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利用太阳能光解水制氢和降解有机污染物对解决能源和环境问题具有重要意义，而可见光响应催化剂的研制是实现太阳光高效利用的关键。本文从可见光响应光催化剂的设计思路出发，从电子能带结构、固溶体结构和微观复合结构三方面介绍了目前光催化剂的研究进展和发展方向。     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

可见光响应光解水制氢的半导体光催化剂

研究开发可见光响应的光催化剂一直是光解水制氢的首要目标，近年来通过能带调控等手段实现光催化剂的可见光化被广泛研究，并取得了令人注目的进展。本文综述了通过能带调变实现可见光化的各种手段，包括TiO₂掺杂特别是阴离子掺杂、能响应可见光的新型固溶体和单相光催化材料的开发以及Z-形反应系统的构筑，并且通过电子结构的分析阐述其可见光化的机理。     

复合光催化剂CdS-Pt/TiO2制备及可见光光解海水制氢性能

水热法制备了单斜CdS与Pt/TiO2复合的光催化剂.通过X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、荧光光谱、扫描电子显微镜和BET方法对催化剂进行了表征.以可见光光解纯水和海水制氢为探针反应,考察了CdS-Pt/TiO2光催化剂的活性.结果表明:海水中无机盐的存在有利于电子给体捕获光生空穴,提高了电子和空穴的分离效果;海水中单斜CdS可转化为立方和六方混合晶相.最佳条件下,催化剂光解海水制氢活性比纯水提高了33%,而且有较高的稳定性.     

铋系半导体光催化材料

近年来,铋系半导体材料因其在可见光辐照下对难降解有机物具有良好的催化作用而成为新型光催化材料的研究热点之一。本文综述了国内外铋系光催化剂的研究动态和主要成果。铋系光催化剂在可见光范围内有明显的吸收,具有较好的光催化活性。此外,大多数铋系光催化剂在反应过程中具有较高的稳定性。通过改进制备方法、掺杂负载、构建异质结等技术,可以有效提高铋系半导体材料的可见光吸收性能或抑制光生电子和空穴的复合,从而进一步提高其光催化性能。尽管铋系光催化剂由于其导带位置比氢的氧化还原电位低,但是通过设计合成新的能带结构可使其满足氧化和还原水的能带要求,从而实现铋系光催化剂在光解水制氢中的应用。最后,对铋系光催化剂未来的发展趋势进行了展望,并强调针对特殊用途和结合量化计算方法对开发新型铋系光催化剂的重要性。     

构建S型异质结COF/CdS以增强太阳光产氢

高效利用太阳能是解决当前能源危机和环境问题的有效途径.光催化制氢技术具有绿色环保、成本低等优势,且氢气可作为能源载体,其燃烧产物仅为水,因此被认为是实现高效利用太阳能的最佳途径之一.为更好地利用太阳能,研究者们致力于开发具有良好可见光活性的光催化剂.CdS因具有良好的电荷转移能力和在可见光区域强吸收的特性,在光催化制氢...     

卤氧化铋复合物光催化剂

利用半导体光催化降解有机污染物与分解水制氢对于解决能源短缺与环境污染这一世界性难题具有重要意义,引起了人们的重视.传统的光催化剂TiO2存在可见光利用率低与光生载流子的复合率高等问题[1-3],因此寻找新型高效光催化剂的工作迫     

硫化镉复合光催化剂在模拟有机污染物体系中光催化制氢研究

太阳能光催化分解水制氢是太阳能制氢的最佳途径之一.选择CdS为敏化剂,制备了可见光响应的CdS复合钛酸纳米管光催化剂.以所制备的光催化剂在不同模拟有机污染物中的光催化产氢活性进行研究,对有机物浓度、pH值等反应参数进行了考察,并对其产氢机理进行了分析.研究发现各类有机物中,甲酸溶液中产氢量活性最高.分别考察了10%、2...     

多壁碳纳米管修饰的CdS/TiO2复合光催化材料的制备及其光解水制氢特性

以P25 TiO₂(德国Degussa化学公司)粉末为原料采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了含有不同CdS质量分数的复合光催化剂,利用多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)对CdS/TiO₂进行修饰,制备了一系列不同CdS含量的MWCNTs/CdS/TiO₂光催化材料。对所得的光催化剂进行了扫描电镜、低温氮吸附-脱附及光解水制氢活性的表征。研究了MWCNTs对CdS/TiO₂催化剂体系光解水制氢活性的影响。结果表明,MWCNTs的引入均使得光解水产氢量(14.0 μmol)增加,与未加入MWCNTs的复合光化剂产氢量(11.6 μmol)相比,平均产氢率增加了18%,最高可达21%。     

g-C3N4/CoTiO3梯型异质结及其增强的可见光催化分解纯水制氢性能(英文)

光催化分解纯水制氢在利用太阳能制备清洁能源方面极具潜力,寻找高效的光催化剂是实现其实际应用的关键因素.高效的光催化剂需同时具备宽光谱吸收、低载流子复合率以及足够强的氧化还原能力等条件.然而,具有强氧化还原能力的光催化剂通常具有较高的导带和较低的价带位置,导致其带隙较宽,光吸收范围缩窄,因此,单一的光催化剂难以同时满足宽光谱吸收和强氧化还原能力也难以实现高效的光催化纯水分解制氢.相比之下,梯型异质结可以将两种带隙适宜、能带结构匹配的光催化剂集成在一起,在保持原本光催化剂的强氧化还原能力的同时也能充分地利用太阳光,因此梯型异质结的研究受到广泛关注.目前报道的梯型异质结光催化剂的可见光催化分解纯水制氢效率仍然很低,并且大部分的材料都是在全光谱条件下进行测试的,因此有必要开发在可见光下具有高活性的梯型异质结复合光催化剂.本文报道了一种具有可见光响应的新型g-C₃N₄/CoTiO₃复合梯型异质结光催化剂,在不添加牺牲剂的情况下,成功实现了可见光催化分解纯水制氢气.光催化测试结果表明,在可见光(λ>400 nm)照射下,当Co...     

RuO2-loaded beta-Ge3N4 as a non-oxide photocatalyst for overall water splitting

Germanium nitride beta-Ge3N4 dispersed with RuO2 nanoparticles is presented as the first example of a non-oxide photocatalyst for the stoichiometric decomposition of H2O into H2 and O2. All of the successful photocatalysts developed for overall water splitting over the past 30 years have been based on oxides of metals. The discovery of a non-oxide photocatalyst, such as nitrides and oxynitrides, achieving the same function is therefore expected to stimulate research on non-oxide photocatalysts. New opportunities for progress in the development of visible light-driven photocatalysis can thus be expected, as the higher valence band positions of metal nitrides compared to the corresponding metal oxides provide narrower band gaps, which are suitable for visible light activity.     

Development of new photocatalytic water splitting into H2 and O2 using two different semiconductor photocatalysts and a shuttle redox mediator IO3-/I-

A new type of photocatalytic reaction that splits water into H2 and O2 was designed using a two-step photoexcitation system composed of an iodate/iodide (IO3-/I-) shuttle redox mediator and two different photocatalysts, one for H2 evolution and the other for O2 evolution. Photocatalytic oxidation of water to O2 and reduction of IO3- to I- selectively proceeded with good efficiencies over TiO2-rutile and Pt-WO3 photocatalysts under UV and visible light irradiations, respectively. The O2 evolution selectively proceeded even in the presence of a considerable amount of I- in the solutions, although the oxidation of water is thermodynamically less favorable than oxidation of I-. Both the adsorption property of IO3- anions and the oxidation property of the photocatalysts are doubtless responsible for the selective oxidation of water. On the other hand, photocatalytic reduction of water to H2 and oxidation of I- to IO3- proceeded over Pt-TiO2-anatase and Pt-SrTiO3:Cr/Ta (codoped with Cr and Ta) photocatalysts under UV and visible light, respectively. The combination of two different photocatalysts results in a stoichiometric evolution of H2 and O2 via the redox cycle of IO3- and I-. The photocatalytic water splitting under visible light irradiation (lambda > 420 nm) was demonstrated by using the Pt-SrTiO3:Cr/Ta, Pt-WO3, and IO3-/I- shuttle redox mediator.     

Metal-free activation of H2O2 by g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation for the degradation of organic pollutants

Semiconducting carbon nitride materials were successfully prepared via a thermal poly-condensation of dicyandiamide as a precursor at >500 °C. The resulting materials were investigated as metal-free catalysts for the activation of H(2)O(2) with visible light under mild conditions, using the decomposition of Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution as a model reaction. Results revealed that carbon nitride catalysts can activate H(2)O(2) to generate reactive oxy-radicals under visible light irradiation without employment of any metal additives, leading to the mineralization of the dye. Factors affecting the degradation of organic compounds are pH values and the concentration of H(2)O(2). Recycling of the catalyst indicated no obvious deactivation during the entire catalytic reaction, indicating good (photo)chemical stability of metal-free polymeric carbon nitride photocatalysts for environmental purification. This study demonstrated a promising approach for the activation of green oxidant, hydrogen peroxide, by the newly-developed polymer photocatalysts for environmental remediation and oxidation catalysis.     

Magnetically recoverable Cu2O/Fe3O4 composite photocatalysts：Fabrication and photocatalytic activity

A magnetically separable Cu2O/Fe3O4 magnetic composite photocatalyst was synthesized in large quantities by a fast and simple route. The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. Furthermore, the Cu2O/Fe3O4 composite photocatalysts were tested using methyl orange （MO） degradation reaction under visible light irradiation （100 mW/cm2） and demonstrated to have a high photocatalytic efficiency toward the decomposition of MO under visible light irradiation with good recyclability.     

局部表面等离子体共振可调的MoO3-x-TiO2纳米复合物用于提高可见光下光催化还原CO2的性能(英文)

利用太阳能光催化还原CO₂和H₂O到燃料和化学品是一条极具吸引力但又充满挑战性的转化途径.迄今为止,只有非常有限的光催化剂已经被报道可以在可见光照射下光催化还原CO₂.局部表面等离子体共振(LSPR)现象可以被用作一种有效的开发可见光催化剂的策略.贵金属Au,Ag,Pt等的LSPR现象已经被较为广泛的研究,并应用于光催化、光热、气敏等多种领域.而低价态金属自掺杂的金属氧化物,如MoO_3-x和WO_3-x,也被证明具有LSPR现象,可用于开发更加廉价的可见光催化剂.本文通过简单的溶剂热法成功合成了低价态Mo自掺杂的MoO_3-x纳米片催化剂,并在合成过程中原位加入TiO₂纳米颗粒(TiO₂-NP)和TiO₂纳米棒(TiO₂-NT),构建了MoO_3-x-TiO₂纳米复合物.电镜表征显示,MoO_3-x-TiO     

Stoichiometric water splitting into H2 and O2 using a mixture of two different photocatalysts and an IO3-/I- shuttle redox mediator under visible light irradiation

The stoichiometric splitting of water into H2 and O2 (H2/O2 = 2) under visible light irradiation (lambda > 420 nm) took place for the first time using a mixture of Pt-WO3 and Pt-SrTiO3 (Cr-Ta-doped) photocatalysts and an IO3-/I- shuttle redox mediator.     

Titania supported gold nanoparticles as photocatalyst

This Perspective is focused on the photocatalytic activity of gold nanoparticles supported on titania (Au/TiO(2)). Titania is the most widely used photocatalyst, but its limited activity under visible light irradiation has motivated the quest for modified titania materials absorbing visible light. The review starts by justifying how doping with metallic elements is a related strategy, but different, to that leading to the use of Au/TiO(2) in photocatalysis. Data supporting and confirming the photoactivity of gold nanoparticles in colloidal solutions are briefly presented to justify the possibility of gold photosensitization of titania by electron injection into the conduction band. After describing the most common procedures used to prepare Au/TiO(2), the central part of this article is focused on the photocatalytic activity reported for Au/TiO(2) for hydrogen generation, dye decoloration, phenol decomposition and carboxylic acid degradation, among other processes. Emphasis is given to the role that parameters like Au loading, particle size, surface area, spatial structuring and others play on the photocatalytic activity. One important issue has been to distinguish those reports using visible light from those other in which direct titania excitation by UV light has been used. These Au/TiO(2) photocatalysts can find real applications in the near future for environmental remediation and for hydrogen generation.     

可见光光催化降解抗生素研究进展

随着抗生素废水在水体和陆地生态系统的肆意排放,抗生素污染已成为当今世界重要的环境问题。由于抗生素废水具有生物毒性大、含有抑菌物质等特点,传统的物理吸附法、生物处理法在处理这类难降解有毒有机废水,尤其是含残留微量抗生素的废水时效果较差。为了解决抗生素废水所引起的环境危机,人们尝试了许多方法。近年来,光催化技术作为一种适用范围广、反应速率快、氧化能力强、无污染或少污染的处理抗生素废水的方法受到人们广泛关注。半导体材料在太阳光照射下,可产生具有较强氧化作用的羟基或超氧自由基,从而起到降解抗生素分子的作用。然而,传统的光催化处理抗生素废水光催化剂主要局限于 TiO2半导体,它存在太阳光谱吸收范围窄、光生电荷复合率高等问题,严重制约其工业化应用。因此,人们一直致力于开发高效、稳定的可见光响应型光催化剂。本文根据光催化技术的基本原理,综述了目前几种基于不同策略设计开发可见光光催化降解抗生素废水的新型光催化剂的方法。
　　离子掺杂改性宽带隙半导体是开发高效可见光光催化剂的常用方法。通过过渡金属离子或非金属离子掺杂改性,可以使传统的 TiO2和SrTiO3等紫外光催化剂吸收带边发生红移,响应可见光,从而显著提高可见光下光催化剂降解抗生素的效率。然而必须注意的是,掺杂的金属离子本身会成为电子-空穴复合点位,因此,过量的掺杂金属或非金属离子可能会降低其光催化活性。考虑到单一半导体材料在光催化反应中存在的光生载流子容易复合、可见光利用率低等问题,构建异质结构复合光催化体系,通过不同半导体之间的协同作用,促进光生电荷的分离与转移,是获得高效光催化体系的重要策略之一。典型的 II型异质结光催化剂,当不同的半导体紧密接触时,由于异质结两侧能带等性质的不同会形成空间电势差,从而有利于光生载流子的分离,光催化效率提高。作为一种复合光催化体系,表面等离子体共振增强型光催化体系近年来引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。 Ag, Au和Pd金属纳米粒子在吸收光后其表面发生等离共振,随后等离子体发生衰减,把聚集的能量转移到半导体材料的导带。这个过程产生的高能电子(热电子),逃离贵金属纳米粒子而被与其接触的半导体收集,从而形成金属-半导体肖特基接触。形成的肖特基结可以显著提高光催化的光生电荷分离效率,从而提高光催化降解抗生素活性。
　　目前,与传统物化法/生化法相比,光催化技术用于处理抗生素废水具有十分明显的技术优势,在水处理方面有着很好的应用前景。针对目前光催化体系存在的光生载流子容易复合的巨大挑战,今后,构筑高效复合光催化体系(例如石墨烯基二维复合光催化剂在光生电荷分离、太阳光利用率等方面已展现出较好的综合性能)将成为高效光催化降解抗生素催化剂研发的重要方向之一。     

Photocatalysis on titanium oxide catalysts: Approaches in achieving highly efficient reactions and realizing the use of visible light

The photocatalytic reactivities of various Ti-based photocatalysts have been investigated for various different types of reactions in order to achieve as highly efficient photocatalytic reactivities as possible. The reactivity of powdered TiO2 is dramatically enhanced by the addition of small amounts of Pt which initiates an effective charge separation of the photo-formed electrons and holes. The highly dispersed titanium oxide species prepared and encapsulated within the zeolite cavities as well as into the SiO 2 matrices exhibit high photocatalytic reactivities due to the high reactivities of their charge transfer excited states. With regard to the use of visible light, ion implantation of metal ions such as Cr or V into powdered TiO2 catalysts has been found to modify the electronic state of TiO 2 , resulting in the shift of the absorption band to longer wavelength regions, i.e., into the visible light region. The extent of the shift strongly depends on the type and concentration of the implanted metal. The present study focuses on the preparation of the photocatalysts, a detailed characterization of the active sites and their dynamics, the direct detection of the reaction intermediate species, as well as a clarification of the mechanisms behind the observed photocatalytic reactions at the molecular level. This work significantly contributes to advances in the design of photocatalysts which will be able to operate efficiently and effectively not only under UV irradiation but, most ideally, under visible light.