圆角化对受迫振动方柱绕流特性影响机理分析

为分析圆角化对低雷诺数下受迫振动方柱绕流特性的影响机理, 对Ansys Fluent软件进行二次开发, 即通过用户自定义函数中的DEFINE_ CG_MOTION宏对柱体周期性受迫振动的函数进行编程, 并对流场计算域进行区域划分以便利用动网格技术中动态层法实现柱体受迫振动, 从而实现对受迫振动柱体绕流流场的流固耦合模拟.在雷诺数Re = 200时, 考虑方柱截面不同圆角的影响, 对均匀流作用下5种圆角化r/D = 1/2, 1/4, 1/5, 1/8和0受迫振动方柱的绕流进行数值模拟, 分析了这5种参数下受迫振动方柱的升阻力系数、尾流涡量和锁定区间的变化规律, 澄清了圆角化对受迫振动方柱稳定性的影响机理.研究表明: 与尖角方柱相比, 圆角化方柱升阻力系数有了明显的减小, 且升力、阻力系数随圆角增大而减小; 低振幅比下圆角方柱的涡旋脱落模式均为2S模态, 涡旋尾迹变窄; 锁定区间范围基本关于F = 1对称, 锁定区间的变化趋势与圆柱类似.      

横向振动方柱波动升力实验研究

本文对均匀流中静止方柱和横向强迫振动的方柱进行了实验研究。实验雷诺数范围为 3×10~3～10~4,振幅与柱截面宽度之比 A/D 达到0.7,实验折合速度范围为 4.5≤V_r≤12。文章重点研究了较高振幅振动柱的锁定现象、波动升力与柱位移之间的相位变化,讨论了方柱涡激振荡、驰振和气动稳定性问题。对流场进行的流动显示,清晰地显示出锁定区涡脱落过程、近尾迹流场随振动频率和振幅的演化规律,从而对振动柱波动升力与相位变化的物理机制获得进一步认识。     

上游静止方柱尾流对下游方柱体尾激振动效应影响

基于半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元法,对低雷诺数下串列布置上游静止方柱–下游双自由度运动方柱体结构的尾激振动问题进行了研究.首先与现有文献结果进行对比验证该方法的正确性.然后着重分析了雷诺数(Re)与折减速度(U_r)两个关键参数对下游方柱尾激振动响应的影响,同时将计算结果与单方柱工况进行了对比.数值计算结果表明,雷诺数和折减速度对下游方柱的振幅、振动频率和运动轨迹等动力响应特性的影响较大.随着雷诺数的增大,双柱系统的互扰效应从以涡激效应为主逐渐转变为尾激效应发挥主导作用,从而导致下游方柱的振动响应增强.单方柱工况结构运动轨迹均呈"8"字形.然而,下游方柱的运动轨迹会随着雷诺数的增加而变得复杂.雷诺数较小时(Re=40, 80),下游方柱的运动轨迹基本为"8"字形.雷诺数较大时(Re=120, 160, 200),下游方柱的运动轨迹会出现双"8"字形.同时,下游方柱的尾流场特性主要呈现2S, 2S*, 2P,2T, P+S和稳态6种模式.最后,通过对流场特性进行分析,揭示了串列双方柱系统尾激振动效应的作用机理.     

横向振荡圆柱绕流的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

基于格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)对不可压横向振荡圆柱绕流问题进行了数值研究. 与传统的求解宏观的N-S方程的数值方法不同, LBM求解此类问题不需要采用动网格, 而且不需要对网格进行特殊处理, 从而节约了计算成本. 结果显示, 当振荡频率增加到相应的静止圆柱绕流的自然涡脱落频率附近时, 圆柱后最新形成的集中涡距离柱体越来越近, 直到达到一个极限位置. 随后, 集中涡突然转向圆柱体另一侧脱落. 当振荡频率接近于静止圆柱的自然涡脱落频率时, 发生频率同步的现象. 随着振荡频率远离自然涡脱落频率, 同步现象消失. 在几种次谐振荡和超谐振荡下, 尾流区的涡脱落频率仍为相应的静止圆柱绕流的自然涡脱落频率.      

微细三角柱流固耦合动态特性的三维数值研究

在三维双向流固耦合计算基础上使用动网格方法,通过求解不可压缩粘性流体的N-S方程,数值研究了低速流速下(2.5m/s~15m/s)气体绕流微细三角钝体的耦合动态特性及涡激振动特性,得到了运动微细三角柱的升力系数、涡脱频率和振动振幅。观测到了微细三角柱的"锁振"和"拍"现象。接着计算了相同流场条件下的相同尺寸二维三角柱双向流固耦合涡激振动,并将结果与文献及本文中三维模型进行对比发现,三维模型的升力系数的平均幅值、涡脱频率和斯特劳哈尔数较之本文及文献中的二维数值模型较小。     

流向振荡圆柱绕流的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

用一种新近发展起来的格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)在相对较小的雷诺数(Re \le 200)条件下模拟了不可压缩的流向振荡圆柱绕流问题, 考查了涡脱落模态和升阻力特性. 通过模拟, 在近尾流区发现了实验研究中已经发现的对称/反对称的涡脱落模态, 包括有些传统数值方法未发现的模态. 研究了频率锁定区域的范围及其与振幅的关系, 发现振幅越大, 发生锁定的频率区域越宽. 此外还对升阻力进行了定量意义的模拟,研究了振荡频率和振幅与升阻力的关系.      

剪切来流作用下串列布置双圆柱流致运动分析

基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉方法,将四步半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元与动网格技术相结合,并发展了一种求解流致振动问题的算法。首先,通过求解文献中经典涡激振动算例来验证本文方法的正确性;然后,着重分析了雷诺数Re=160与间距比Lx/D=5.5工况,折减速度与剪切率两个关键参数对串列排布双圆柱两自由度流致运动特性的影响。计算结果表明:随折减速度的增加,上游圆柱振幅变化与单圆柱工况一致;但是,下游圆柱顺流向振幅的变化较为剧烈,且横流向的振幅曲线中会出现两个峰值。随剪切率的增加,双圆柱体两个方向的频率锁定区间会扩大,尤其对顺流向的振幅影响较大。另外,双圆柱体的运动轨迹以‘8’字形与‘O’形为主。最后,分析了剪切来流对双圆柱体之间互扰机制的影响,以及下游圆柱的涡致动力响应特征所发生的变化。     

低雷诺数串列双方柱流致振动质量比效应的数值研究

为澄清串列双方柱流致振动的质量比效应,采用数值模拟方法,在雷诺数为150时,研究了质量比(m*=3,10,20)对下游方柱振动响应特性的影响规律,分析了下游方柱尾流模态的演变过程,探讨了导致下游方柱振动的流固耦合机制.结果表明:质量比对下游方柱的流致振动有重要影响,低质量比(m*=3)时下游方柱的振动响应更为复杂,随着折减速度的增大,下游方柱并未出现传统"锁定"现象(即振动频率比fy/fn≈1的锁定),而发生了"弱锁定"现象(即fy/fn 1的锁定);随着质量比的增加(m*=10和20),"弱锁定"现象消失,而出现传统"锁定"现象,且下游方柱横流向最大振幅减小.质量比对串列双方柱的柱心间距有明显影响,低质量比(m*=3)时的柱间距在振动锁定区内会急剧减小,而较高质量比(m*=10和20)下的柱间距则变化不大.此外,质量比对串列双方柱的尾流模态和流固耦合机制也有显著影响,其中低质量比(m*=3)下的情况更为多样.     

亚临界雷诺数下圆柱受迫振动的数值研究

在Navier-Stokes方程和k-ω湍流模型的基础上,利用流线迎风有限元方法结合ALE动网格技术对亚临界雷诺数下的圆柱受迫振动问题开展了数值模拟研究。本文的数值模型成功模拟了Re=5000条件下,圆柱发生受迫振动时尾迹区内的2S,2P和P+S尾流模式;对Re=10000情况下,无量纲振幅分别为0.3,0.4,0.5的圆柱受迫振动问题开展了数值模拟,分析了给定振幅条件下圆柱受力随振动频率的变化关系以及受迫振动的锁定区间。以上数值计算结果与Gopalkrishnan (1993)的实验结果基本符合。研究结果表明,二维数值模型能够基本正确地反映出圆柱发生受迫振动时的涡激振动特性以及有关的受力变化趋势,为今后进一步开展三维数值分析工作奠定了基础。     

大柔性圆柱体两自由度涡激振动试验研究

基于模型试验研究了柔性圆柱体两自由度涡激振动问题, 研究了顺流向涡激振动和横向涡激振动的频率与振幅关系, 提出了考虑流固耦合的两自由度涡激振动非线性分析模型. 研究表明, 在不同的流速(雷诺数)范围, 柔性圆柱体顺流向涡激振动与横向涡激振动的频率比和幅值比是不同的; 在非锁定区, 圆柱体的顺流向振动频率与横向振动频率相同, 在锁定区, 圆柱体的顺流向振动频率是横向振动频率的两倍; 在非锁定区, 顺流向振幅与横向振幅比约为1, 而在锁定区, 顺流向振幅与横向振幅比约为1/3~2/3.      

外部激励Stuart-Landau模型的数值研究

将非线性常微分方程组周期解的求解看作一个边值问题 ,运用Newton迭代构造求解这组方程的数值方法。利用上述方法求得了激励Stuart Landau方程的周期解 ,研究了圆柱振动对圆柱后Karman涡街的抑制现象 ,和振动的频率锁定现象 ,证明了激励Stuart Landau方程描写钝体尾迹动力系统的有效性     

单窄条控制件对横向振荡柱体尾流 2P模式 旋涡脱落的改变

横向强迫振荡柱体尾流控制是柱体涡激振动控制的基础,在海洋、土木等工程中具有重要意义. 横向强迫振荡柱体尾流中存在一种锁频旋涡脱落模式,即在一个振荡周期内柱体上、下侧各脱落旋转方向相反的一对涡,称为2P模式. 本文将相对宽度b/D=0.32的窄条控制件置于横向强迫振荡柱体下游,对振幅比A/D=1.25, 无量纲振频f_e D/V_∞=0.22,雷诺数Re=1 200的2P模式旋涡脱落进行干扰,并通过改变控制件位置,研究旋涡的变化规律. 采用二维大涡模拟和实验验证方法进行研究,在控制件位置范围0.8≤X/D≤3.2, 0.4≤Y/D≤3.2内,得到了2P, 2S, P+S和另外6种新发现的旋涡脱落模式,并对各模式旋涡的形成过程作了详细描述. 在控制件位置平面上给出了各旋涡模式的存在区域,画出了旋涡脱落强度的等值线图,并发现在一个相当大的区域内,旋涡脱落强 度可减小一半以上,尾流变窄. 发现柱体大幅振荡引起的横向剪切流在旋涡生成中起关键作用. 探讨了控制件对横向剪切流的影响,分析了控制件在每种旋涡模式形成中的作用机制.      

Numerical simulation of flow around a square cylinder in uniform-shear flow

This paper presents results obtained from a numerical simulation of a two-dimensional (2-D) incompressible linear shear flow over a square cylinder. Numerical simulations are performed, using the lattice Boltzmann method, in the ranges of 50⩽Re⩽200 and 0⩽K⩽0.5, where Re and K are the Reynolds number and the shear rate, respectively. The effect of the shear rate on the frequency of vortex shedding from the cylinder, and the lift and drag forces exerted on the cylinder are quantified together with the flow patterns around the cylinder. The present results show that vortex structure behind the cylinder is strongly dependant on both the shear rate and Reynolds number. When Re=50, a small K can disturb the steady state and cause an alternative vortex shedding with uneven intensity. In contrast, a large value of K will suppress the vortex shedding from the cylinder. When Re>50, the differences in the strength and size of vortices shed from the upper and lower sides of the cylinder become more pronounced as K increases. Vortex shedding disappears when K is larger than a critical value, which depends on Re. The flow patterns around the cylinder for different Re tend towards self-similarity with increasing K. The lift and drag forces exerted on the cylinder, in general, decrease with increasing K. Unlike a shear flow past a circular cylinder, the vortex shedding frequency past a square cylinder decreases with increasing the shear rate. A significant reduction of the drag force occurs in the range 0.15<K<0.3.     

Vortex-induced oscillations at low Reynolds numbers: Hysteresis and vortex-shedding modes

Results are presented for the numerical simulation of vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) of a cylinder at low Reynolds numbers (Re). A stabilized space–time finite-element formulation is utilized to solve the incompressible flow equations in primitive variables. The cylinder, of low nondimensional mass (m^*=10), is free to vibrate in, both, the transverse and in-line directions. To investigate the effect of Re and reduced natural frequency, F_n, two sets of computations are carried out. In the first set of computations the Reynolds number is fixed (=100) and the reduced velocity (U^*=1/F_n) is varied. Hysteresis, in the response of the cylinder, is observed at the low- as well as high-end of the range of reduced velocity for synchronization/lock-in. In the second set of computations, the effect of Reynolds number (50Re500) is investigated for a fixed reduced velocity (U^*=4.92). The effect of the Reynolds number is found to be very significant for VIVs. While the vortex-shedding mode at low Re is 2S (two single vortices shed per cycle), at Re300 and larger, the P+S mode of vortex shedding (a single vortex and one pair of counter-rotating vortices are released in each cycle of shedding) is observed. This is the first time that the P+S mode has been observed for a cylinder undergoing free vibrations. This change of vortex-shedding mode is hysteretic in nature and results in a very large increase in the amplitude of in-line oscillations. Since the flow ceases to remain two-dimensional beyond Re200, it remains to be seen whether the P+S mode of shedding can actually be observed in reality for free vibrations.     

Flow past a transversely oscillating square cylinder in free stream at low Reynolds numbers

This paper reports simulation results for free‐stream flow past an oscillating square cylinder at Re=100 and 150, for oscillating‐to‐natural‐shedding frequency ratios of 0.5?f_r?3.0 at a fixed oscillation amplitude of 0.2 of the cylinder width. The transformed governing equations are solved in a non‐inertial frame of reference using the finite volume technique. The ‘lock‐in’ phenomena, where the vortex shedding becomes one with the oscillation frequency, is observed near the natural shedding frequency (f_r≈1). Beyond the synchronization band, downstream recovery of the wake to its stationary (natural) state (frequency) is observed in cross‐stream velocity spectra. At higher forcing frequencies, a phase lag between the immediate and the far wake results in a shear layer having multi‐polar vortices. A ‘Vortex‐switch’ accompanied by a change in the direction of energy transfer is identified at the ‘lock‐in’ boundaries. The variation of aerodynamic forces is noticed to be different in the lock‐in regime. The velocity phase portrait in the far wake revealed a chaotic state of flow at higher excitation though a single (natural) frequency appears in the spectra. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of a wake-mounted splitter plate on the flow around a surface-mounted finite-height circular cylinder

The influence of a wake-mounted splitter plate on the flow around a surface-mounted circular cylinder of finite height was investigated experimentally using a low-speed wind tunnel. The experiments were conducted at a Reynolds number of Re=7.4×10⁴ for cylinder aspect ratios of AR=9, 7, 5 and 3. The thickness of the boundary layer on the ground plane relative to the cylinder diameter was δ/D=1.5. The splitter plates were mounted on the wake centreline with negligible gap between the base of the cylinder and the leading edge of the plate. The lengths of the splitter plates, relative to the cylinder diameter, ranged from L/D=1 to 7, and the plate height was always equal to the cylinder height. Measurements of the mean drag force coefficient were obtained with a force balance, and measurements of the vortex shedding frequency were obtained with a single-component hot-wire probe situated in the wake of the cylinder–plate combination. Compared to the well-studied case involving an infinite circular cylinder, the splitter plate was found to be a less effective drag-reduction device for finite circular cylinders. Significant reduction in the mean drag coefficient was realized only for the finite circular cylinder of AR=9 with intermediate-length splitter plates of L/D=1–3. The mean drag coefficients of the other cylinders were almost unchanged. In terms of its effect on vortex shedding, a splitter plate of sufficient length was able to suppress Kármán vortex shedding for all of the finite circular cylinders tested. For AR=9, vortex shedding suppression occurred for L/D≥5, which is similar to the case of the infinite circular cylinder. For the smaller-aspect-ratio cylinders, however, the splitter plate was more effective than what occurs for the infinite circular cylinder: for AR=3, vortex shedding suppression occurred for all of the splitter plates tested (L/D≥1); for AR=5 and 7, vortex shedding suppression occurred for L/D≥1.5.     

Hydrodynamics of flow over a transversely oscillating circular cylinder beneath a free surface

In this paper, hydrodynamic force coefficients and wake vortex structures of uniform flow over a transversely oscillating circular cylinder beneath a free surface were numerically investigated by an adaptive Cartesian cut-cell/level-set method. At a fixed Reynolds number, 100, a series of simulations covering three Froude numbers, two submergence depths, and three oscillation amplitudes were performed over a wide range of oscillation frequency. Results show that, for a deeply submerged cylinder with sufficiently large oscillation amplitudes, both the lift amplitude jump and the lift phase sharp drop exist, not accompanied by significant changes of vortex shedding timing. The near-cylinder vortex structure changes when the lift amplitude jump occurs. For a cylinder oscillating beneath a free surface, larger oscillation amplitude or submergence depth causes higher time-averaged drag for frequency ratio (=oscillation frequency/natural vortex shedding frequency) greater than 1.25. All near-free-surface cases exhibit negative time-averaged lift the magnitude of which increases with decreasing submergence depth. In contrast to a deeply submerged cylinder, occurrences of beating in the temporal variation of lift are fewer for a cylinder oscillating beneath a free surface, especially for small submergence depth. For the highest Froude number investigated, the lift frequency is locked to the cylinder oscillation frequency for frequency ratios higher than one. The vortex shedding mode tends to be double-row for deep and single-row for shallow submergence. Proximity to the free surface would change or destroy the near-cylinder vortex structure characteristic of deep-submergence cases. The lift amplitude jump is smoother for smaller submergence depth. Similar to deep-submergence cases, the vortex shedding frequency is not necessarily the same as the primary-mode frequency of the lift coefficient. The frequency of the induced free surface wave is exactly the cylinder oscillation frequency. The trends of wave length variation with the Froude number and frequency ratio agree with those predicted by the linear theory of small-amplitude free surface waves.     

Experimental study on the wake behind tapered circular cylinders

The flow around tapered cylinders can act as basic models for numerous bluff body flows with a spanwise variation of either the body shape or the inflow conditions. The well-known vortex street is influenced by strong three-dimensional effects from the spanwise variation of the shedding frequency, namely oblique vortex shedding and vortex dislocations. Stereo-PIV was chosen to study these phenomena, since it allows analyzing planes with the full three-component, instantaneous velocity fields and local, time-dependent variations in the same setting. Hence, detailed aspects of the vortex dislocation phenomenon are presented. Single vortex dislocation events are presented through the local variation of the three measured velocity components u, v and w. Longer time-series reveal both period and location of these dislocation events, as well as quantity and sizes of the cells of constant shedding velocity in between them. The influence of the Reynolds number and the cylinder aspect ratio on the vortex cells could be shown. The analysis of the vortex shedding behavior shows good agreement with previously published results. At the same time, the applied PIV technique provides more spatial information than point-based measurements and offers insight into a Reynolds number range that is currently out of reach of Direct Numerical Simulations.     

Dynamic surface pressure measurements on a square cylinder with pressure sensitive paint

The dynamic and static surface pressure on a square cylinder during vortex shedding was measured with pressure sensitive paints (PSPs) at three angles of incidence and a Reynolds number of 8.9×10⁴. Oscillations in the phosphorescence intensity of the PSP that occurred at the vortex shedding frequency were observed. From these phosphorescent oscillations, the time-dependent changes in pressure distribution were calculated. This work extends PSP’s useful range to dynamic systems where oscillating pressure changes are on the order of 230 Pa and occur at frequencies in the range of 95–125 Hz.     

Finite element study of vortex‐induced cross‐flow and in‐line oscillations of a circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers

Vortex‐induced vibrations of a circular cylinder placed in a uniform flow at Reynolds number 325 are investigated using a stabilized space–time finite element formulation. The Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible fluid flow are solved for a two‐dimensional case along with the equations of motion of the cylinder that is mounted on lightly damped spring supports. The cylinder is allowed to vibrate, both in the in‐line and in the cross‐flow directions. Results of the computations are presented for various values of the structural frequency of the oscillator, including those that are sub and superharmonics of the vortex‐shedding frequency for a stationary cylinder. In most of the cases, the trajectory of the cylinder corresponds to a Lissajou figure of 8. Lock‐in is observed for a range of values of the structural frequency. Over a certain range of structural frequency (F_s), the vortex‐shedding frequency of the oscillating cylinder does not match F_s exactly; there is a slight detuning. This phenomenon is referred to as soft‐lock‐in. Computations show that this detuning disappears when the mass of the cylinder is significantly larger than the mass of the surrounding fluid it displaces. A self‐limiting nature of the oscillator with respect to cross‐flow vibration amplitude is observed. It is believed that the detuning of the vortex‐shedding frequency from the structural frequency is a mechanism of the oscillator to self‐limit its vibration amplitude. The dependence of the unsteady solution on the spatial resolution of the finite element mesh is also investigated. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.