求解Rayleigh阻尼系数的加权最小二乘法

在地震反应分析过程中,提出了一种优化方法以解决Rayleigh阻尼系数计算时选择两阶合理参考频率的难题。该方法是以反应谱理论为基础,以结构位移峰值误差最小为目标函数。将位移反应谱用一阶Taylor级数近似计算,从而将目标函数简化为加权最小二乘法的方程。随后以框架结构为例,讨论了模态个数和阻尼比模型对Rayleigh阻尼系数计算的影响,并与传统方法、最小二乘法及基于多参考振型的加权最小二乘法进行比较。计算结果表明,最小二乘法由于忽略了模态贡献的影响,不是计算Rayleigh阻尼系数的合理方法。当模态个数所包含的累积振型参与质量达90%以上,本文方法所得Rayleigh阻尼系数计算结果稳定,结构动力反应的计算精度高。     

非比例阻尼体系等效Rayleigh阻尼模型时域计算方法

Rayleigh阻尼模型具有数学简易性的优点，应用广泛，其阻尼矩阵构造依赖于结构模态阻尼比。结构阻尼(复阻尼)模型的阻尼矩阵直接由材料损耗因子和刚度矩阵决定，在非比例阻尼体系中具有阻尼矩阵便于构造的优点，但存在时域计算结果发散、初值条件不易确定和频响函数非因果等缺陷。本研究结合两种阻尼模型的优点，分别依据阻尼衰减和阻尼耗能，提出了与结构阻尼模型等效的Rayleigh阻尼模型。算例分析结果表明：等效Rayleigh阻尼模型克服了结构阻尼模型的缺陷，同时保留了非比例阻尼体系中阻尼矩阵易构造的优点；与基于阻尼衰减等效的Rayleigh阻尼模型相比，基于阻尼耗能等效的Rayleigh阻尼模型计算结果近似相等，但避免了复模态分析，且计算过程直观简单。     

一致输入作用下土层的地震反应分析

假定土层为线性粘弹性介质,在频域内采用有限元法分析了均匀土层中有限土域的取值范围对计算精度的影响。在一致输入作用下,主要探讨了土层地震反应随不同侧向人工边界、迫振频率、阻尼和土层长深比的变化规律。在此基础上,得到直接有限元法进行土层地震反应分析的经验计算范围。最后对一河谷地形的土层进行地震反应分析,计算表明在进行土层地震反应分析时,采用本文土层范围取值来确定土域的计算范围可以得到满意的结果。为在应用直接有限元法进行土层地震反应计算时,确定有限土域范围提供依据。     

地震动位移与加速度输入模型差异研究

为明确采用数值算法时地震动位移与加速度输入模型间的差异及产生原因,研究位移输入模型在水工大坝地震响应分析中的适用性。本文在一致输入和只考虑平动自由度基础上,首先研究两种输入模型平衡方程的差异,并结合Rayleigh阻尼模型探讨阻尼矩阵对结果的影响;然后选取多自由度体系定量分析输入模型间的差异,研究阻尼比变化对两种输入模型的影响。结果表明:位移与加速度输入模型间的差异源自阻尼矩阵与地面运动速度确定的激振力;阻尼比为0.05时,Rayleigh阻尼的质量比例部分带来的差异约为刚度比例部分的7~10倍;两种输入模型间的差异随基频和阻尼比的增加而增大。水工大坝结构在采用位移输入模型进行地震响应分析时,须对误差情况进行预估或测算,避免出现不合理的计算结果。     

地震反应分析中Caughey阻尼系数的优化解

传统方法建立Caughey阻尼矩阵时,存在选择多个合理参考频率及避免负模态阻尼比的问题。为此,基于地震反应谱分析,以结构的峰值位移误差最小为优化目标,将模态阻尼比大于零为约束条件,提出了优化Caughey阻尼系数的约束二次规划方法。然后,以一个直径90米,高15米的穹顶结构为例,讨论说明当结构的显著贡献模态多且不同动力反应相关显著贡献模态的频率有巨大差异时,采用Caughey阻尼矩阵的必要性。同时,分析比较了传统方法和优化方法对结构地震反应误差的影响。计算结果表明：传统方法选择的参考频率忽略了不同模态对动力反应贡献的差别,动力反应的计算误差无法有效控制;优化方法可使显著贡献模态的阻尼比合理,因此,对于4阶以上Caughey级数,优化方法的计算误差都小于传统方法。     

上覆分数导数粘弹性场地土地震放大效应

基于一维波动模型和分数导数粘弹性本构关系,分析了在竖直方向上传播的剪切地震波作用下,基岩上分数导数粘弹性模型描述的场地土的横向振动问题,用直接刚度矩阵法求得了场地土的地震放大效应系数,并用数值算例讨论了相关参量对分数导数粘弹性场地土地震放大效应系数的影响。研究结果表明:在简谐剪切地震波作用下,分数导数粘弹性场地土存在共振现象;分数导数的阶数、模型参数和基岩与上覆场地土层底部之间的阻抗比对场地土的地震放大效应系数有较大的影响。     

一种计算非比例阻尼结构地震响应的新方法

在非比例阻尼结构地震响应分析中, 直接积分法和强迫解耦法均具有鲜明的优缺点, 考虑到计算精度和计算效率的均衡, 提出了一种可用于非比例阻尼结构地震响应计算的新方法---多自由度模态方程方法. 同时, 通过推导指出了直接积分法和强迫解耦法是所提出方法的两种特殊形式, 从而构建了非比例阻尼结构地震响应计算方法的完整理论体系. 最后采用数值算例验证了多自由度模态方程方法在非比例阻尼结构地震响应计算中的有效性, 并说明其可以通过合理划分结构分区来调节计算精度和计算效率.      

垂直断层破碎带对Rayleigh波传播与场地地震动反应的影响

采用基于时域粘弹性人工边界的Rayleigh波输入方法,对具有不同宽度、不同剪切波速的垂直断层破碎带的场地进行了Rayleigh波作用下的动力时程反应分析,研究了垂直断层的宽度与剪切波速变化对Rayleigh波传播及场地地震动反应的影响。计算结果表明:在Rayleigh波入射一侧的中远场地表面,断层宽度与剪切波速的变化对地面峰值位移反应影响很小;在Rayleigh波入射一侧的断层角点以及距角点较近处,随着断层宽度的增大或剪切波速的减小,峰值位移反应均增大;在另一侧中远场地面的峰值位移反应随着断层宽度的增大或剪切波速的减小而减小,且水平位移峰值减小的程度略大于竖向位移峰值。由此可以看到,软弱的断层破碎带对通过的Rayleigh波有削弱作用,且破碎带越宽或剪切波速越小削弱作用越明显。     

动力松弛方法中Rayleigh阻尼参数取值分析

论文阐述了动力松弛法计算静力问题的原理,分析了Rayleigh阻尼对计算的影响,提出了一种对质量阻尼和刚度阻尼参数取值的新方法。这种取值方法可以避免计算结果的振荡和过塑性的问题,并利用实例计算进行了对比分析,验证了本文中Rayleigh阻尼取值的合理性。     

设置粘弹性阻尼耗能框架结构减震性能分析

研究粘弹性阻尼器对框架结构的减震性能,分析该阻尼器的阻尼参数对框架结构地震反应的影响,给出设置阻尼器后结构地震作用的计算方法。对设置粘弹性阻尼器框架结构振动方程进行傅里叶变换,求解该振动方程的频域解,再通过傅里叶逆变换得出该方程的时域解,由此研究阻尼器的阻尼系数C_d和松弛时间系数η等对结构地震响应的影响。在此基础上,提出粘弹性阻尼器的阻尼系数在各楼层经济分布的实用计算公式,并对设置粘弹性阻尼器框架结构地震作用给出计算方法,分析结构各楼层的地震作用及结构各振型的底部剪力。研究表明,设置于框架结构的粘弹性阻尼器宜控制其松弛时间系数η≤0.5～0.7。     

核电结构土-结相互作用分析分区混合计算方法

土-结构相互作用分析是核电结构进行抗震设计和安全评估的重要环节.在核电结构的土-结相互作用分析中,阻尼和非线性是影响结构反应的重要因素. 若采用频域分析,可以方便考虑阻尼,但需通过等效线性化来考虑非线性,不适合于强震作用下的土体非线性.若采用时域分析的逐步积分方法,适合于考虑非线性,但材料阻尼一般采用瑞利阻尼模型,除了紧靠指定阻尼比的少数几个振型外,其他振型的反应将受到瑞利阻尼模型所确定的大阻尼所抑制,造成地震反应与真实情形有较大差异.若采用时域分析的模态叠加法,可合理计入阻尼效应,但模态叠加法不能考虑非线性.因此,如何合理考虑阻尼和非线性是核电结构土-结相互作用分析需要关注的问题.基于此,本文提出一种模态叠加和时步积分结合的土-结相互作用分区算法.其中,出于安全性考虑,地震作用下核电主体结构一般不允许进入非线性,因此结构可采用模态叠加方法,以便合理考虑结构阻尼;土体和基础采用显式时步积分法,可考虑土体非线性;通过人工边界条件考虑无限域的影响 (辐射阻尼).通过简单算例对该方法进行了验证,并用于CAP1400核电结构的土-结相互作用分析中,对比分析了采用模态阻尼和瑞利阻尼时核电结构和场地反应的差异,结果表明结构阻尼模型对场地的反应影响不大,但对结构反应影响明显,在实际工程中应合理选取阻尼模型.      

Error estimates for Rayleigh scattering density and temperature measurements in premixed flames

Rayleigh scattering has become an accepted technique for the determination of total number density during the combustion process. The interpretation of the ratio of total Rayleigh scattering signal as a ratio of densities or temperatures is hampered by the changing composition through a flame, since the average Rayleigh scattering cross-section depends on the gas composition. Typical correction factors as a function of degree of reaction, fuel and equivalence ratio were calculated. The fuels considered were H₂, CH₄, C₂H₄, C₂H₆ and C₃H₈. Factors as low as 0.7 and 0.56 were found for the heaviest hydrocarbon fuel at large equivalence ratio for interpreting the Rayleigh scattering intensity as gas density and inverse temperature, respectively. This is primarily due to the presence of CO and H₂ as intermediates. As CO and H₂ are subsequently oxidized to CO₂ and H₂O, these factors approach 1.0. Conversely, the worst case, when using H₂ as a fuel, occurs in the post flame zone. However, the correction factors for H₂ are near 1.0 and the errors involved will, in general, remain within the expected experimental accuracy of a typical Rayleigh scattering system. Linear correlations of correction factors with equivalene ratio and with the product of equivalence ratio and fuel molecular weight were found and presented. The interpretation of Rayleigh scattering as temperature was found to have larger errors than the interpretation as density. Corrections for changes in gas composition were applied to Rayleigh scattering temperature measurements in the post flame region of CH₄ and C₃H₈ flames with equivalence ratios of 0.75 and 1.0. The corrected temperatures were in excellent agreement with thermocouple measurements.List of symbols A ₁, A ₂ correlation coefficients - B ₁, B ₂ correlation coefficients - C ₁, C ₂ correlation coefficients - D ₁, D ₂ correlation coefficients - C calibration constant for Rayleigh scattering optics - H total enthalpy - Î I _R /I _RO - I _i incident laser intensity - I _R Rayleigh scattering intensity - I _R0 Rayleigh scattering intensity at reference condition - N total number density of gas - N ₀ total number density of gas at reference condition - n _i index of refraction of species i - – T/T _O - T temperature - T _a adiabatic flame temperature - T ₀ reference temperature - t time - W/W ₀ - W mean molecular weight - W ₀ mean molecular weight at reference condition - W _ij rate of production of species i by reaction j - X _i mole fraction of species i - degree of reaction (T – T ₀)/(T _a – T ₀) - laser wavelength - ₀ Loschmidt number - /₀ - density - ₀ density at reference condition - dimensionless mean Rayleigh scattering cross-section - _Ri Rayleigh scattering cross-section of species i - scattering angle measured from the electromagnetic field vector - equivalence ratio     

Minimizers of Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg Inequalities with the Singularity on the Boundary

Let Ω be a bounded smooth domain in ${{\bf R}^N, N\geqq 3}Let Ω be a bounded smooth domain in R^N, N\geqq 3{{\bf R}^N, N\geqq 3}, and D_a^1,2(W){D_a^{1,2}(\Omega)} be the completion of C₀^￥(W){C_0^\infty(\Omega)} with respect to the norm:

||u||a2=òW |x|-2a|?u|2dx.||u||_a^2=\int_\Omega |x|^{-2a}|\nabla u|^2{d}x.      14. On a Volume‐Constrained Variational Problem      Luigi Ambrosio  Irene Fonseca  Paolo Marcellini  Luc Tartar 《Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis》1999,149(1):23-47 . Existence of minimizers for a volume-constrained energy $ E(u) := \int_{\Omega} W(\nabla u)\, dx Existence of minimizers for a volume-constrained energy E(u) : = òW W(?u) dx E(u) := \int_{\Omega} W(\nabla u)\, dx where LN({u = zi}) = ai, i = 1, ?, P, {\cal L}^N(\{u = z_i\}) = \alpha_i, i = 1, \ldots, P, is proved for the case in which ziz_i are extremal points of a compact, convex set in \Bbb Rd\Bbb R^d and under suitable assumptions on a class of quasiconvex energy densities W. Optimality properties are studied in the scalar-valued problem where d=1d=1, P=2P=2, W(x)=|x|2W(\xi)=|\xi|^2, and the &-limit as the sum of the measures of the 2 phases tends to \L(W)\L(\Omega) is identified. Minimizers are fully characterized when N=1N=1, and candidates for solutions are studied for the circle and the square in the plane.      15. Forced oscillations of a rotating shaft with nonlinear spring characteristics and internal damping (1/2 order subharmonic oscillations and entrainment)      Yukio Ishida  Toshio Yamamoto 《Nonlinear dynamics》1993,4(5):413-431 Nonlinear forced oscillations of a rotating shaft with nonlinear spring characteristics and internal damping are studied. In particular, entrainment phenomena at the critical speeds of 1/2 order subharmonic oscillations of forward and backward whirling modes are investigated. A self-excited oscillation appears in the wide range above the major critical speed. The amplitude of this oscillation reaches a limit value and then a self-sustained oscillation occurs. In the vicinity of a 1/2 order subharmonic oscillation of a forward whirling mode, a self-excited oscillation is entrained by a subharmonic oscillation. In the vicinity of a 1/2 order subharmonic oscillation of a backward whirling mode, either a self-excited oscillation or a subharmonic oscillation occurs.Experiments were made by an elastic rotating shaft with a disc. Nonlinearity in its restoring force was due to an angular clearance of a bearing and internal damping was due to friction between the shaft and an inner ring of the bearing. A self-excited oscillation was observed in the range above the major critical speed and this self-excited oscillation was entrained by a 1/2 order subharmonic oscillation of a forward whirling mode.Nomenclature O–xyz rectangular coordinate system - , x, y inclination angle of a shaft and its projections on the xz- and yz-planes - x, y inclination angles in rotating coordinates - , polar coordinates - I p polar moment of inertia of a rotor - I diametral moment of inertia of a rotor - i p ratio of I p to I - dynamic unbalance of a rotor - rotating speed (angular velocity) - F magnitude of a dynamic unbalance force, F = (1 – i p )2 - c external damping coefficient - h internal damping coefficient - t time - D x , D y internal damping terms in stationary coordinates - D x , D y internal damping terms in rotating coordinates - N x , N y nonlinear terms in restoring forces      16. Improved modal truncation method for eigensensitivity analysis of asymmetric matrix with repeated eigenvalues      张振宇 《应用数学和力学(英文版)》2014,35(4):437-452 An improved modal truncation method with arbitrarily high order accuracy is developed for calculating the second- and third-order eigenvalue derivatives and the first- and second-order eigenvector derivatives of an asymmetric and non-defective matrix with repeated eigenvalues. If the different eigenvalues λ1, λ2,, λrof the matrix satisfy |λ1| |λr| and |λs| |λs+1|(s r-1), then associated with any eigenvalue λi(i s), the errors of the eigenvalue and eigenvector derivatives obtained by the qth-order approximate method are proportional to |λi/λs+1|q+1, where the approximate method only uses the eigenpairs corresponding to λ1, λ2,, λs. A numerical example shows the validity of the approximate method. The numerical example also shows that in order to get the approximate solutions with the same order accuracy, a higher order method should be used for higher order eigenvalue and eigenvector derivatives.      17. Comparison of stability and control characteristics of two twin-lift helicopter configurations      Manoj Mittal  J. V. R. Prasad  Daniel P. Schrage 《Nonlinear dynamics》1992,3(3):199-223 The stability and control characteristics of two twin-lift helicopter configurations are analyzed in this paper. In order to address the issue of configuration selection from a handling qualities viewpoint, their open-and closed-loop characteristics are compared. The two twin-lift configurations considered are the twin-lift with spreader bar and twin-lift without spreader bar. The nonlinear models describing the dynamics of these two configurations in the lateral/vertical plane are derived. The open-loop characteristics of the two systems are compared by linearizing the nonlinear models about a symmetric hovering equilibrium condition. The closed-loop characteristics of the two systems are compared using nonlinear controllers based on feedback linearization schemes. The performance of the resulting closed-loop systems in carrying out a typical twin-lift mission is evaluated through nonlinear simulation. Also, the effects of helicopter performance degradation and measurement errors on the overall system performance are discussed.[B] Matrix multiplying the control vector in the nonlinear model[B1] Matrix multiplying the control vector in the linear model[C] Matrix defining vector of variables to be controlled[C1] Damping matrixCijElement of the damping matrix e Parameter used in the linear model = M 1 h 1/I 1=M 2 h 2/I 2,/ft{f} Vector independent of controls in the nonlinear model g Acceleration due to gravity, ft/sec2 h1, h2Distance of tether attachment point to the center of gravity for helicopters 1 and 2, ft h Parameter used in the linear model, =h 1=h 2, ft h Distance between rotor hub and the helicopter center of gravity, ft h h/l H Distance of the load from the spreader bar c.g., ftH1, H2Length of tethers 1 and 2, ftIRMass moment of inertia of spreader bar, slug-ft2 I1, I2Roll moments of inertia of helicopters 1 and 2, slug-ft2 k Non-dimensional hub control moment coefficientKDDerivative gainsKIIntegral gainsKPProportional gains[Ki] Stiffness matrixKijElement of the stiffness matrix l Parameter used in the linear model, =H 1=H 2, ft L Spreader bar length, ftNomenclature      18. Singularly continuous spectrum of singularly perturbed operators      N. E. Dudkin 《Nonlinear Oscillations》2006,9(3):317-325 We propose a construction of a singularly perturbed self-adjoint operator with a given compact set in its singularly continuous spectrum. In particular, the set can be a fractal of prescribed type. We use the construction of a singularly perturbed operator à for a given self-adjoint operator A in a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$ that solves the eigenvalue problem Ãψ i = λ iψi for a countable set Λ = {λ i} i=1 ∞ of real numbers λ i ∈ ?1, |λ i| < ∞, and an orthonormal system of vectors {ψ i}, i = 1, 2 …, under certain additional general conditions.      19. Nusselt-Rayleigh correlations for free convection in 2D air-filled parallelogrammic enclosures with isothermal active walls      A. Baïri  E. Zarco-Pernia  J.-M. García de María  J.-G. Bauzin  N. Alilat  N. Laraqi  F. Gutiérrez 《Heat and Mass Transfer》2011,47(5):589-595 In the present study Nu-Ra-α correlations are proposed to calculate the steady-state natural convection heat transfer taking place in 2D air-filled cavities of parallelogrammic section. The thermal conditions and the dimensions of the enclosures permit to cover a large range of Rayleigh numbers, 1.7 × 103  ≤ Ra ≤ 3.0 × 109, suitable for diverse engineering applications. The two active walls of the cavities are kept vertical and isothermal at hot and cold temperatures T h and T c respectively. Separated by a horizontal distance H, they have the same height H and are connected by a closed adiabatic channel whose upper and lower walls can be inclined at an angle α with respect to the horizontal, varying between −60° to +60°. That gives rise to a conducting or insulating cavity, in the convective sense of the term (diode cavity). A computational model based on the finite volume method is used to solve the governing equations. The large number of treated configurations led to propose Nu-Ra-α correlations for large ranges of Ra and α which can be applied to many engineering areas. The results of this numerical study have been successfully compared with calculated and measured available data.

On a Volume‐Constrained Variational Problem

. Existence of minimizers for a volume-constrained energy $ E(u) := \int_{\Omega} W(\nabla u)\, dx Existence of minimizers for a volume-constrained energy E(u) : = ò_W W(?u) dx E(u) := \int_{\Omega} W(\nabla u)\, dx where L^N({u = z_i}) = a_i, i = 1, ?, P, {\cal L}^N(\{u = z_i\}) = \alpha_i, i = 1, \ldots, P, is proved for the case in which z_iz_i are extremal points of a compact, convex set in \Bbb R^d\Bbb R^d and under suitable assumptions on a class of quasiconvex energy densities W. Optimality properties are studied in the scalar-valued problem where d=1d=1, P=2P=2, W(x)=|x|²W(\xi)=|\xi|^2, and the &-limit as the sum of the measures of the 2 phases tends to \L(W)\L(\Omega) is identified. Minimizers are fully characterized when N=1N=1, and candidates for solutions are studied for the circle and the square in the plane.     

Forced oscillations of a rotating shaft with nonlinear spring characteristics and internal damping (1/2 order subharmonic oscillations and entrainment)

Nonlinear forced oscillations of a rotating shaft with nonlinear spring characteristics and internal damping are studied. In particular, entrainment phenomena at the critical speeds of 1/2 order subharmonic oscillations of forward and backward whirling modes are investigated. A self-excited oscillation appears in the wide range above the major critical speed. The amplitude of this oscillation reaches a limit value and then a self-sustained oscillation occurs. In the vicinity of a 1/2 order subharmonic oscillation of a forward whirling mode, a self-excited oscillation is entrained by a subharmonic oscillation. In the vicinity of a 1/2 order subharmonic oscillation of a backward whirling mode, either a self-excited oscillation or a subharmonic oscillation occurs.Experiments were made by an elastic rotating shaft with a disc. Nonlinearity in its restoring force was due to an angular clearance of a bearing and internal damping was due to friction between the shaft and an inner ring of the bearing. A self-excited oscillation was observed in the range above the major critical speed and this self-excited oscillation was entrained by a 1/2 order subharmonic oscillation of a forward whirling mode.Nomenclature O–xyz rectangular coordinate system - , _x, _y inclination angle of a shaft and its projections on the xz- and yz-planes - _x, _y inclination angles in rotating coordinates - , polar coordinates - I _p polar moment of inertia of a rotor - I diametral moment of inertia of a rotor - i _p ratio of I _p to I - dynamic unbalance of a rotor - rotating speed (angular velocity) - F magnitude of a dynamic unbalance force, F = (1 – i _p )² - c external damping coefficient - h internal damping coefficient - t time - D _x , D _y internal damping terms in stationary coordinates - D _x , D _y internal damping terms in rotating coordinates - N _x , N _y nonlinear terms in restoring forces     

Improved modal truncation method for eigensensitivity analysis of asymmetric matrix with repeated eigenvalues

An improved modal truncation method with arbitrarily high order accuracy is developed for calculating the second- and third-order eigenvalue derivatives and the first- and second-order eigenvector derivatives of an asymmetric and non-defective matrix with repeated eigenvalues. If the different eigenvalues λ1, λ2,, λrof the matrix satisfy |λ1| |λr| and |λs| |λs+1|(s r-1), then associated with any eigenvalue λi(i s), the errors of the eigenvalue and eigenvector derivatives obtained by the qth-order approximate method are proportional to |λi/λs+1|q+1, where the approximate method only uses the eigenpairs corresponding to λ1, λ2,, λs. A numerical example shows the validity of the approximate method. The numerical example also shows that in order to get the approximate solutions with the same order accuracy, a higher order method should be used for higher order eigenvalue and eigenvector derivatives.     

Comparison of stability and control characteristics of two twin-lift helicopter configurations

The stability and control characteristics of two twin-lift helicopter configurations are analyzed in this paper. In order to address the issue of configuration selection from a handling qualities viewpoint, their open-and closed-loop characteristics are compared. The two twin-lift configurations considered are the twin-lift with spreader bar and twin-lift without spreader bar. The nonlinear models describing the dynamics of these two configurations in the lateral/vertical plane are derived. The open-loop characteristics of the two systems are compared by linearizing the nonlinear models about a symmetric hovering equilibrium condition. The closed-loop characteristics of the two systems are compared using nonlinear controllers based on feedback linearization schemes. The performance of the resulting closed-loop systems in carrying out a typical twin-lift mission is evaluated through nonlinear simulation. Also, the effects of helicopter performance degradation and measurement errors on the overall system performance are discussed.[B] Matrix multiplying the control vector in the nonlinear model[B₁] Matrix multiplying the control vector in the linear model[C] Matrix defining vector of variables to be controlled[C₁] Damping matrixC_ijElement of the damping matrix e Parameter used in the linear model = M ₁ h ₁/I ₁=M ₂ h ₂/I ₂,/ft{f} Vector independent of controls in the nonlinear model g Acceleration due to gravity, ft/sec² h₁, h₂Distance of tether attachment point to the center of gravity for helicopters 1 and 2, ft h Parameter used in the linear model, =h ₁=h ₂, ft h Distance between rotor hub and the helicopter center of gravity, ft h h/l H Distance of the load from the spreader bar c.g., ftH₁, H₂Length of tethers 1 and 2, ftI_RMass moment of inertia of spreader bar, slug-ft² I₁, I₂Roll moments of inertia of helicopters 1 and 2, slug-ft² k Non-dimensional hub control moment coefficientK_DDerivative gainsK_IIntegral gainsK_PProportional gains[K_i] Stiffness matrixK_ijElement of the stiffness matrix l Parameter used in the linear model, =H ₁=H ₂, ft L Spreader bar length, ftNomenclature     

Singularly continuous spectrum of singularly perturbed operators

We propose a construction of a singularly perturbed self-adjoint operator with a given compact set in its singularly continuous spectrum. In particular, the set can be a fractal of prescribed type. We use the construction of a singularly perturbed operator à for a given self-adjoint operator A in a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$ that solves the eigenvalue problem Ãψ _i = λ _iψ_i for a countable set Λ = {λ _i} _i=1 ^∞ of real numbers λ _i ∈ ?¹, |λ _i| < ∞, and an orthonormal system of vectors {ψ _i}, i = 1, 2 …, under certain additional general conditions.     

Nusselt-Rayleigh correlations for free convection in 2D air-filled parallelogrammic enclosures with isothermal active walls

In the present study Nu-Ra-α correlations are proposed to calculate the steady-state natural convection heat transfer taking place in 2D air-filled cavities of parallelogrammic section. The thermal conditions and the dimensions of the enclosures permit to cover a large range of Rayleigh numbers, 1.7 × 10³  ≤ Ra ≤ 3.0 × 10⁹, suitable for diverse engineering applications. The two active walls of the cavities are kept vertical and isothermal at hot and cold temperatures T _h and T _c respectively. Separated by a horizontal distance H, they have the same height H and are connected by a closed adiabatic channel whose upper and lower walls can be inclined at an angle α with respect to the horizontal, varying between −60° to +60°. That gives rise to a conducting or insulating cavity, in the convective sense of the term (diode cavity). A computational model based on the finite volume method is used to solve the governing equations. The large number of treated configurations led to propose Nu-Ra-α correlations for large ranges of Ra and α which can be applied to many engineering areas. The results of this numerical study have been successfully compared with calculated and measured available data.