甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰的传播特性

为揭示甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰的传播机理,利用气粉两相混合爆炸实验系统,在低于甲烷爆炸下限条件下,采用高速摄影机记录火焰传播图像,通过热电偶采集火焰温度,研究了煤尘种类以及甲烷体积分数对甲烷/煤尘复合火焰传播特性的影响。结果表明:挥发分是衡量煤尘燃烧特性的主导因素;随着煤尘挥发分的升高,燃烧反应增强,火焰传播速度升高,火焰温度升高;挥发分含量差异较小时,水分含量越低,燃烧反应越剧烈;在相同条件下,焦煤的燃烧反应强度最高,其次为长焰煤,最后为褐煤;随着甲烷体积分数的增加,煤尘颗粒的燃烧可由释放挥发分的扩散燃烧转变为气相预混燃烧,燃烧反应增强,火焰传播速度和火焰温度显著升高;热辐射和热对流作用促进煤尘颗粒热解,释放挥发分进行燃烧反应,维持复合火焰的持续传播;随着混合体系中甲烷体积分数的增加,混合爆炸机制由粉尘驱动型爆炸转为气体驱动型爆炸,燃烧反应增强;甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰可由未燃区、预热区、气相燃烧区、多相燃烧区和焦炭燃烧区5部分组成,湍流扰动导致燃烧介质空间分布存在差异,使得燃烧区无规则交错分布。     

连续圆孔障碍物对油气泄压爆炸火焰特性影响大涡模拟

采用WALE模型和Zimont预混火焰模型对内置圆孔障碍物油气泄压爆炸火焰特性进行了大涡模拟,并将大涡模拟计算结果和RNG k-ε湍流模型计算结果以及实验结果进行对比分析,验证了大涡模拟的精确性。结果表明：（1）大涡模拟在预测油气爆炸超压、火焰传播速度以及火焰形态变化等方面比RNG k-ε湍流模型精确度更高,且能表现出更多流场的精细化结构;（2）障碍物诱导管道内形成湍流度较高的流场区域,导致火焰产生褶皱弯曲变形,增大火焰面积,加速火焰传播;（3）爆炸超压、火焰传播速度和火焰面积内在联系密切,具有显著的耦合性,且随时间的变化趋势存在高度的一致性。

     

Experimental investigation of flame/solid interactions in turbulent premixed combustion

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the interaction between propagating turbulent premixed flames and solid obstacles. The experimental rig was configured specifically to allow detailed measurements with laser-based optical diagnostics. A wall-type solid obstacle was mounted inside a laboratory-scale combustion chamber with rectangular cross-section. The flame was initiated, by igniting a combustible mixture of methane in air at the center of the closed end of the combustion chamber. The flame front development was visualized by a high-speed (9000 frame/s) digital video camera and flame images were synchronized with ignition timing and chamber pressure data. The tests were carried out with lean, stoichiometric and rich mixtures of methane in air. The images were used to calculate highly resolved temporal and spatial data for the changes in flame shape, speed, and the length of the flame front. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of mixture equivalence ratio on the flame structure and resulting overpressure. The reported data revealed significant changes in flame structure as a result of the interaction between the propagating flame front and the transient recirculating flow formed behind the solid obstacle. Combustion images show that the flame accelerates and decelerates as it impinges on the obstacle wall boundaries. It is also found that the mixture concentrations have a significant influence on the nature of the flame/solid interactions and the resulting overpressure. The highest flame speed of 40 m/s was obtained with the unity fuel–air equivalence ratio. Burning of trapped mixture behind the solid obstruction was found to be highly correlated with the flame front length and the rate of pressure rise.     

Experimental research on flame spectra of methane-coal dust explosions

The significance of experimental research on flame spectra of methane-coal dust explosions is explained. Weak explosions of methane-coal dust-air mixtures were carried out in a large-scale tube of Ø 200 cm×2900cm with one end open, and the absolute radiation intensities as well as their variation under different conditions for characteristic wavelengths of 0.8875, 1.000, 1.505, 2.801, and 4.346μm were obtained by using small angle of view and a multichannel detector developed by us. The experimental results are discussed and compared with those published abroad. Based on the absolute radiation intensity measured at wavelength 4.346μm and the selected blackbody radiation model, the temperature of explosion flame was determined. The results obtained are not only of great practical importance to the industry but may also be used in the study of flame and chemical kinetics.     

Numerical simulation of shock wave interaction with a water column

The paper describes a scheme which is based on the CIP scheme and modified to properly describe a gas/liquid interface without smearing the density jump across the interface. This was achieved by calculating the density separately for each phase. The density at each grid point was determined by using a density function in a similar fashion as CIP. As a result a sharp density gradient was obtainable throughout the flow field and the scheme could handle properly gas/liquid interfaces having a large density ratio. Shock wave interaction with a cylindrical water column was simulated. The numerical results were compared with appropriate interferograms. Good agreement was found between the two. The results obtained for the cylindrical water column were compared with a similar solid cylinder case. The comparison reveled that even 40 s after shock impingement some differences were found between a liquid column and the solid cylinder. Received 11 July 2000 / Accepted 28 March 2001     

爆炸压力积聚工况下石松子粉尘爆炸火焰传播特性

搭建了一套兼具承压和可视性能粉尘爆炸实验平台,在压力积聚工况下实验研究了石松子粉尘爆炸火焰传播特性。实验结果表明:压力积聚工况下的石松子粉尘爆炸火焰呈现空间离散的束状结构,火焰锋面呈齿状。随着粉尘浓度的提升,火焰连续性增强,锋面趋于平滑,亮度增加,并在750g/m^3达到最佳。不同浓度条件下的石松子粉尘爆炸火焰在传播过程中均呈现明显的速度脉动特征,但脉动频率随粉尘浓度的增大而减小。爆炸火焰平均传播速度随粉尘浓度的增大先增大后减小,并在750g/m^3达到最高。不同浓度条件下的石松子粉尘爆炸火焰前期传播速度均高于后期传播速度。     

方管内汽油-空气混合气体密闭爆炸和泄爆特性研究

为研究汽油-空气混合气体密闭爆炸和泄爆特性,采用可视化方管进行了两种爆炸模式实验研究,并基于壁面自适应局部涡黏(wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity,WALE)模型和Zimont预混火焰模型进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明：（1）泄爆工况超压-时序曲线峰值数量多于密闭爆炸工况,且泄爆工况超压-时序曲线存在剧烈的类似简谐振动的振荡,而密闭爆炸工况的爆炸超压特征参数显著高于泄爆工况;（2）密闭爆炸工况最大火焰传播速度明显小于泄爆工况,但前者在火焰传播初期即达到最大值,而后者在火焰传播末期才达到最大值;（3）密闭爆炸工况出现郁金香形火焰,而泄爆工况出现蘑菇形火焰,郁金香火焰的形成与管道内火焰锋面、流场和流场动压三者之间耦合效应相关,蘑菇形火焰由外部流场湍流和斜压效应的共同作用引起。

     

Numerical simulation of compressible plane jets

Two- and three-dimensional spatial direct numerical simulations of a compressible plane jet exhausting into a parallel stream are described. These simulations reveal the inadequacy of a two-dimensional model in capturing the totality of the flow physics. In two dimensions, instabilities evolve into highly organized large-scale mixing events; two-dimensional time-averaged turbulence quantities also suffer from artificial vortex organization. Mean normal velocity profiles show a significant reduction in entrainment with increased compressibility, while the effect is much less pronounced in three dimensions. While streamwise and spanwise turbulence intensities exhibit no change with increased compressibility, normal intensity and shear stress are significantly reduced.     

Numerical simulation of swirling flow in diffusers

A reduced form of Navier–Stokes equations is developed which does not have the usual minimum axial step size restriction. The equations are able to predict accurately turbulent swirling flow in diffusers. An efficient single sweep implicit scheme is developed in conjunction with a variable grid size domain-conforming co-ordinate system. The present scheme indicates good agreement with experimental results for (1) turbulent pipe flow, (2) turbulent diffuser flow, (3) turbulent swirling diffuser flow. The strong coupling between the swirl and the axial velocity profiles outside of the boundary layer region is demonstrated.     

Numerical simulation of turbulent free-surface flow in curved channel

This paper presents first results of numerical simulation of turbulent free-surface flow. Simple implementation of surface capturing method is based on the variable density approach. The flow is treated as if there is only one fluid, but with variable material properties (density, viscosity). The switch in these values is done by a function resulting from the mass conservation principle. This approach simplifies the implementation of turbulence model. In this case the SST k−ω model was chosen in modification given by Hellsten.Numerical solution was carried out by finite-volume method with explicit Runge-Kutta time-integration. The artificial compressibility method was used for time-marching search for steady state solution. The whole model was tested on horizontally placed square-sectioned 90^∘ bend, which was partially filled by the water. The main goal of this study was to demonstrate the applicability of this model and solution method for capturing the water-air interface as well as for predicting the turbulent effects in both fluids.     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of drops suspended in simple shear flow at finite Reynolds numbers

A three-dimensional study of suspension of drops in simple shear flow has been performed at finite Reynolds numbers. Results are obtained using a finite difference/front tracking method in a periodic domain. The effects of the Reynolds number and the Capillary number are addressed at two volume fractions: 0.195 and 0.34. It is observed that suspensions of deformable drops exhibit a shear-thinning behavior. Similar to the motion of a single drop, drops migrate away from the walls. The effective viscosity, the first and the second normal stress differences oscillate around a mean value in all cases. The first normal stress difference increases with the Capillary number, the Reynolds number and the volume fraction. Results show that drops deform more and orient more in the flow direction as the Capillary number or the volume fraction is increased. Also, the average size of clusters is smaller than for suspension of rigid particles. The radial dependence of the pair distribution function across the channel has been studied. This dependency shows that the tendency to form clusters is reduced as the Capillary number increases or the volume fraction decreases.     

Energy spectra and bubble velocity distributions in pseudo-turbulence: Numerical simulations vs. experiments

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to study the behavior of a swarm of rising air bubbles in water, employing the front tracking method, which allows to handle finite-size bubbles. The swarms consist of monodisperse deformable 4 mm bubbles with a gas fraction of 5% and 15%. This paper focuses on the comparison of the liquid energy spectra and bubble velocity probability density functions (PDFs) with experimental data obtained by phase-sensitive constant-temperature anemometry (CTA) and three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (PTV), respectively.     

Three-dimensional simulation of a dust lifting process with varying parameters

This article presents modelling considerations and simulation results for a dust lifting process in a three-dimensional domain. The Eulerian–Lagrangian modelling technique is used. Multiple simulations with different values for the number of particles were performed. The results of the simulations are shown as snapshots of particle position at certain points in time after the passage of a shock wave. Statistical data for the particle positions and collisions are presented. These are: the average height of the particles, the mean square displacement of the particles and the cumulative number of recorded collisions plotted as functions of time. The particle averaged kinetic energy and the mechanical energy lost by particles during collisions are recorded as functions of time in order to study the motion of particles. The results show that simulations of an increasing number of particles render a less intense lifting effect and, more importantly, that the inter-particle and particle–wall collisions represent essential phenomena and need to be included in this type of model. Also, a comparison between two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations was performed. It was found that, although 2D simulations are still useful, they overestimate the lifting process and therefore a 3D model is preferable. The influence of the magnitude of the restitution and friction coefficients on the process was also studied.     

煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰的传播特性

为了揭示煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰传播特征,采用2种不同质量分数挥发分的煤粉在半封闭竖直燃烧管中进行实验。分别使用高速摄影装置和红外热成像装置记录火焰传播过程和空间的温度分布情况,并分析2种煤粉尘云的火焰传播速度和温度曲线。结果表明:在同等条件下,火焰在挥发分质量分数高的煤粉尘云中的传播速度和火焰温度要高于其在挥发分质量分数较低的煤粉尘云中的。煤粉尘云的体积质量和点火能量也影响着火焰的传播过程,随着煤粉尘云体积质量的增大,火焰的传播速度和火焰温度整体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在传播的后半段火焰速度出现震荡现象;随着点火能量的增大,火焰在煤粉尘云中的传播速度和最高温度也相应升高。通过大量的实验数据计算得到特定条件下火焰传播速度和温度的经验公式。     

不同当量强爆炸早期火球现象的数值模拟

采用一维球对称辐射流体力学方程组,研究了不同当量强爆炸早期火球阵面、冲击波的形成发展过程,对计算结果进行了相似律分析。结果表明,随爆炸当量增加,火球阵面、冲击波扩张速度加快,火球扩张过渡阶段开始结束位置及持续范围增加,火球中心温度下降变慢;在火球阵面以冲击波扩张传播以后,火球阵面参量满足立方根相似律。     

爆轰波管中铝粉尘爆轰的数值模拟

用两相流模型对爆轰波管中的铝粉尘的爆轰波进行了研究。模型考虑了气体和颗粒两相间速度和温度的不同及由于管壁引起的对流热传导和粘性引起的耗散,考虑了由于铝颗粒表面粗糙使得表面积增加的因素。铝颗粒的点火判据使用了新的判据,即铝颗粒在激波后的气流中温度达到铝的熔点且铝全部熔化即被点火。数值模拟了内径为15.2cm的爆轰波管中铝粉尘中爆轰波的传播和发展,得到了爆轰波速度及铝颗粒点火距离,还得到了爆轰流场中物理量的分布。从前导激波面到CJ面处,两相间的速度和温度有明显的差别。还考虑了粒子由于粗糙引起的表面积增加对爆轰波的影响,这个因素对铝颗粒的点火距离的影响较大,对这里计算的铝粉尘爆轰波的速度基本没有影响。结果表明,两相流模型可以较好地描述铝粉尘的爆轰过程,得到具有很粗糙表面、平均粒子直径为3.4m的铝粉尘浓度为304g/m3时爆轰波的速度为1.63km/s,点火距离为3mm,与实验值符合较好。     

悬浮RDX炸药和铝颗粒混合粉尘爆轰的数值模拟

采用两相流方法对炸药颗粒直径为20.0 m时与铝颗粒混合物的爆轰波的发展与传播过程及爆轰波参数进行了数值计算。结果表明,在炸药粉尘中加入铝颗粒,可以大大提高爆轰波参数。当铝颗粒直径为3.4 m时,尽管铝颗粒的直径较炸药颗粒直径小,但由于炸药颗粒的点火温度低,二者的点火时间相差不多。如果铝颗粒的直径为7.0 m,由于铝颗粒的点火滞后于炸药颗粒的点火,混合颗粒粉尘中可能形成双波阵面的爆轰波。     

Numerical investigation on dynamic characteristics of flow field in cyclone separators with different dust hopper structures

The dynamic characteristics of flow field in cyclone separators with different dust hopper structures were studied by coupling Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) and Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) methods. The characteristic frequencies of cylinder section, cone section and dust hopper were calculated as f₁ = 53 Hz, f₂ = 65 Hz, and f₃ = 8 Hz by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method, respectively. Based on the effects of f₃ on the motion of vortex, the separated space was divided into none affected region, weakly affected region, and strongly affected region. The characteristic frequency of dust hopper increased with the decrease of dust hopper diameter, while it was independent of the height. The dust hopper with d = 1.5D (model D3) and h = 1.5D (model H3) can significantly decrease the effect of back-mixing on the motion of inner vortex, which is beneficial to improve the efficiency of cyclone separator.     

惰化剂粒径对铝粉火焰传播特性影响的实验研究

为探索惰化剂粒径对可燃工业粉尘火焰传播特性的影响,通过建立竖直粉尘燃烧管道实验平台,在碳酸氢钠质量分数为30%的惰化条件下,就碳酸氢钠粒径对铝粉燃烧火焰传播特性的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明:平均粒径为30 μm的碳酸氢钠粉体对平均粒径为15 μm的铝粉的火焰传播速度具有较好的抑制作用,惰性粉体与可燃工业粉尘应存在粒度匹配效应;碳酸氢钠粉体对铝粉火焰温度的惰化抑制效果与其粒径呈反比关系;碳酸氢钠粉体会减小铝粉火焰预热区厚度,预热区厚度随碳酸氢钠粒径的增加先减小后增大。此外,分析了碳酸氢钠粒径对铝粉火焰传播特性影响的作用机理。     

Numerical simulation of storm surges in Bangladesh using a multi-level model

A comparative study with a vertically integrated model and the multi-level model has shown that the former can remain a good substitute for the latter in the prediction of sea-surface elevation as long as the bottom friction coefficients in the vertically integrated models are properly specified.