磁耦合式双稳态宽频压电俘能器的设计和俘能特性

为了同时提高振动能量俘获系统的效率和实用性, 俘能器主结构的振动特性与环境振动特性的匹配度显得尤为重要. 非线性系统复杂的动力学行为为设计高效的俘能器奠定了基础, 但结构一旦被设计、生成出来, 其工作频率往往是固定的, 无法根据环境中的振动而发生相应的改变. 本文利用可移动铰支座和非线性磁力设计了一种具有双稳态特性的宽频压电俘能器, 通过拓宽压电俘能器的工作频带, 来匹配环境中较宽的振动频率. 为了保证系统低频宽带的俘能效果, 详细分析了结构的长度比、磁间距、负载阻抗、外激励频率和幅值等对系统线性刚度、非线性刚度以及动力学行为的影响, 并进行了实验验证. 首先将系统简化为欧拉-伯努力梁, 利用拉格朗日方程建立系统的非线性动力学方程, 并利用谐波平衡法进行求解. 针对理论分析给出的不同外激励频率下的最优长度比, 搭建了实验平台进行验证. 理论和实验的结果表明: 非线性磁力的引入使系统呈现负刚度特性, 使俘能器能够在单稳态和双稳态之间的变换, 实现低频俘能效果; 通过调节可移动铰支座的位置, 改变系统的长细比, 能够实现从0到16 Hz的宽频俘能效果.      

逆压电效应对双稳态压电俘能器的性能影响研究

为了研究逆压电效应对压电俘能效果的具体影响,本文首先分析了双稳态压电俘能器的分布参数型能量表达式,然后应用广义Hamilton变分原理推导了该俘能系统的动力学方程,最后采用谐波平衡法获得了动力响应解析解。通过对比不同激励频率下的数值仿真结果,讨论了逆压电效应对俘能系统动力响应的影响规律。结果表明,逆压电效应在不同工况下对俘能效果的影响并非单纯起抑制作用,在一定激励强度的高频激励下,逆压电效应对俘能效果的影响起增强作用;弱强度激励下的俘能效果则全程受到抑制作用。     

矿用压电俘能器建模与俘能特性研究

采煤机的无线监测节点存在供电难问题,采用压电俘能器将振动能转化为电能可为其供电,研究俘能特性具有重要科学意义.采用实验与数据拟合方法建立恢复力模型,磁化电流法建立磁力模型,拉格朗日函数建立动力学模型, RecurDyn提取滚筒、摇臂的截割方向加速度,龙格库塔法求解动力学模型,分析在不同磁距的俘能特性,并开展实验研究.结果表明:受到前滚筒、后滚筒、前摇臂和后摇臂的截割方向加速度,在俘能特性较好的磁距时,电压依次减小且均随煤层硬度的增大而增大,截割f4煤层时,磁距分别为12 mm, 16 mm, 12 mm和12 mm的俘能特性较好,电压有效值分别为5.107 V, 4.224 V, 0.998 V和0.882 V,截割f6煤层时,磁距均为16 mm的俘能特性较好,电压有效值分别为7.298 V, 6.747 V, 1.592 V和1.397 V,加入磁力可以加大电压.实验研究发现,受到截割f4和f6煤层的前滚筒截割方向加速度,在俘能特性较好的磁距时,电压随煤层硬度的增大而增大,磁距分别为12 mm和16 mm的俘能特性较好,电压有效值分别为3.340 V和4.959 V,加入磁力可以加大...     

基于非线性谐振电路的双稳态俘能器的俘能与动力学特性研究

双稳态俘能器可实现宽频和高效的俘能效果.目前的研究主要在双稳态结构中接入单一电阻电路进行俘能.本文将非线性RLC (电阻-电感-电容)谐振电路引入到三弹簧式双稳态结构中,构建两自由度非线性系统,以实现俘能特性的提升.设计永磁体与线圈的构型,获得了非线性机电耦合系数.推导并得到了两自由度非线性俘能器的控制方程.利用谐波平衡法推导得到了系统的电流与位移的频率响应关系.基于雅可比矩阵对解的稳定性进行了判别.将解析解与数值解进行了对比验证.结果表明,在双稳态俘能器中引入非线性二阶谐振电路不仅有利于低频俘能,还可进一步提升俘能响应,拓宽俘能带宽.相同的电路参数下,与线性电路相比非线性电路可通过电流的倍频现象实现结构更低频率的能量俘获.减小谐振电路与双稳态结构共振频率之比,增加基础激励幅值,减小静平衡点之间的距离均可提升俘能器的俘能效果.通过调控谐振电路与双稳态共振频率之比和基础激励幅值等参数,可实现系统单倍周期响应、多倍周期响应及混沌响应之间的切换.     

附磁压电悬臂梁流致振动俘能特性分析

流致振动蕴含巨大的能量, 本文基于流致振动理论,设计了一种附加磁力激励的压电悬臂梁流致振动俘能器,并通过理论和实验研究其振动俘能特性.该俘能器由压电悬臂梁、圆柱绕流体和磁铁组成;首先基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论,推导了流致振动附磁压电俘能器的能量函数,利用Hamilton原理建立了流致振动附磁压电俘能器的机电耦合方程;利用数值方法研究详细分析了流速、圆柱绕流体直径和长度、磁间距、磁极和外接电阻等系统参数对压电俘能器振动特性和输出电压的影响.分析结果表明, 该型压电俘能器的振动幅值在低流速条件下产生涡激振动,并产生最大的输出电压;磁力可以降低压电俘能器的共振频率并能够拓宽压电俘能器频带带宽,因此,附磁压电俘能器具有相比没有附磁的压电俘能器更适用于低速层流环境;实验结果与数值结果吻合较好,验证了附磁压电悬臂梁流致振动俘能器的理论分析的正确性.      

低频螺旋状压电俘能器结构性能分析

利用螺旋状双晶片压电梁式俘能器可以有效地从低频工作环境中提取能量.由于这种俘能结构振动中存在弯曲振动和伸缩振动两种模态,确定俘能器的最优工作模态非常重要,这样外载作用型式(即面内受载还是面外受载)对俘能器的影响较大.数值结果表明:外激励方向不同时,最大输出功率密度出现在不同阶数的固有频率处,并且最大输出功率密度的大小也显著不同,面内加载方式明显优于面外加载方式.最后还详细讨论了储能电路的阻抗,自由端悬挂的集中质量对俘能器性能的影响规律.     

附磁阶梯变厚度悬臂梁压电俘能器的理论建模及分析

论文建立了一种附磁阶梯变厚度压电悬臂梁的动力学模型并分析了系统的俘能特性。基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论分段建立系统能量函数并引入非线性磁势能,利用Lagrange方程建立了系统机电耦合动力学方程;利用数值方法分析了磁间距对系统振动特性的影响,此外还研究了系统单稳态和双稳态响应,探讨了厚度比、长度比、磁间距和外激励幅值对系统动力学响应和俘能特性的影响。结果表明,磁间距是影响系统势能的主要因素,调节磁间距可使系统产生单稳态和双稳态响应,从而有效提高俘能器俘能特性;与传统等截面悬臂梁压电俘能器相比,通过优化结构参数,附磁阶梯变厚度悬臂梁压电俘能器能够发生明显的非线性振动现象,实现宽频带振动能量采集。     

线形?拱形组合梁式三稳态压电俘能器动力学特性研究

利用振动能量俘获技术将设备工况振动能转化为电能, 为实现煤矿井下无线监测节点自供电提供了新的思路. 通过引入非线性磁力设计了一种线形?拱形组合梁式三稳态压电俘能器, 分析了磁铁水平间距、垂直间距和激励加速度对动力学特性的影响规律. 利用磁偶极子法建立磁力模型, 通过实验测量线形?拱形组合梁的恢复力, 并采用多项式拟合得到恢复力模型, 基于欧拉?伯努利梁理论和拉格朗日方程建立系统的动力学模型, 从时域角度仿真分析了磁铁水平间距、垂直间距和激励加速度对系统动力学特性的影响规律. 研制线形?拱形组合梁式三稳态压电俘能器样机并搭建实验平台进行实验研究, 通过采集组合梁末端响应速度数据, 验证了理论分析的正确性. 研究表明: 引入非线性磁场能够使系统势能呈现单势阱、双势阱或三势阱, 激励一定时, 调整磁铁水平间距和垂直间距能够使系统实现单稳态、双稳态或三稳态运动, 且在三稳态运动时响应位移较大, 增大激励水平有利于系统越过势垒实现大幅响应. 研究为线形?拱形组合梁式三稳态压电俘能器的设计提供了理论指导.      

曲梁压电俘能器强迫振动的格林函数解

本文运用格林函数法求解了曲梁压电俘能器在强迫振动下的解析解.运用微分法分析了压电层合曲梁结构面内各内力,根据曲梁压电 俘能器的动力学方程组,基于压电本构关系,建立了包含径向阻尼但不考虑俘能器曲梁结构部分的轴向力以及轴向惯性项的Prescott力 电耦合模型. 采用Laplace变换法求得了耦合振动方程的格林函数解.根据叠加原理和格林函数的物理意义,对耦合的系统方程解耦进而 求得强迫振动下曲梁压电俘能器的输出电压. 数值计算中,通过与现有文献的解析解进行对比,验证了本文解析解的有效性,并研究了阻 尼、电阻等重要物理参数对压电函数和谐振频率的影响.通过与有关传统直梁压电俘能器研究成果的对比,体现了曲梁压 电俘能器Prescott模型的高效集能特性. 数值分析研究表明:(1)使得曲梁俘能器达到最大输出电压时连接的最优负载电 阻为1 M$\Omega$;(2)通过更换适当的基底材料,降低材料的弹性模量,可以改变曲梁俘能器的高基频现象,以使结构适应 更复杂的工作环境,但这会导致俘能器的工作效率降低.      

具有弹性放大器的双稳态压电俘能器建模及参数影响分析

利用广义Hamilton变分原理,建立了具有弹性放大器的双稳态压电俘能系统BPH+EM的动力学方程。考虑谐波激励,采用调和平衡法获得了BPH+EM系统的位移、输出电压和功率的解析解。利用求得的解析解,讨论了BPH+EM系统扩大能量俘获的频率范围和提高能量俘获效率的机理,研究了弹性放大器的刚度质量比对BPH+EM系统的动力性能影响规律。当弹性放大器的刚度质量比趋于无限大时,具有弹性放大器的双稳态压电俘能系统退化为双稳态压电俘能系统BPH。弹性放大器的刚度质量比趋于0但不等于0时,BPH+EM的俘能效率低于BPH。结果表明,在合适的刚度质量比范围内,BPH+EM的俘能效率显著优于BPH。研究结果为BPH+EM系统的优化设计提供了理论指导。     

Recent advancement of flow-induced piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting techniques: principles,structures, and nonlinear designs

Energy harvesting induced from flowing fluids (e.g., air and water flows) is a well-known process, which can be regarded as a sustainable and renewable energy source. In addition to traditional high-efficiency devices (e.g., turbines and watermills), the micro-power extracting technologies based on the flow-induced vibration (FIV) effect have sparked great concerns by virtue of their prospective applications as a self-power source for the microelectronic devices in recent years. This article aims to conduct a comprehensive review for the FIV working principle and their potential applications for energy harvesting. First, various classifications of the FIV effect for energy harvesting are briefly introduced, such as vortex-induced vibration (VIV), galloping, flutter, and wake-induced vibration (WIV). Next, the development of FIV energy harvesting techniques is reviewed to discuss the research works in the past three years. The application of hybrid FIV energy harvesting techniques that can enhance the harvesting performance is also presented. Furthermore, the nonlinear designs of FIV-based energy harvesters are reported in this study, e.g., multi-stability and limit-cycle oscillation (LCO) phenomena. Moreover, advanced FIV-based energy harvesting studies for fluid engineering applications are briefly mentioned. Finally, conclusions and future outlook are summarized.

     

A review of nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvesting interface circuits in discrete components

Piezoelectric energy harvesting is considered as an ideal power resource for low-power consumption gadgets in vibrational environments. The energy extraction efficiency depends highly on the interface circuit, and should be highly improved to meet the power requirements. The nonlinear interface circuits in discrete components have been extensively explored and developed with the advantages of easy implementation, stable operation, high efficiency, and low cost. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art progress of nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvesting interface circuits in discrete components. First, the working principles and the advantages/disadvantages of four classical interface circuits are described. Then, the improved circuits based on the four typical circuits and other types of circuits are introduced in detail, and the advantages/disadvantages, output power, efficiency, energy consumption, and practicability of these circuits are analyzed. Finally, the future development trends of nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvesting circuits, e.g., self-powered extraction, low-power consumption, and broadband characteristic, are predicted.

     

Performance enhancement of wing-based piezoaeroelastic energy harvesting through freeplay nonlinearity

We investigate experimentally how controlled freeplay nonlinearity affects harvesting energy from a wing-based piezoaeroelastic energy harvesting system. This system consisits of a rigid airfoil which is supported by a nonlinear torsional spring (freeplay) in the pitch degree of freedom and a linear flexural spring in the plunge degree of freedom. By attaching a piezoelectric material (PSI-5A4E) to the plunge degree of freedom, we can convert aeroelastic vibrations to electrical energy. The focus of this study is placed on the effects of the freeplay nonlinearity gap on the behavior of the harvester in terms of cut-in speed and level of harvested power. Although the freeplay nonlinearity may result in subcritical Hopf bifurcations (catastrophic for real aircrafts), harvesting energy at low wind speeds is beneficial for designing piezoaeroelastic systems. It is demonstrated that increasing the freeplay nonlinearity gap can decrease the cut-in speed through a subcritical instability and gives the possibility to harvest energy at low wind speeds. The results also demonstrate that an optimum value of the load resistance exists, at which the level of the harvested power is maximized.     

Enhanced galloping energy harvester with cooperative mode of vibration and collision

The low power and narrow speed range remain bottlenecks that constrain the application of small-scale wind energy harvesting. This paper proposes a simple, low-cost, and reliable method to address these critical issues. A galloping energy harvester with the cooperative mode of vibration and collision (GEH-VC) is presented. A pair of curved boundaries attached with functional materials are introduced, which not only improve the performance of the vibration energy harvesting system, but also convert more mechanical energy into electrical energy during collision. The beam deforms and the piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) generates electricity during the flow-induced vibration. In addition, the beam contacts and separates from the boundaries, and the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) generates electricity during the collision. In order to reduce the influence of the boundaries on the aerodynamic performance and the feasibility of increasing the working area of the TENG, a vertical structure is designed. When the wind speed is high, the curved boundaries maintain a stable amplitude of the vibration system and increase the frequency of the vibration system, thereby avoiding damage to the piezoelectric sheet and improving the electromechanical conversion efficiency, and the TENG works with the PEH to generate electricity. Since the boundaries can protect the PEH at high wind speeds, its stiffness can be designed to be low to start working at low wind speeds. The electromechanical coupling dynamic model is established according to the GEH-VC operating principle and is verified experimentally. The results show that the GEH-VC has a wide range of operating wind speeds, and the average power can be increased by 180% compared with the traditional galloping PEH. The GEH-VC prototype is demonstrated to power a commercial temperature sensor. This study provides a novel perspective on the design of hybrid electromechanical conversion mechanisms, that is, to combine and collaborate based on their respective characteristics.

     

Piezoelectric energy harvesting from morphing wing motions for micro air vehicles

Wing flapping and morphing can be very beneficial to managing the weight of micro air vehicles through coupling the aerodynamic forces with stability and control. In this letter, harvesting energy from the wing morphing is studied to power cameras, sensors, or communication devices of micro air vehicles and to aid in the management of their power. The aerodynamic loads on flapping wings are simulated using a three-dimensional unsteady vortex lattice method. Active wing shape morphing is considered to enhance the performance of the flapping motion. A gradient-based optimization algorithm is used to pinpoint the optimal kinematics maximizing the propellent efficiency. To benefit from the wing deformation, we place piezoelectric layers near the wing roots. Gauss law is used to estimate the electrical harvested power. We demonstrate that enough power can be generated to operate a camera. Numerical analysis shows the feasibility of exploiting wing morphing to harvest energy and improving the design and performance of micro air vehicles.     

Energy harvesting by two magnetopiezoelastic oscillators with mistuning

We examine an energy harvesting system of two magnetopiezoelastic oscillators coupled by electric circuit and driven by harmonic excitation. We focus on the effects of synchronization and escape from a single potential well. In the system with relative mistuning in the stiffness of the harvesting oscillators, we show the dependence of the voltage output for different excitation frequencies.     

Non-linear vibration of bimaterial magneto-elastic cantilever beam with thermal loading

Formulas and numerical results are studied for the transient vibration and dynamic instability of a bimaterial magneto-elastic cantilever beam which is subjected to alternating magnetic field and thermal loading. Materials are assumed isotropic, and the physical properties are assumed to have unique values in each layer. The governing equation of motion is derived by the extended Hamilton's principle, in which the damping factor, the electromagnetic force, the electromagnetic torque, and the thermal load are considered. The solution of thermal effect is obtained by superposing certain fundamental linear elastic stress states which are compatible with the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The axial stresses results are found to be in good agreement with some known numerical solutions. Using Galerkin's method, the equation of motion is reduced to a time-dependent Mathieu equation. The numerical results of the regions of dynamic instability are determined by the incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method, and the transient vibratory behaviors are presented by the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. The results show that the responses of the transient vibration and dynamic instability of the system are influenced by the magnetic field, the thickness ratio, the excitation frequency, but not by the temperature increase in this study.     

等效刚度对非线性压电俘能系统性能影响研究

基于Hamilton原理,考虑几何非线性和梁的不可伸长条件,建立了五层压电双晶片叠合梁俘能器在直接和参数激励作用下的运动微分方程。利用Galerkin法和谐波平衡法获得了俘能器的位移、输出电压和输出功率的解析解。引入随时间变化的扰动,提出了非线性方程解的稳定性条件。为了对压电俘能器的结构-性能关系进行综合分析,研究了被动层的配置形式、被动层与主动层的厚度比和弹性模量对压电俘能系统性能的影响。结果表明,在叠合梁厚度不变的情况下,采用五层的压电双晶片叠合结构,选择合理的被动层与主动层厚度比、被动层弹性模量、被动层厚度比和负载电阻,可以有效提高能量俘获的效率。     

Nonlinear energy harvesting from vibratory disc-shaped piezoelectric laminates

Implementing resonators with geometrical nonlinearities in vibrational energy harvesting systems leads to considerable enhancement of their operational bandwidths. This advantage of nonlinear devices in comparison to their linear counterparts is much more obvious especially at small-scale where transition to nonlinear regime of vibration occurs at moderately small amplitudes of the base excitation. In this paper the nonlinear behavior of a disc-shaped piezoelectric laminated harvester considering midplane-stretching effect is investigated. Extended Hamilton's principle is exploited to extract electromechanically coupled governing partial differential equations of the system. The equations are firstly order-reduced and then analytically solved implementing perturbation method of multiple scales. A nonlinear finite element method(FEM) simulation of the system is performed additionally for the purpose of verification which shows agreement with the analytical solution to a large extent. The frequency response of the output power at primary resonance of the harvester is calculated to investigate the effect of nonlinearity on the system performance. Effect of various parameters including mechanical quality factor, external load impedance and base excitation amplitude on the behavior of the system are studied. Findings indicate that in the nonlinear regime both output power and operational bandwidth of the harvester will be enhanced by increasing the mechanical quality factor which can be considered as a significant advantage in comparison to linear harvesters in which these two factors vary in opposite ways as quality factor is changed.