Studies on Phase Behavior of Alkyl Polyglucoside Based on Microemulsions with Modified Fishlike Phase Diagram

The three-phase behavior in the quaternary system of an alkyl (C8/10^- or C12/14^-)polyglucoside / 1-butanol / n-octane / water has been studied at 40℃ with the modified fishlike phase diagram, which is presented by us for the first time. The mass fraction of 1-butanol in the hydrophile-lipophile balanced interfacial layer, A^S, the coordinates of the start point B and the end point E of the phase diagram, and the solubilities of alkyl polyglucoside and 1-butanol in n-octane phase were calculated. The solubilization of the microemulsion was also discussed.     

二组分体系的相图及其相图边界理论

主要探讨了二组分体系的相图,如气-液相图和液-固相图,总结了二组分相图的分类、绘制及相图分析,这有利于理解和掌握二组分相图的基本规律。并简单介绍了相图边界理论,扩展了相图的热力学研究。     

1-Hexyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride-Potassium Carbonate Aqueous Two Phase System: Equilibrium Characteristics and BSA Partitioning Behavior

The partitioning behavior of the model protein (bovine serum albumin) was investigated in ionic liquid (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) -salt (potassium carbonate) based aqueous two phase system (ATPS). The phase diagram with binodal curve and tie lines for the selected ATPS was developed at different temperatures and analyzed through effective excluded volume (EEV) and Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft equations, respectively. The influence of various process parameters like the ionic liquid and salt concentration, system temperature, tie line length, phase volume ratio, and neutral salt addition on partition coefficient/extraction efficiency of BSA protein was evaluated.     

Fragrance Emulsion Evaporation versus Distillation: A Phase Diagram Approach

The phase diagram of an emulsion system was used to make a comparison between the calculated evaporation path of an emulsion during equilibrium under moderate relative humidity and during distillation under reduced pressure also under equilibrium conditions. The results showed a most significant difference, because the distillation under reduced pressure takes place into an atmosphere with highly reduced relative humidity and the level of relative humidity has a decisive effect on the evaporation path. A conclusion was reached that estimations about the evaporation path from distillation results should be complemented by information from the phase diagram.     

三组分体系相图教学实验——微乳的制备*

为了让三组分体系相图的教学紧跟学科发展前沿,设计了一个研究型综合性实验——微乳的制备。实验以油酸乙酯为油相、吐温-80和乙醇质量比为3∶1的混合体系为乳化剂相,蒸馏水为水相,采用水滴定和油滴定结合的方法绘制了拟三元相图。通过电导率法对微乳3种类型的转变点进行了初判,按照电导率实验结果制备了3种不同类型的微乳样品,并利用染色法、黏度法和光散射法对微乳的物理化学性状进行了表征。通过实验,可以使学生获得分散体系的前沿知识,有利于创新人才的培养。     

Evaluation and Optimization of Water-in-Oil Microemulsion Using Ternary Phase Diagram and Central Composite Design

In the present study, water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions were prepared, evaluated, and optimized using pseudoternary phase diagram and central composite design (CCD). Ternary phase diagrams were designed to determine the microemulsion region whereas face-centered CCD helped in the determination of the effect of variables like oil type and surfactant ratio on globule size and viscosity of w/o microemulsion. The design exhibited that the factors have statistically significant effects (p < 0.0001) on the selected responses. The actual responses showed excellent agreement with the predicted values as suggested by the CCD with lower residual standard error. Similarly, the optimized values were found within the range as predicted by the model. Furthermore, other characteristics of microemulsions like pH, conductivity, refractive index, and transmittance were also analyzed. Overall, the primary objective of the research was to fabricate water-in-oil microemulsions which could facilitate effective delivery of hydrophilic molecules and drugs.     

Sn-In-Zn三元系相图和无铅钎料成分的探讨

Sn－In－Zn三元体系的液相限相图进行了实验和探讨，发现体系存在一个三元低共熔点E：46Sn－52ln－2Zn（100ω），其熔点为108℃．在相图研究的基础上，得出该体系作为无铅焊料的最佳组分为6．7Zn－8．0In－85．3Sn（100ω），其熔化温度为188℃。     

恒温截面法构制三维相图判误用数点分析法

以相图拓扑学规律为基础，提出了利用系列恒温截面分析相平衡空间结构以及绘制立体相图时的判误数点分析法，以实例说明数点法在相图分析中的应用，并提出了三维相图的构造的实用判误方法。     

巧用二组分金属固液相图的测绘实验讲授Origin软件入门

二组分金属固液相图测绘实验是大学物理化学实验课程中的一个重要实验,通常绘制步冷曲线用时较长,在此过程当中仅讲授实验原理及实验步骤会显得枯燥乏味。鉴于此,拟在实验间隙讲授Origin软件的操作,以提高学生的数据处理能力。Origin作为一款重要的数据分析、处理与绘图软件,在科学研究过程中,使用率极高,因此提前让学生在本科阶段接触Origin软件入门级数据处理和绘图功能,掌握实验数据的简单处理,由此增加学生在实验过程中的投入度,从而提高学习效果,同时为日后数据分析处理与绘图工作打下坚实的基础。     

SDS/正戊醇-二甲苯-水(盐水)拟三元体系相图和电导研究及纳米ZnO的制备

实验绘制了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/正戊醇(n-C₅H₁₀OH)-二甲苯[C₆H₄(CH₃)₂]-水[或Zn(NO₃)₂溶液]四组分微乳液体系在不同温度时的拟三元相图. 测定了电导率随水(或盐溶液)含量变化的规律, 电导的规律与相图吻合. 依据电解质理论探讨了微乳液的微观结构, 研究表明, 温度对油包水(W/O)反相微乳液区域影响不大, 电解质的加入对油包水(W/O)反相微乳液区域影响较大. 通过SDS/正戊醇-二甲苯-H₂O及SDS/正戊醇-二甲苯-盐水的拟三元体系的相图观察及实验研究, 选择乳化剂(SDS/正戊醇)与二甲苯质量比为4:6的微乳液作为最佳条件, 制备出了ZnO纳米粒子.     

Phase Modification of Ammonium Nitrate by Potassium Salts

Modification of the room temperature phase (IV-III) of ammonium nitrate (AN) has been attempted using a variety of potassium salts namely, KF, KCl, KI, KNO₃, K₂CO₃, K₂SO₄, KSCN and K₂Cr₂O₇. No phase transition was observed when AN containing 1–2% by mass of these potassium salts is heated from room temperature (25°C) onwards in DTA and DSC scans, but the linear expansion due to phase transition was still observable in TMA measurements. Complete arrest of the linear expansion occurs only when a higher concentration of the additive is used. Similarly, in thermal cycling experiments, complete phase modification in the temperature range -80 to 100°C occurs only with a higher percentage of the potassium salt. The extent of modification, however, is found to be dependent both on the concentration, and the type of the anion. Potassium dichromate when used as an additive modifies the phase as well as the decomposition pattern of AN. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

复合聚合物电解质的导电行为及电导率的测定

研究了乙烯碳酸酯（EX）增塑的（PEO）16LiClO4-EC复合聚合物电解质交流阻抗谱图，提出了不锈钢电极／聚合物电解质／不锈钢电极这种结构在交流阻抗测试分析中具有普适性的模拟等效电路，并且根据等效电路中元件拟合值测定出复合聚合物电解质体系在不同EC增塑量及温度时的电导率，用复合聚合物电解质体系中各组分之间的相互作用解释了EC对聚合物电解质电行为的影响，在低EC含量的复合聚合物电解质体系中，电导率和温度的关系在低温时符合Arrhenius方程，在高温时符合Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher(VTF)方程；而当EC含量大于20％时，电导率和温度的关系在实验温度范围内符合VTF方程。     

The System LiSO3CF3/RbSO3CF3: Phase Diagram,Solid State NMR Investigations,and Ionic Conductivity

In the system LiSO₃CF₃/RbSO₃CF₃ four different quasi‐ternary phases occur: Li_0.7Rb_0.3SO₃CF₃, Li_0.55Rb_0.45SO₃CF₃, LiRb₂(SO₃CF₃)₃, and Li_0.2Rb_0.8SO₃CF₃. These have been identified, and characterized by means of X‐ray powder diffractometry and DSC. LiSO₃CF₃ is trimorphic, LiRb₂(SO₃CF₃)₃ is dimorphic and RbSO₃CF₃ exists in four different modifications. The cation dynamics has been studied using ⁷Li‐NMR line shape analysis and ⁷Li‐spin lattice relaxation (T₁) measurements. The pure and mixed trifluoromethylsulfonates in the system LiSO₃CF₃/RbSO₃CF₃ are solid electrolytes. Their ionic conductivities below 475 K increase with the rubidium content. Above this temperature, the conductivity of β‐LiRb₂(SO₃CF₃)₃ exceeds the one of δ‐RbSO₃CF₃.     

Critical Behavior of the Electrical Conductivity of Concentrated Electrolytes: Ethylammonium Nitrate in n-Octanol Binary Mixture

The electrical conductivity of highly concentrated binary ionic mixtures of ethylammonium nitrate in n-octanol at a critical salt mole fraction x = 0.766 and at an off-critical one x = 0.908 was measured over an extended temperature range above the critical consolute point. Far from the critical temperature T _c, the conductivity is accurately described by the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) law. However, in a temperature range T = (T – T _c) 3 K, the conductivity exhibits a monotonous deviation from the VFT behavior. This anomaly is finite at T _c and, for the critical mixture, its amplitude is 0.23% of (T _c). The asymptotic behavior of the conductivity anomaly is described by a power law ^{(1 – )}, with = (T – T _c)/T _c, the reduced temperature, and , the critical exponent of the specific heat anomaly at constant pressure. This critical anomaly is similar to the one observed in other highly concentrated critical electrolytes. The degree of dissociation of the salt for the critical mixture, _diss 0.78 ± 0.04, is estimated from the value of the Walden product computed at T _c, and accounts for the effective free ion concentration in the reduced critical coordinates of the system.     

Unusual Lower Critical Solution Temperature Phase Behavior of Poly(benzyl methacrylate) in a Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquid

Polymer/ionic liquid systems are being increasingly explored, yet those exhibiting lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase behavior remain poorly understood. Poly(benzyl methacrylate) in certain ionic liquids constitute unusual LCST systems, in that the second virial coefficient (A₂) in dilute solutions has recently been shown to be positive, indicative of good solvent behavior, even above phase separation temperatures, where A₂ < 0 is expected. In this work, we describe the LCST phase behavior of poly(benzyl methacrylate) in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide for three different molecular weights (32, 63, and 76 kg/mol) in concentrated solutions (5–40% by weight). Turbidimetry measurements reveal a strong concentration dependence to the phase boundaries, yet the molecular weight is shown to have no influence. The critical compositions of these systems are not accessed, and must therefore lie above 40 wt% polymer, far from the values (ca. 10%) anticipated by Flory-Huggins theory. The proximity of the experimental cloud point to the coexistence curve (binodal) and the thermo-reversibility of the phase transitions, are also confirmed at various heating and cooling rates.     

氰戊菊酯微乳液相行为及其结构转变

氰戊菊酯微乳液相行为及其结构转变;相行为; 微乳液; 电导率; 氰戊菊酯     

Concentration Dependence of the Activation Energy of Conductivity in Aqueous Sodium Selenite and Potassium Tellurite

The temperature and concentration dependences of conductivity have been studied for aqueous solutions of sodium selenite and potassium tellurite. The corresponding empirical equations have been derived. The activation energies of conductivity in both electrolytes are calculated for different solution concentrations. The ascertained dependence is interpreted in the light of Samoilov's theory on positive and negative hydration of ions. Analysis of the results suggests that the larger the positive hydration of ions, the higher the activation energies of conductivity for the salts.     

尼龙1010／尼龙6共聚物的表观相图研究

采用显微熔点法和ＤＳＣ测定了尼龙１０１０／尼龙６共聚物的表观相图；分析了投料比与链节结构单元含量的关系。最低熔点时尼龙１０１０／尼龙６的理论重量投料比为６０／４０，摩尔比为３３．３／６６．７，实验结果与此相近。     

四元体系KCl-ZnCl2-HCl(～10.61%)-H2O(298.15K)的相平衡及其固相化合物

０引言研究发现，卤化物KX与ZnX２组成的复盐化合物是一种良好的激光基质材料犤１犦，在掺杂了稀土离子的这些化合物中已经实现了低温或室温下的激光输出犤２，３犦。在卤化物中，氯化物的发光强度又大于氟化物犤４犦。因此，我们以KCl与ZnCl２为研究对象，通过盐酸溶液中的相化学反应来了解它们之间可能形成新化合物的种类和溶液中的反应行为。本文对KCl与ZnCl２在２５℃１１％的盐酸－水四元体系中的相平衡关系进行了研究，并从体系中发现并得到了未见文献报道的５∶４型新化合物５KCl·４ZnCl２·３H２O。１实验部分１．１药品及…     

EuI_2-KI二元系相图

用差热分析和X射线衍射的方法研究了EuI2 KI二元体系在 3× 10 - 4 Pa压强下的低压相图。实测相图显示 ,该二元体系存在一个同份熔化化合物KEu2 I5 和一个异份熔化化合物K4EuI6 ,两个三相共晶点的温度和成分分别为 737K ,2 0 %KI和 713K ,6 0 %KI。X射线粉末衍射的结果表明KEu2 I5 的晶体结构参数与文献数据十分吻合。本文还讨论了实测相图的误差来源 ,并由相图计算出EuI2 的熔化热为2 10 12J·mol- 1 。