Optimized LADAR/RADAR system for detection and tracking

The LADAR (LAser raDAR) is limited in detection and tracking of cooperative targets to less than 30 km range for ground and low altitude systems as has previously been found. This paper addresses the optimized design of a dual mode LADAR/RADAR system with respect to operation ranges. Computational results for specific RADAR Systems show significant improvements for cooperative target detection and tracking ranges beyond 30 km up to 450 km even under severe atmospheric conditions. The price for range improvement is enhanced complexity of the LADAR system and reduced tracking accuracy in the first steps of the detection process.     

Trimode ladar/radar transponder systems for tracking long range cooperative targets

Detection and tracking of cooperative airborne targets are very important for military and also for civilian purposes. Previous research has shown that detection and tracking LASER offer high precision but their operation range is limited to less than 40 km even in good visibility propagation conditions. For long operation ranges, high power and bulky RADAR are required which can be significantly reduced by using active transponders on the cooperative target. A trimode LADAR/RADAR/Transponder system is investigated providing optimum performances. A L band Radar with active transponder is operated for all weather long ranges up to Low Earth Orbit satellites. The L mode is switched to a Mm wave mode RADAR for operation distances lower than 350 km and to an accurate LASER mode for the final tracking steps.     

Multi Mode LADAR/RADAR Active Transponder Systems for Tracking Very Long Operation Ranges Cooperative Targets

Tracking of cooperative airborne targets is very important for numerous applications especially for space missions. Previous researches have shown that tracking Laser RADAR (LADAR) offers very high precision and reliability but their operation range is limited to 40 km for good visibility and much less for adverse propagation conditions. Higher operation ranges under all weather conditions require a high power and costly RADAR and/or a light compact tactical low cost RADAR system using active transponders (on the cooperative target) at different frequency bands. In this paper a multimode LADAR/RADAR/Transponder system is investigated. Providing optimum performances and maximum operation range of hundreds of kms up to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites or space shuttle orbits. These performances are obtained without reducing significantly the tracking accuracy.     

Ladar/radar dual mode operation system for enhancing tracking range and accuracy

Previously investigated LADAR Cooperative target acquisition and tracking systems, are enhanced from 10 to 40 km in good visibility conditions. The choice of an optimal LADAR source and the ranges improvements of accurate tracking operation are described. For enhancing detection ranges, specific dual mode LADAR/RADAR systems have been proposed. The optimal solutions for all weather ranges above 400 km are L band RADAR characterized by very high power complex transmitters and bulky antennas.     

光电着舰引导设备激光单元作用距离研究

阐述了光电着舰引导激光测距/跟踪单元的工作原理,从人眼安全和大气窗口两方面讨论并确定了激光发射机波段。通过经验公式计算及MODTRAN实验对比研究了1.5x m全光纤激光的大气透过率。在精确计算大气双程透过率的基础上,分析了激光测距/跟踪单元不同气象条件下的作用距离。在晴与霾两种气象条件下,所设计的激光单元最大作用距离分别为10.8 km和8.5 km,满足光电着舰引导系统对跟踪距离大于6 km的指标要求。     

电视形心跟踪技术在260激光电视电影经纬仪上的成功应用

本文论述了新近研制成功的一种靶场测量用光电设备—260激光电视电影经纬仪,用于对飞行器进行外弹道测量。它能以半自动跟踪、电视自动跟踪及数学引导三种方式跟踪被测目标,具有很高的跟踪测量精度和很强的实时测量、实时输出能力。设备上加装的激光测距系统,使其具有单站定位能力。设备上的数字化实时电视形心跟踪器是由视频处理器、投影处理器与跟踪窗控制器等组成。它采用了TMS320系列的高速数字信号处理芯片组成的多微机并行处理结构及流水线技术,并与巧妙设计的模拟图象预处理技术相结合,成功地通过了室内检测、机场试验和外场校飞,曾以很高的回波率对不装合作目标的掠海导弹进行单站跟踪测量,距离达到10.4km。研制和现场实用结果证明,采用这种实时图象跟踪技术,使靶场光电设备增添了优异的性能。     

The characteristic of sound propagation in deep water and underwater source localization in the direct zone

The multiple-path sound propagation in deep water is conducive to source localization of an underwater target.The transmission losses(TLs) and broadband pulse multiple-path propagation characteristics from a deep receiver is analyzed by using the experimental data from deep water area in the South China Sea(SCS).The results indicate that the width of the direct zone near the bottom of 4300 m water depth is about 30 km.The TLs in the direct zone near the bottom are much less than those in the shadow zone.It is meaningful for underwater sound source detection.Moreover,the time delay between the direct path and the bottomsurface-reflected path for a receiver near the bottom decreases monotonically with the source range.According to the linear relationship between the time delay of multipath and source range,a source localization method is presented to estimate the range of underwater target.The experimental results show that the estimated ranges are consistent with the global position system(GPS) measurements,and the mean square error of the estimation results is less than 0.28 km.     

光电经纬仪作用距离的室内检测模型

针对光电经纬仪室内检测作用距离问题,提出光电经纬仪作用距离指标的室内检测模型。从对目标进行跟踪捕获的实际工作过程中的4个边界点出发,检测光电经纬仪的目标对比度指标,并在此基础上结合天气条件参数对作用距离进行估算。由实验结果可知,该光电经纬仪目标对比度范围为5%~13%;在北纬45,7月,白天的无云无雨天气条件下,作用距离为30.105 km,与实际外场跟飞结果相比,误差约为1 km。该方法适用于跟踪天空背景下的目标时的作用距离估算。     

水下移动平台网络化协同探测技术发展*

在水下网络中心战（UWNCW）思想的指引下，UUV、鱼雷兵器等水下移动平台网络化协同探测是必然的发展趋势。本文阐述了协同探测网络拓扑结构、网络节点空时统一的关键问题；针对水声复杂信道给通信组网带来的困难，给出了协同探测网络中时变信道自适应复合调制、信道自适应接入机制和移动通信同步的初步方案；并探讨了协同探测的一些关键问题和应用策略，包括跨平台传感器的信息融合、尺度目标的方位分布特征提取以及鱼雷自导多目标协同跟踪。提供的一些计算机仿真结果初步显示了网络化协同探测的优越性。     

激光主动照明光学系统设计

为提高跟踪测量系统对暗弱目标的探测能力,设计一套自动化激光主动照明光学系统,对跟踪测量视场范围进行主动辅助照明。该系统在0.2~5 km距离处的照明直径均为10 m,计算出其在-20℃及+45℃的温度调焦量,照明仿真结果表明系统照明不均匀性15%。通过研究系统像差对照明均匀性的影响,以及对设计的调光组进行分析,得到调光组移动量与照明距离之间的理论关系,表明自动调节调光组位置即可实现不同照明距离处的均匀照明。设计和分析结果表明,该主动照明系统能够自动调节调光组位置,实现跟踪测量视场内的均匀照明,有利于跟踪测量系统对于暗弱目标的探测。     

Laser Radar range optimization for detecting and tracking Airborne cooperative targets

A high resolution Nd-YAG pulsed Laser Radar LIDAR system is proposed for detecting and tracking Airborne cooperative retro-reflector carrying targets against noise, clutter and back-scatter sources. A previous range computation method is improved and new possibilities of coherent heterodyne detection and phase conjugate elements are discussed.The presented analysis and computation method has proved to be valuable in the feasibility and design stages of operation LIDAR detection and tracking systems.     

The effect of temporal separation of two Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes and variation of time bin widths on detection probabilities in LADAR system using two Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes

In this paper, the effect of temporal separation of two Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes and the variation of time bin widths on detection probabilities in LADAR system using two Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes (GmAPDs) was investigated. The system is implemented by using two GmAPDs with a beam splitter and applying comparative process to their ends. Then, the timing circuitry receives the electrical signals only if each GmAPD generates the electrical signals simultaneously. Although this system decreases the energy of a laser-return pulse scattered from the target, it is highly effective in reducing the false alarm probability because of the randomly distributed noise on the time domain. The temporal separation of two GmAPDs and the variation of the time bin widths result in the variation of detection probabilities. The experiments were performed to verify the effect of temporal separation of two GmAPDs and the variation of time bin widths on the detection probability in the LADAR system. As a result, the optimal temporal difference and the optimal time bin width were. Using these optimal values, a clear 3D image could be obtained by the simple acquisition of the raw time-of-flight data with high SNR.     

基于合作目标的激光水下定位

为了准确获取水下运动目标的运动轨迹,提高测量的数据率,提出了一种基于合作目标的激光水下定位方法。通过在被测目标上加装合作目标,利用合作目标的全反射特性,实现了脉冲式激光水下测角与测距的功能。介绍了激光水下定位的方法和系统组成,给出了水下定位的数学模型及测量结果。模拟实验结果表明,该方法具有一定的工程应用价值。最后,结合工程应用,对激光水下定位需要解决的一些实际问题进行了分析。      

System feasibility study of a microwave/millimeter-wave radar for space debris tracking

A 35 GHz millimeter-wave radar system has been studied for space debris tracking. The objective is to track the particles ranging in size from 4 mm to 80 mm up to a range of 25 km. The system requires various state-of-the-art technologies including phased arrays, monopulse tracking, pulse compression, high power transmitters, low noise receivers, and pulse integration signal processing techniques.     

Capability of Raman lidar for monitoring the variation of atmospheric CO2 profile

Lidar (Light detection and ranging) has special capabilities for remote sensing of many different behaviours of the atmosphere. One of the techniques which show a great deal of promise for several applications is Raman scattering. The detecting capability, including maximum operation range and minimum detectable gas concentration is one of the most significant parameters for lidar remote sensing of pollutants. In this paper, based on the new method for evaluating the capabilities of a Raman lidar system, we present an evaluation of detecting capability of Raman lidar for monitoring atmospheric CO$_{2}$ in Hefei. Numerical simulations about the influence of atmospheric conditions on lidar detecting capability were carried out, and a conclusion can be drawn that the maximum difference of the operation ranges caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 0.4 to 0.5km with a measuring precision within 30ppmv. The range of minimum detectable concentration caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 20 to 35 ppmv in vertical direction for 20000 shots at a distance of 1 km on the assumption that other parameters are kept constant. The other corresponding parameters under different conditions are also given. The capability of Raman lidar operated in vertical direction was found to be superior to that operated in horizontal direction. During practical measurement with the Raman lidar whose hardware components were fixed, aerosol scattering extinction effect would be a significant factor that influenced the capability of Raman lidar. This work may be a valuable reference for lidar system designing, measurement accuracy improving and data processing.     

单矢量水听器加窗直方图算法目标探测性能分析*

单个矢量水听器直方图算法具有良好的鲁棒性和目标方位估计性能,该文对直方图算法目标探测性能进行了分析和总结,并提出了一种基于目标方位估计的水中目标自主探测与跟踪算法,该算法可实现水中目标有无自主检测。仿真和消声水池测试结果表明,直方图算法实现目标自主跟踪所要求的信噪比需大于-7 dB,此时测向误差约为8°,-3 dB方位谱宽度在20°左右。海上试验数据分析表明,直方图算法对航速8.4 kn的水面航船在距离13.8 km范围内,可实现全程目标探测和跟踪,测向误差最优可达5?,在距离2 km时-3 dB方位谱宽度可达10°左右。     

Detection of Blainville’s beaked whales with towed arrays

The detection performance of a towed hydrophone array for deep-diving species is quantified by comparing detections of echolocation clicks from foraging groups of Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) from the TNO Delphinus array to detections from bottom-mounted hydrophones at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the Bahamas. A beaked whale group detection probability of 40% is obtained at close ranges (R < 2000 m) with the Delphinus towed array, and a maximum detection range of 5000 m is measured. The detection function can be explained by models, when taking into account the range in rms source levels (200-220 dB re 1 μPa² m²), and the high system noise levels during the experiment. The model results suggest that detection ranges up to about 7 km are possible under favourable conditions, and demonstrate the effectiveness of using towed arrays to monitor deep-diving species, such as beaked whales.     

Experimental assessment of a multicarrier underwater acoustic communication system

This paper presents a multicarrier communication system which transmits information on independent subcarriers to achieve an increased data rate. For this system, a passive-phase conjugation (PPC) based receiver structure is assessed by processing data collected in sea trials. Based on temporal diversity (pulse compression) exploited by PPC processing, an adaptive multichannel decision feedback equalizer is used to remove intersymbol interference, where spatial diversity is exploited by adaptive multichannel combination. The digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) technique is implemented for carrier-phase tracking. In the scenario of low input signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), the receiver structure achieved superior performance using a common DPLL. In a depth-fluctuated environment, two sea experiments were conducted over ranges of 2 km and 4 km, respectively, and this communication system was assessed with a data rate of 4 kbps. In terms of mean square error, output SNR and bit error rate, this receiver structure has demonstrated its performance for the multicarrier communication system.     

低轨微小卫星及小碎片搜索/跟踪机动式大视场光电望远镜

有效反射面积小,运动速度快的空间低轨卫星和小碎片的日益增多对现有地基探测跟踪技术提出了挑战。本文分析了国外现有低轨小目标光电探测技术的发展现状,结合低轨小目标的探测需求,提出了一种用于低轨微小卫星及小碎片搜索/跟踪探测的机动式车载大视场光电望远镜设计方案。介绍了该望远镜的光学系统、跟踪架及载车,描述了它的工作模式和图像处理,讨论了系统的搜索和探测能力。结果表明,该望远镜对300 km轨道高度的目标搜索能力达到13.5星等（相当于直径5 cm目标）,可以满足搜索和跟踪低轨微小卫星及小碎片探测的实际需求。