Über die Hydrierung α-cyanoäthylierter Aldimine

The catalytic hydrogenation of α-mono- and bis-cyanoethylated aldimines The catalytic hydrogenation of α-mono- and -bis-cyanoethylated aldimines using nickel catalysts was studied. Piperidine derivatives are formed in intramolecular cyclization reactions. The hydrogenation products of α-bis-cyanoethylated ketones, the decahydro-1, 8-naphthyridines, are observed here only as by-products.     

Catalytic hydrogenation of alpha,beta-epoxy ketones to form beta-hydroxy ketones mediated by an NADH coenzyme model

[reaction: see text] The hydrogenation of alpha,beta-epoxy ketones can be mediated by a catalytic amount of BNAH or BNA(+)Br(-) to form corresponding beta-hydroxy ketones in high yield. Na2S2O4 is used as the reducing agent to convert BNA(+)Br(-) to BNAH. A radical mechanism has been proposed to understand many observations of this catalytic reaction.     

Ambient-pressure hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes by a metal-ligand bifunctional catalyst [Cp*Ir(2,2′-bpyO)(H2O)] without using base

An efficient catalytic system for hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes using a Cp*Ir complex [Cp*Ir(2,2′-bpyO)(H₂O)] bearing a bipyridine-based functional ligand as catalyst has been developed. A wide variety of secondary and primary alcohols were synthesized by the catalyzed hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes under facile atmospheric-pressure without a base. The catalyst also displays an excellent chemoselectivity towards other carbonyl functionalities and unsaturated motifs. This catalytic system exhibits high activity for hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes with H₂ gas.     

Heterogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of heteroaromatic methyl ketones catalyzed by cinchona-modified iridium catalysts

A heterogeneous iridium catalyst was synthesized with silica particles as support for the hydrogenation of heteroaromatic methyl ketones. The catalyst and support were characterized by solid-state NMR, HTEM, SEM, XPS, and BET. A series of heteroaromatic methyl ketones were investigated at room temperature. The catalytic system was effective and more than 99% conversion and up to 83.6% enantioselectivity were obtained in the hydrogenation of heteroaromatic methyl ketones.     

芳香酮的高效对映选择性转移氢化

手性芳香醇在制药工业上有重要的应用,因而利用芳香酮的对映选择性氢化制备相应的手性醇已引起人们极大关注.近10年来,用手性金属配合物为催化剂,利用种种有机物作氢源,实现芳香酮的不对称氢转移氢化取得了很大进展.但这些反应过程的催化活性仍然较低,底物酮与催化剂.     

Synthesis and Structures of Two Dinuclear Transition Metal Complexes and Their Catalytic Applications in Hydrogenation of Ketones

The complexes [Ni₂(L)₂]₂ · H₂O ( 1 ) and [Cu₂(L)₂(H₂O)] · 2CH₃OH ( 2 ) were prepared by reaction of the chiral Schiff base ligand N‐[(1R,2S)‐2‐hydroxy‐1,2‐diphenyl]‐acetylacetonimine (H₂L) with Ni^II and Cu^II ions, respectively, aiming to develop economically and environmentally‐friendly catalysts for the hydrogenation of ketones. They have a dinuclear skeleton with axial vacant sites. The catalytic effects of the two complexes for hydrogenation of ketones were tested using dihydrogen gas as hydrogen source. They present some catalytic effects in hydrogenation of acetophenone, which has a dependence on the temperature and base used in these reactions. However, no apparent catalytic effects were found for the two complexes in hydrogenation of 4‐nitroacetophenone and 4‐methylacetophenone. Although the catalytic conversion in these hydrogenation reactions is low, they do represent a kind of cheap and environmentally‐friendly hydrogenation catalyst.     

Heterogeneous Hydrogenation with Hydrogen Spillover Enabled by Nitrogen Vacancies on Boron Nitride-Supported Pd Nanoparticles

Heterogeneous hydrogenation with hydrogen spillover has been demonstrated as an effective route to achieve high selectivity towards target products. More effort should be paid to understand the complicated correlation between the nature of supports and hydrogenation involving hydrogen spillover. Herein, we report the development of the hydrogenation system of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)-supported Pd nanoparticles for the hydrogenation of aldehydes/ketones to alcohols with hydrogen spillover. Nitrogen vacancies in h-BN determine the feasibility of hydrogen spillover from Pd to h-BN. The hydrogenation of aldehydes/ketones with hydrogen spillover from Pd proceeds on nitrogen vacancies on h-BN. The weak adsorption of alcohols to h-BN inhibits the deep hydrogenation of aldehydes/ketones, thus leading to high catalytic selectivity to alcohols. Moreover, the hydrogen spillover-based hydrogenation mechanism makes the catalyst system exhibit a high tolerance to CO poisoning.     

吡啶基桥联双四唑钌(Ⅱ)配合物催化酮的转移氢化反应（英文）

含氮配体具有稳定性好、易于合成等优点,而且其过渡金属配合物表现出较高的催化活性,因而在配位化学和均相催化等研究领域受到了广泛关注.基于吡啶骨架的三齿NNN配体具有良好的配位能力和丰富的配位模式,如吡啶桥联的对称配体2,2':6',2'-三吡啶、2,6-双噁唑啉基吡啶、2,6-双亚胺基吡啶和2,6-双吡唑基吡啶等在有机合成及配合物催化剂制备等方面得到广泛应用.2,6-双四唑基吡啶也是基于吡啶的多齿配体,已被用于合成发光材料或高效回收次锕系元素等,但是其在催化领域的应用较少.过渡金属催化的不饱和化合物的转移氢化反应具有反应条件温和、不直接使用氢气等优点,因而受到越来越多的关注.一系列优异的配体及配合物在转移氢化反应中脱颖而出,如对甲苯磺酰手性二胺配体、2-甲胺基吡啶钌配合物、配体中含有NH官能团的过渡金属配合物等.我们也报道了几种吡啶基桥联的含氮配体及其钌配合物,并应用于催化酮的转移氢化反应.在此基础上,本文合成了三种连有不同膦配体的2,6-双四唑基吡啶钌配合物,并用于催化酮的转移氢化反应.从N~2,N~6-二对甲苯基-2,6-吡啶二甲酰胺(1)出发,经氯代/环化两步反应合成4-氯吡啶基桥联双四唑化合物(2),配体2与RuCl_2(PPh_3)_3在对应的反应条件下制得三种连有不同膦配体的2,6-双四唑基吡啶钌配合物(3),其分子结构通过核磁共振波谱和X射线单晶晶体结构测定得到确认.将这三种钌配合物应用于催化酮的转移氢化反应,当催化剂用量为0.5 mol%时,在异丙醇回流条件下,比较连有不同膦配体的2,6-双四唑基吡啶钌配合物的催化活性.膦配体为1,4-双(二苯基膦)丁烷的钌配合物3b表现出更高的催化活性,含有双三苯基膦的钌配合物3a则表现出与3b相当或略低的催化活性,含有1,5-双(二苯基膦)戊烷的钌配合物3c活性最差.以3b为催化剂拓展了一系列酮底物,取代的芳香酮、链状和环状的脂肪酮都可以高效地被还原,大部分酮底物以95%的转化率还原成相应的醇.含有氯取代基的苯乙酮对反应有较大的加速作用,反应时间更短,转化率更高.由于羰基环的张力,1-四氢萘酮与9-芴酮转化率略低.结合实验结果与相关文献,提出了一条基于Ru-H活性中间体的内层反应机理:钌配合物在iPrOK作用下生成Ru(Ⅱ)-烷氧基中间体Ⅰ,随后发生β-H消除反应脱去一分子丙酮得到Ru-H配合物,Ru-H配合物与酮底物作用经过渡态Ⅱ生成另一分子Ru(Ⅱ)-烷氧基中间体Ⅲ,随后异丙醇与烷氧基发生交换生成目标产物,同时生成中间体Ⅰ完成催化循环.     

Rational Design of a Facially Coordinating P,N,N Ligand for Manganese-Catalysed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Cyclic Ketones

DFT calculations on the full catalytic cycle for manganese catalysed enantioselective hydrogenation of a selection of ketones have been carried out at the PBE0-D3_PCM//RI-BP86_PCM level. Mn complexes of an enantiomerically pure chiral P,N,N ligand have been found to be most reactive when adopting a facial coordination mode. The use of a new ligand with an ortho-substituted dimethylamino-pyridine motif has been calculated to completely transform the levels of enantioselectivity possible for the hydrogenation of cyclic ketones relative to the first-generation Mn catalysts. In silico evaluation of substrates has been used to identify those likely to be reduced with high enantiomer ratios (er), and others that would exhibit less selectivity; good agreements were then found in experiments. Various cyclic ketones and some acetophenone derivatives were hydrogenated with er's up to 99 : 1.     

均相苯乙酮加氢反应研究

合成了一种新的钌膦配合物[RuCl2(Dmpp)2en](Dmpp=4-(2，6-二甲氧吡啶基)二苯基膦，en=乙二胺)，对其结构进行了表征．系统研究了反应温度，氢气压力，底物和催化剂的比例，碱和催化剂的比例等反应条件对[RuCl2(Dmpp)2en]催化的芳香酮加氢反应活性的影响，证明其在苯乙酮加氢反应中具有很好的催化活性．     

H+−H− Pairs in Partially Oxidized MAX Phases for Bifunctional Catalytic Conversion of Furfurals into Linear Ketones

Currently, less favorable C=O hydrogenation and weak concerted acid catalysis cause unsatisfactory catalytic performance in the upgrading of biomass-derived furfurals (i.e., furfural, 5-methyl furfural, and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural) to ketones (i.e., cyclopentanone, 2,5-hexanedione, and 1-hydroxyl-2,5-hexanedione). A series of partially oxidized MAX phase (i.e., Ti₃AlC₂, Ti₂AlC, Ti₃SiC₂) supporting Pd catalysts were fabricated, which showed high catalytic activity; Pd/Ti₃AlC₂ in particular displayed high performance for conversion of furfurals into targeted ketones. Detailed studies of the catalytic mechanism confirm that in situ hydrogen spillover generates Frustrated Lewis H⁺−H⁻ pairs, which not only act as the hydrogenation sites for selective C=O hydrogenation but also provide acid sites for ring opening. The close intimate hydrogenation and acid sites promote bifunctional catalytic reactions, substantially reducing the reported minimum reaction temperature of various furfurals by at least 30–60 °C.     

SiO2 负载壳聚糖席夫碱钯催化剂催化芳香醛酮还原为芳香烃

 制备了 SiO2 负载的壳聚糖席夫碱钯催化剂, 利用 X 射线衍射、红外光谱和热重等方法对催化剂进行了表征, 并考察了该催化剂催化羰基加氢为亚甲基的反应性能, 以二苯甲酮为底物, 系统地研究了反应时间、反应温度和催化剂用量等因素对反应性能的影响. 结果表明, 该催化剂具有较高的催化芳香羰基加氢为亚甲基的活性和选择性, 且反应可在较低的温度和常压的温和条件下进行. 关键词：壳聚糖; 席夫碱;     

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones catalyzed by the iridium hydride complex under ambient conditions

The chiral Ir catalytic system generated in situ from iridium hydride complex and chiral diaminodiphosphine ligand was employed in asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones to give the corresponding optically active alcohols, with up to 99% ee in high yield were obtained even when the substrate-to-catalyst molar ratio reached 10000:1.     

手性氮杂卡宾金属络合物的合成及其在不对称催化反应中的应用

手性氮杂卡宾金属络合物在多种催化反应中得到了广泛的应用, 并取得了很好的研究成果. 综述了手性氮杂卡宾金属络合物的合成以及它们在催化不对称反应中的应用研究进展, 如催化α,β-不饱和酮的1,4-加成反应、酮的氢硅烷化反应、烯烃的氢化反应和烯烃的复分解反应等.     

手性羰基铁体系催化酮的不对称氢转移氢化

手性羰基铁络合物很少被用于芳香酮的不对称氢转移氢化.利用不同的羰基铁络合物与手性双胺双膦配体现场络合,形成手性胺膦铁催化体系.考察了它们对多种芳香酮的不对称氢转移催化氢化性能.结果表明,三核的手性胺膦铁簇合物是催化芳香酮不对称氢转移氢化的较好体系.当用三核的铁簇合物[Et₃NH]⁺[HFe₃(CO)₁₁]^-体系催化1,1-二苯基丙酮的氢化时,最高可获得98%的对映选择性.通过现场红外光谱测定,揣测羰基铁簇合物Fe₃(CO)₁₂在催化反应过程中保持三核的簇合物的簇骼不变.     

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation over Ru-TsDPEN catalysts supported on siliceous mesocellular foam

A siliceous mesocellular foam-immobilized Ru-TsDPEN complex exhibited excellent catalytic reactivity, enantioselectivity and reusability in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of an imine and ketones.     

A synthesis of optically active α-quaternary α-amino acids and esters by assembling three components, ketones, (R)-chloromethyl p-tolyl sulfoxide, and sodium azide, via sulfinyloxiranes

Treatment of lithium α-sulfinyl carbanion of chloromethyl p-tolyl sulfoxides with ketones at low temperature afforded adducts in almost quantitative yields, which were exposed to t-BuOK to give sulfinyloxiranes in high yields. The sulfinyloxirane was reacted with benzylamine to give α-amino aldehyde, which was oxidized with iodine in methanol to afford α-amino carboxylic ester in moderate yield. The sulfinyloxiranes were treated with sodium azide to afford α-azido aldehydes in good yields. Oxidation with NaClO₂ followed by catalytic hydrogenation of the azido group of the α-azido aldehydes gave α-quaternary α-amino acids in good overall yields. The oxidation of the azido aldehydes with iodine in methanol in the presence of KOH followed by the catalytic hydrogenation resulted in α-quaternary α-amino acid methyl esters in good yields. When these reactions were carried out starting from unsymmetrical ketones and optically pure (R)-chloromethyl p-tolyl sulfoxide, a new method for a synthesis of optically active α-quaternary α-amino acids and esters in good overall yields was realized.     

Ruthenium(II) complex catalysts bearing a pyridyl-supported pyrazolyl-imine ligand for transfer hydrogenation of ketones

A new class of hemilabile unsymmetrical 2-(1-arylimino)-6-(pyzazol-1-yl)pyridine ligands and their ruthenium(II) and nickel(II) NNN complexes were synthesized. The Ru(II) complex catalysts have been fully characterized and exhibited good to excellent catalytic activity in the transfer hydrogenation (TH) of ketones in refluxing 2-propanol. These results have demonstrated rare examples of active ruthenium(II) NNN complex catalysts that do not feature a N-H functionality for TH of ketones.     

过渡金属催化的不对称氢化反应的国内研究进展

手性过渡金属催化剂催化的不对称氢化反应是制备光学纯手性氨基酸、 手性醇、 手性胺和手性酸等手性化合物的重要手段和途径. 本文主要概括了近20年内中国科学家在手性膦配体及其过渡金属催化剂的设计合成及不对称催化氢化新反应两方面的研究进展, 并展望了该领域的发展前景.     

Asymmetric reduction of ketones via whole cell bioconversions and transfer hydrogenation: complementary approaches

Prochiral aryl and dialkyl ketones were enantioselectively reduced to the corresponding alcohols using whole cells of the white-rot fungus Merulius tremellosus ono991 as a biocatalytic reduction system and ruthenium(II)–amino alcohol and iridium(I)–amino sulfide complexes as metal catalysts in asymmetric transfer hydrogenation. Comparison of the results showed that the corresponding chiral alcohols could be obtained with moderate to high enantioselectivities (e.e.s of up to 98%). The biocatalytic and transfer hydrogenation approaches appear to be complementary. The biocatalytic approach is the most suitable for the enantioselective reduction of chloro-substituted (aryl) ketones, whereas in the reduction of α,β-unsaturated compounds excellent results were obtained using the catalytic hydrogenation protocol.