（R_ct）;锌电极覆Sn₆O₄（OH）₄量为3%时充放电效率最佳,在0.2C充放循环40次后充放电循环保持率仍有70%。     

Li3V2(PO4)3/C的P123辅助流变相法制备及电化学性能

以V₂O₅、NH₄H₂PO₄、LiOH、柠檬酸、三嵌段聚合物表面活性剂P123为原料, 用流变相(RPR)法制备了Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C正极材料. 用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等方法表征, 结果表明: 材料为单一纯相的单斜晶体结构, 颗粒均匀并呈现珊瑚结构; 恒流充放电, 循环伏安(CV)及电化学交流阻抗(EIS)等电化学性能测试表明, 采用P123 辅助合成材料电化学性能明显优于未采用P123 辅助合成材料. 3.0-4.3 V放电区间, 0.1C充放电下P123 辅助合成Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C材料首次放电比容量为129.8 mAh·g^-1, 经过50 次循环后容量只衰减0.9%; 倍率性能及循环性能优异, 1C、10C、25C的首次放电比容量分别为128.2、121.3、109.1 mAh·g^-1, 50次循环后容量保持率分别为99.1%, 96.9%, 90.7%. 这归因于三嵌段聚合物P123 作为分散剂的同时也作为有机碳源在颗粒表面及间隙形成碳网络, 有利于材料导电率的改善, 降低了其电荷转移阻抗, 减小了电极充放电过程的极化现象.     

MnO_2/NiCo_2O_4的静电自组装合成及其电化学性能

通过带负电荷的MnO2纳米片与带正电荷的Co-Ni层状双氢氧化物(LDHs)纳米片的静电自组装外加后续热处理合成了异质层状结构的MnO2/NiCo2O4复合物.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、拉曼光谱、原子吸收光谱(AAS)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对其结构和形貌进行了表征.用循环伏安(CV)、恒流充放电和电化学交流阻抗技术对其电化学性能进行了测试.研究结果表明,该方法制得的异质复合物具有多孔层状堆垛结构,这种特殊的结构不仅增大了电解液离子的接触面积,而且还为其嵌入-脱出提供了有效途径.该复合物在1 A·g-1电流密度时,-0.6-0.45 V电位窗口内的比电容达482 F·g-1,优于纯组分MnO2和NiCo2O4的电容性能.     

g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO32D纳米片复合材料的制备及可见光催化性能研究

采用自组装和化学沉淀法分别制得两种可见光驱动复合材料石墨相氮化碳/碳酸氧铋(g-C_3N_4/Bi_2O_2CO_3).采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD),紫外可见光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,制备方法对纳米复合材料的晶相、形态及光学性能没有影响,但是影响g-C_3N_4和Bi_2O_2CO_3之间的相互作用力,导致光生电子-空穴对的分离速率存在显著差异.以可见光驱动苯酚和罗丹明B的降解实验为探针反应检测催化剂的光催化性能.实验结果表明自组装法得到的异质结催化剂中相互作用力更强,催化效果最高.O_2-是罗丹明B降解反应的主要活性物种,染料的光敏化、Bi_2O_2CO_3与g-C_3N_4综合效应,导致光生载流子电荷分离效率更高.     

真空辅助法合成Fe_3(PO_4)_2·8H_2O及对LiFePO_4/C结构、形貌和电化学性能的影响(英文)

采用了一种真空辅助沉淀法制备Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O,并以此进一步合成粒径尺寸在400 nm左右LiFePO4颗粒.研究了Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O对于磷酸铁锂的形貌、结构、电化学性能的影响.X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,真空辅助制备的Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O具有高纯度,以此制备的LiFePO4具有高结晶度和纯度.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果表明,真空辅助制备的Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O具有未完全发育的颗粒,以此制备的LiFePO4均匀无硬团聚.透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果显示真空辅助制备的LiFePO4包覆一层均匀的碳.真空制备的LiFePO4显示了优异的电化学性能,在1C、10C、20C倍率下的容量分别为140、113、100 mAh·g-1.真空制备的LiFePO4的循环伏安曲线显示了小的极化电压和尖锐的氧化峰.充放电平台曲线表明真空对LiFePO4高倍率性能起到重要作用.电化学阻抗谱(EIS)计算结果显示,真空和非真空制备的LiFePO4的锂离子扩散系数分别为1.42×10-13和4.22×10-14cm2·s-1,说明真空辅助能够提高LiFePO4的扩散系数.     

Synthesis, crystal structure, infrared and Raman spectra of Sr4Cu3(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)4·3H2O and Ba2Cu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)3

The two new compounds, Sr₄Cu₃(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₄·3H₂O (1) and Ba₂Cu₄(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₃(2), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. They represent previously unknown structure types and are the first compounds synthesized in the systems SrO/BaO-CuO-As₂O₅-H₂O. Their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction [space group C2/c, a=18.536(4) Å, b=5.179(1) Å, c=24.898(5) Å, β=93.67(3)°, V=2344.0(8) Å³, Z=4 for 1; space group P4₂/n, a=7.775(1) Å, c=13.698(3) Å, V=828.1(2) Å³, Z=2 for 2]. The crystal structure of 1 is related to a group of compounds formed by Cu²⁺-(XO₄)³⁻ layers (X=P⁵⁺, As⁵⁺) linked by M cations (M=alkali, alkaline earth, Pb²⁺, or Ag⁺) and partly by hydrogen bonds. In 1, worth mentioning is the very short hydrogen bond length, D···A=2.477(3) Å. It is one of the examples of extremely short hydrogen bonds, where the donor and acceptor are crystallographically different. Compound 2 represents a layered structure consisting of Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers crosslinked by As1φ₄ tetrahedra, where φ is O or OH, which are interconnected by Ba, As2 and hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network. The layers are formed by Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers of CuO₅ edge-sharing polyhedra, crosslinked by As1O₄ tetrahedra. Vibrational spectra (FTIR and Raman) of both compounds are described. The spectroscopic manifestation of the very short hydrogen bond in 1, and ABC-like spectra in 2 were discussed.     

Preparation and structural characterization of [RuCl2(CO)2{Te(CH2SiMe3)2}2] and [RuCl2(CO){Te(CH2SiMe3)2}3]

The objective of the present work was to synthesize mononuclear ruthenium complex [RuCl₂(CO)₂{Te(CH₂SiMe₃)₂}₂] (1) by the reaction of Te(CH₂SiMe₃)₂ and [RuCl₂(CO)₃]₂. However, the stoichiometric reaction affords a mixture of 1 and [RuCl₂(CO){Te(CH₂SiMe₃)₂}₃] (2). The X-ray structures show the formation of the cis(Cl), cis(C), trans(Te) isomer of 1 and the cis(Cl), mer(Te) isomer of 2. The ¹²⁵Te NMR spectra of the complexes are reported. The complex distribution depends on the initial molar ratio of the reactants. With an excess of [RuCl₂(CO)₃]₂ only 1 is formed. In addition to the stoichiometric reaction, a mixture of 1 and 2 is observed even when using an excess of Te(CH₂SiMe₃)₂. Complex 1 is, however, always the main product. In these cases the ¹²⁵Te NMR spectra of the reaction solution also indicates the presence of unreacted ligand.     

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis of RuO2-Ta2O5 thick film pH sensors

The paper reports on investigation of the pH sensing mechanism of thick film RuO₂-Ta₂O₅ sensors by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Interdigitated conductimetric pH sensors were screen printed on alumina substrates. The microstructure and elemental composition of the films were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The XPS studies revealed the presence of Ru ions at different oxidation states and the surface hydroxylation of the sensing layer increasing with increasing pH. The EIS analysis carried out in the frequency range 10 Hz–2 MHz showed that the electrical parameters of the sensitive electrodes in the low frequency range were distinctly dependent on pH. The charge transfer and ionic exchange occurring at metal oxide-solution interface were indicated as processes responsible for the sensing mechanism of thick film RuO₂-Ta₂O₅ pH sensors.     

Characterization and corrosion behavior of injection molded 17-4 PH steel electrochemically coated with poly[trans-dichloro(4-vinylpyridine)ruthenium]

The present study describes preliminary results on the corrosion resistance of injection molded 17-4 PH stainless steel potentiostatically coated with poly {trans-[RuCl₂(vpy)₄]}, where vpy (4-vinylpyridine) acts as a ligand. The coated electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, as well as by electrochemical techniques. The microstructural analysis indicated that the films reached up to 100 μm thickness. Cyclic voltammetry was carried out in 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate/methyl isobutyl ketone. The results revealed a scan rate dependent wave corresponding to a Ru²⁺/Ru³⁺ redox reaction, thus confirming the presence of ruthenium in the films. Anodic polarization tests were performed in 3% NaCl in order to estimate the anodic dissolution current density and the corrosion rate of the material. The results indicated that coating the substrate improved the corrosion resistance of the material. Received: 13 May 1999 / Accepted: 14 October 1999     

高倍率尖晶石型Li_4Ti_5O_(l2)/TiN锂离子电池负极材料的合成及其电化学性能

以乙酰丙酮(ACAC)为螯合剂、聚乙二醇(PEG)为分散剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了尖晶石型Li4Ti5Ol2/TiN材料.考察了TiN膜对尖晶石型Li4Ti5Ol2锂离子电池负极材料电化学性能的影响.利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对Li4Ti5O12表面的TiN膜进行了分析.X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,Li4Ti5Ol2/TiN材料为结晶良好的亚微米纯相尖晶石型钛酸锂.电化学性能测试表明,该材料的首次放电比容量为173.0mAh·g-1,并且具有良好的循环性能,以0.2C、1C、2C、5C倍率放电进行测试,10次循环后比容量分别为170.6、147.6、135.6、111.0mAh·g-1,较之表面无TiN膜的钛酸锂材料表现出更好的倍率特性.循环伏安曲线(CV),交流阻抗图谱(EIS)进一步论证了TiN膜改善了尖晶石型Li4Ti5Ol2锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能.     

Characteristics and formation of [AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12]7+ in electrolysis process

[AlO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂]⁷⁺ (Al₁₃) formation in electrolysis process is studied. The results detected by²⁷Al NMR spectroscopy show that high content of Al₁₃ polymer is formed in the partially hydrolyzed aluminum solution prepared by controlled electrolysis process. In the produced electrolyte of total Al concentration ([Al_T]) 2.0 mol · L⁻¹ with a basicity (B = OH/Al molar ratios) of 2.0, the content of Al₁₃ polymer is over 60% of total Al. Dynamic light scattering shows that the size distribution of the final electrolyte solutions ([Al_T] = 2.0 mol · L⁻¹) is trimodal with B = 2.0 and bimodal with B = 2.5. The aggregates of Al₁₃ complexes increase the particle size of partially hydrolyzed aluminum solution.     

Cr2(WO4)3和Cr2(MoO4)3的负热膨胀特性研究

用液相反应-前驱物烧结法制备了Cr₂(WO₄)₃和Cr₂(MoO₄)₃粉体。298～1 073 K的原位粉末X射线衍射数据表明Cr₂(WO₄)₃和Cr₂(MoO₄)₃的晶胞体积随温度的升高而增大, 本征线热膨胀系数分别为(1.274±0.003)×10^-6 K^-1和(1.612±0.003)×10^-6 K^-1。用热膨胀仪研究了Cr₂(WO₄)₃和Cr₂(MoO₄)₃在静态空气中298～1 073 K范围内热膨胀行为，即开始表现为正热膨胀，随后在相转变点达到最大值，最后表现为负热膨胀，其负热膨胀系数分别为(-7.033±0.014)×10^-6 K^-1和(-9.282±0.019)×10^-6 K^-1。     

Characterization of the [Ru(CN)5(pyS)] ion complex adsorbed on gold, silver and copper substrates by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

The adsorption of the [Ru(CN)₅(pyS)]⁴⁻ (pyS=4-mercaptopyridine) ion complex on gold, silver and copper surfaces has been studied by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The influence of the nature of the metallic substrates in the adsorption geometry of the complex is reflected in a strong variation of the SERS spectra, particularly, the relative intensities of characteristic vibrational modes of pyS and CN ligands, which is likely to result from changes in specific chemical interactions involving both ligands and the surface. The effect of the surface modification procedure on the properties of the adsorbed monolayers has also been investigated for the gold surface. Surface modification has been performed by self-assembly or under an electrochemical potential. The spectroscopic results have shown that, according to the modification procedure, the modifier can be bound to the surface via sulfur atom or via CN nitrogen atoms. The ability to control the orientation of the adsorbed monolayer permits control over the properties of the interface, as demonstrated by the study of the electrochemistry of cytochrome-c (cyt-c) on the differently prepared surfaces. A reversible electrochemical response of the metalloprotein is only observed on the self-assembly prepared surface, where CN moieties of the surface modifier are available to interact with the protein molecule.     

尖晶石型LiMn2-xInxO4(x=0，0.01，0.02，0.05)的合成及电化学性能研究

以醋酸锰、氢氧化锂和三氧化二铟为原料,以柠檬酸为配位剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂In的尖晶石LiMn2-xInxO4(x=0,0.01,0.02,0.05),采用XRD、SEM对目标材料进行了结构和形貌表征,采用恒流充放电、循环伏安(CV)以及交流阻抗(EIS)谱测试对材料进行了电化学性能表征,考察了不同In掺杂量对材料性能的影响。结果表明,当In掺杂量为1%时,LiMn1.99In0.01O4样品具有纯的尖晶石锰酸锂结构,在0.5C和3.4～4.35 V电压范围条件下,LiMn1.99In0.01O4的初始放电容量为119.9 mAh.g-1,经过1C 30次,2C 30次,再0.5C 5次循环后,其放电容量保持率为84.9%,显示了良好的电化学性能。掺杂1%的In的样品比未掺杂的样品具有更优的高温循环稳定性能。     

Chromium(III) Hydroxide Solubility in The Aqueous Na+-OH?-H2PO?4-HPO2?4-PO3?4-H2O System: A Thermodynamic Model

Chromium(III)-phosphate reactions are expected to be important in managing high-level radioactive wastes stored in tanks at many DOE sites. Extensive studies on the solubility of amorphous Cr(III) solids in a wide range of pH (2.8–14) and phosphate concentrations (10^–4 to 1.0 m) at room temperature (22±2)°C were carried out to obtain reliable thermodynamic data for important Cr(III)-phosphate reactions. A combination of techniques (XRD, XANES, EXAFS, Raman spectroscopy, total chemical composition, and thermodynamic analyses of solubility data) was used to characterize solid and aqueous species. Contrary to the data recently reported in the literature,⁽¹⁾ only a limited number of aqueous species [Cr(OH)₃H₂PO^–₄, Cr(OH)₃(H₂PO₄)^2–₂), and Cr(OH)₃HPO^2–₄] with up to about four orders of magnitude lower values for the formation constants of these species are required to explain Cr(III)-phosphate reactions in a wide range of pH and phosphate concentrations. The log K^o values of reactions involving these species [Cr(OH)₃(aq)+H₂PO^–₄&#x21CC;Cr(OH)₃H₂PO^–₄; Cr(OH)₃(aq)+2H₂PO^–₄&#x21CC;Cr(OH)₃(H₂PO₄)^2–₂; Cr(OH)₃(aq)+HPO^2–₄&#x21CC;Cr(OH)₃HPO^2–₄] were found to be 2.78±0.3, 3.48±0.3, and 1.97±0.3, respectively.