饱和土一维动力响应分析的弱式微分求积元法

基于伽辽金加权残值法，本文首先建立一维饱和土动力学控制微分方程的弱形式，而后分别采用微分求积法和有限元法将其空间坐标离散，得到以土体骨架位移、流体-土骨架相对位移和孔隙流体压力为自由度的单元离散方程，从而采用Crank-Nicolson 法求解．数值算例一方面通过与解析解的对比，验证了离散方程和数值程序的正确性．另一方面，通过地表位移和基底孔隙压力的收敛性分析，检验了求积元和有限元法的收敛效率．数值结果表明：所建立的弱式微分求积法在饱和土动力分析中不仅具有显著优于常规有限元法的收敛效率，而且还具有可变阶的收敛性能，为今后高效率分析提供了一种可能．     

饱和多孔介质大变形分析的一种有限元-有限体积混合方法

建立了饱和多孔介质大变形分析的一种有限元-有限体积混合计算方法.将饱和多孔介质视为由固体骨架和孔隙水组成的两相体,其基本方程包括动力平衡方程和渗流连续方程.基于u-p假定和更新的Lagrange方法,饱和多孔介质的动力平衡方程在空间域内采用有限元方法进行离散,而渗流连续方程在空阃域内则采用有限体积法进行离散.通过两个数值算例,一维有限弹性固结和动力荷载作用下堤坝动力响应的计算,验证了该方法的有效性.     

直角坐标下横观各向同性饱和半空间体动力响应问题的解析解

基于双重Fourier变换技术，成功求解了直角坐标系下，横观各向同性弹性饱和多孔介质的三维Biot动力方程，得到了以固体骨架位移分量和孔隙流体压力为基本未知量的积分形式一般解．进而，用一般解给出了饱和介质的总应力分量表达式。在此基础上，研究了在任意分布的表面竖向和水平谐振力作用下，横观各向同性饱和半空间体的动力响应问题。数值结果表明，采用各向同性饱和介质的动力学模型，不能准确描述具有明显各向异性特性的饱和土地基的动力性能。     

u-w方程的有限差分法分析饱和土的两个压缩波

给出了饱和土u-w方程的差分格式和稳定性条件。用此方法计算了两个不同的一维初边值问题：土柱受突加水压作用和土柱受突加位移作用，并用求导的方法解决了位移边界条件的输入。与理论解比较，证明了此方法结果在变化趋势和关键数值上的正确性。并讨论了渗透系数以及流体与土骨架压缩模量比对两类压缩波的影响。     

横观各向同性饱和层状地基的三维稳态动力响应

首先引入状态向量,将直角坐标系下横观各向同性饱和土的Biot波动方程转化为一组状态方程,然后基于双重Fourier变换,求解了状态方程,得到传递矩阵.进而利用传递矩阵,并结合饱和地基的边界条件、排水条件及层间接触和连续条件,求解了横观各向同性饱和层状地基的稳态动力响应问题.     

层状横观各向同性饱和土的非轴对称动力响应

通过方位角的Fourier变换,将圆柱坐标系下横观各向同性饱和土的Biot非轴对称波动方 程转化为一组一阶常微分方程组. 然后基于径向Hankel变换,建立问题的状态方程;求解状态方程后,得到传递矩阵. 进而利用传递矩阵,结合饱和层状地基的边界条件、排水条件及层间接触和连续条件,求解 了任意震源力作用下层状横观各向同性饱和地基频域动力响应问题. 时域解可通过频率的Fourier积分得到.     

横观各向同性饱和土中柱面载荷的动力Green函数

基于饱和介质的三维波动理论的Biot模型,利用Fourier展开和Hankel变换,并借助算子理论,给出了圆柱坐标系下横观各向同性饱和土波动方程的非轴对称通解;利用通解,建立了饱和土层及饱和半空间的精确动力刚度矩阵;借助刚度矩阵,给出层状横观各向同性饱和地基中,作用沿土层深度方向分布的竖向和水平柱面载荷时的动力Green函数,进而解决了利用间接边界元法分析桩-饱和土动力相互作用的关键问题.     

一维流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质层的动力响应

本文研究了不可压流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质层的一维动力响应问题。基于粘弹性理论和多孔介质理论,在流相和固相微观不可压、固相骨架服从粘弹性积分型本构关系和小变形的假定下,建立了不可压流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质层一维动力响应的数学模型,利用Laplace变换,求得了原初边值问题在变换空间中的解析解,并利用Laplace逆变换的Crump数值反演方法,得到原动力响应问题的数值解。数值研究了饱和标准线性粘弹性多孔介质层的动力响应,分析了固相位移、渗流速度、孔隙压力及固相有效应力等的响应特征。结果表明,与不可压流体饱和弹性多孔介质相同,不可压流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质中亦只存在一个纵波,并且固相骨架的粘性对动力行为有显著的影响。     

不可压饱和粘弹性多孔介质的变分原理及其无网格模拟

基于饱和多孔介质理论,在固相和液相微观不可压,固相骨架小变形且满足线性粘弹性积分型本构关系的假定下,建立了流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质动力响应的若干Gurtin型变分原理,包括Hu-Washizu变分原理.利用所建立的变分原理,导出了流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质动力响应无网格数值模拟的离散控制方程,此方程是一个关于时间的对称微分方程组,便于分析计算.作为数值例子,研究了流体饱和粘弹性多孔柱体的一维动力响应,数值结果揭示了流体饱和粘弹性多孔柱体中波的传播特性以及固相粘性的影响.     

饱和土地基在简谐荷载作用下的解析分析

基于多孔介质混合物理论,用解析的方法研究了不可压饱和土地基受到简谐荷载作用下的动力响应问题。利用Fourier积分变换求解耦合方程组,得到了二维饱和土介质在简谐荷载作用下的通解。针对表面透水的具有下卧基岩的饱和土层以及半无限饱和土地基的边界条件,获得了固体骨架位移、孔隙流体位移、固体骨架有效应力以及孔隙流体压力的积分形式解答,并通过数值算例分析了饱和土地基在简谐荷载作用下的响应。     

饱和两相介质动力固结问题时域求解的精细时程积分方法

针对u-p形式的饱和两相介质波动方程,采用精细时程积分方法计算固相位移u,采用向后差分算法求解流体压力p,建立了饱和两相介质动力固结问题时域求解的精细时程积分方法。针对标准算例,对该方法的计算精度进行了校核。开展了该方法相关算法特性的研究,对采用不同数值积分方法计算非齐次波动方程特解项计算精度的差异进行了对比研究,并对采用不同积分点数目的高斯积分法计算特解项条件下计算精度的差异进行了对比研究。研究结果表明,(1)该方法具有良好的计算精度。(2)计算非齐次波动方程特解项的数值积分方法中,梯形积分法的计算精度最差,高斯积分法、辛普生积分法和科茨积分法都具有较好的计算精度。(3)增加高斯积分点数目对于提高计算精度的作用并不显著。     

Validation of a 2-D semi-coupled numerical model for fluid–structure–seabed interaction

A 2-D semi-coupled model PORO-WSSI 2D (also be referred as FSSI-CAS 2D) for the Fluid-Structure-Seabed Interaction (FSSI) has been developed by employing RANS equations for wave motion in fluid domain, VARANS equations for porous flow in porous structures; and taking the dynamic Biot's equations (known as "u − p" approximation) for soil as the governing equations. The finite difference two-step projection method and the forward time difference method are adopted to solve the RANS, VARANS equations; and the finite element method is adopted to solve the "u − p" approximation. A data exchange port is developed to couple the RANS, VARANS equations and the dynamic Biot's equations together. The analytical solution proposed by Hsu and Jeng (1994) and some experiments conducted in wave flume or geotechnical centrifuge in which various waves involved are used to validate the developed semi-coupled numerical model. The sandy bed involved in these experiments is poro-elastic or poro-elastoplastic. The inclusion of the interaction between fluid, marine structures and poro-elastoplastic seabed foundation is a special point and highlight in this paper, which is essentially different with other previous coupled models The excellent agreement between the numerical results and the experiment data indicates that the developed coupled model is highly reliablefor the FSSI problem.     

Derivation of a Darcy’s Law for a Porous Medium Composed of Two Solid Phases Saturated by a Single- Phase Fluid: A Homogenization Approach

The objective of this article is to derive a macroscopic Darcy’s law for a fluid-saturated moving porous medium whose matrix is composed of two solid phases which are not in direct contact with each other (weakly coupled solid phases). An example of this composite medium is the case of a solid matrix, unfrozen water, and an ice matrix within the pore space. The macroscopic equations for this type of saturated porous material are obtained using two-space homogenization techniques from microscopic periodic structures. The pore size is assumed to be small compared to the macroscopic scale under consideration. At the microscopic scale the two weakly coupled solids are described by the linear elastic equations, and the fluid by the linearized Navier–Stokes equations with appropriate boundary conditions at the solid–fluid interfaces. The derived Darcy’s law contains three permeability tensors whose properties are analyzed. Also, a formal relation with a previous macroscopic fluid flow equation obtained using a phenomenological approach is given. Moreover, a constructive proof of the existence of the three permeability tensors allows for their explicit computation employing finite elements or analogous numerical procedures.     

K-ε-T model of dense liquid-solid two-phase turbulent flow and its application to the pipe flow

To predict the characteristics of dense liquid-solid two-phase flow, K-ε-T model is established, in which the turbulent flow of fluid phase is described with fluid turbulent kinetic energy K_f and its dissipation rate ε_f, and the particles random motion is described with particle turbulent energy K_p and its dissipation rate ε_p and pseudothermal temperature T_p. The governing equations are also derived. With K-ε-T model, numerical study of dense liquid-solid two-phase turbulent up-flow in a pipe is performed. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data of Alajbegovic et al. (1994), and some flow features are captured.     

海洋地震工程流固耦合问题统一计算框架

海底地震动的模拟以及海洋工程结构的地震反应分析中,涉及到海水、饱和海床、弹性基岩、结构之间的相互耦合.传统的方法分别采用声波方程描述理想流体、Biot方程描述饱和海床、弹性波方程描述基岩和结构,分别考虑相互之间的耦合,十分不便.本文基于理想流体、固体分别为饱和多孔介质的特殊情形(孔隙率分别为1和0),由饱和多孔介质的Biot方程可退化得到理想流体的声波方程和固体的弹性波方程.然后,以饱和多孔介质方程为基础,经集中质量有限元离散,考虑不同孔隙率的饱和多孔介质之间耦合的一般情形,建立了该耦合情形的求解方法.进一步论证了该一般情形的耦合计算方法可分别退化到流体与固体、流体与饱和多孔介质、固体与饱和多孔介质之间的耦合计算,从而将流体、固体、饱和多孔介质间的耦合问题纳入到统一计算框架,并编制了相应的三维并行分析程序.以P-SV波垂直入射时,半无限层状海水-饱和海床、海水-弹性基岩、海水-饱和海床-弹性基岩三种情形的动力分析为例,采用统一计算框架结合透射边界条件进行求解,并与传递矩阵方法得到的解进行对比,验证了该统一计算框架的有效性以及并行计算的可行性.      

Some problems in the Z-C-X space

The new concepts of the Z-C-X space and excellent cone are introduced. Some problems of random semiclosed 1-set-contractive operator are investigated in the Z-C-X space. At first, an important inequality is proved. Secondly, several new conclusions are proved by means of random fixed point index in the theory of random topological degree. A random solution of a class of random operator equations under conditions of imitating the parallelogram law is obtained, famous Altman’s theorem is generalized in partially ordered Z-C-X space. Therefore, some new results are obtained.     

Modelling of Power-law Fluid Flow Through Porous Media Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

The flow of non-Newtonian fluids through two-dimensional porous media is analyzed at the pore scale using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. A fully explicit projection method is used to simulate incompressible flow. This study focuses on a shear-thinning power-law model (n < 1), though the method is sufficiently general to include other stress-shear rate relationships. The capabilities of the proposed method are demonstrated by analyzing a Poiseuille problem at low Reynolds numbers. Two test cases are also solved to evaluate validity of Darcy’s law for power-law fluids and to investigate the effect of anisotropy at the pore scale. Results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately simulate non-Newtonian fluid flows in porous media.     

海洋地震工程流固耦合问题统一计算框架——————不规则界面情形

海底地震动场及海洋声场的模拟中,需要考虑复杂海床介质及海底地形的影响,涉及到海水、饱和海床、弹性基岩之间的相互耦合.传统的方法分别采用声波方程描述理想流体、Biot方程描述饱和海床、弹性波方程描述基岩,分别进行空间离散和界面耦合, 十分不便.本文基于理想流体、固体分别为饱和多孔介质的特殊情形(孔隙率分别为1和0),由饱和多孔介质的Biot方程可退化得到理想流体的声波方程和固体的弹性波方程.然后, 以饱和多孔介质方程为基础, 经集中质量有限元离散,严格考虑不同孔隙率的饱和多孔介质在不规则界面的耦合条件,通过求解法向和切向界面力的途径,建立了不同孔隙率的饱和多孔介质耦合情形的求解方法,将流体、固体、饱和多孔介质间的耦合问题纳入到统一计算框架,并编制了相应的三维并行分析程序.考虑海水--弹性基岩、海水--饱和海床--弹性基岩体系中凹陷地形情形,采用本文提出的统一计算框架, 结合透射边界条件,分析了P波入射时的动力反应, 并通过结果是否满足界面条件,验证了该统一计算框架的有效性以及并行计算的可行性.      

Propagation of elastic waves in water-saturated soils

A brief review of the literatures on the titled subject is given. A set of wave equations, taking the inertial coupling effect between soil skeleton and pore water into account, are established for saturated soils. The preliminary analysis shows that the nature of wave propagation is mainly influenced by permeability coefficient,k. There are three types of waves, two (P-and S-wave) propagating through soil skeleton and one(P-wave) through pore water. For a soil with large value ofk, compression wave velocity through pore water will be greater than that through single-phased water, and ask→∞, the former could be times as great as the latter. For a soil with extremely low permeability, the compression wave velocity could be either less or greater than that through single-phased water, depending on the rigidity of the soil passing through. Some phenomena observed from tests presented in the literature may be reasonably explained by the proposed theory herein, and thus more reliable parameters of soil could be obtained from wave velocity measurements. Further studies on this subject are still needed. This paper is a part of the dissertation of the first author for the Ph.D. degree, the second author is his advisor.