我国离子交换膜的生产与应用

本文综述了国内离子交换膜的生产与应用，提出了离子交换膜今后发展的方向。     

辐照三嵌段聚苯乙烯-丁二烯-4-乙烯基吡啶共聚物离子交换膜性能的研究——Ⅰ.季铵化、磺化试剂、反应温度对膜性能的影响

本文分别研究了以氯磺酸、浓硫酸为磺化试剂及一碘甲烷、二碘甲烷为季铵化试剂所制备的辐照聚笨乙烯-丁二烯-4-乙烯基吡啶离子交换膜的膜交换当量、吸水率,膜电位及膜电导率的性能。研究表明以氯磺酸为磺化试剂所制备的离子交换膜其离子交换当量比以浓硫酸寿磺化试剂的要高。以一碘甲烷为季铵化试剂制备的离子交换膜其离子交换当量要比以二碘甲烷为季铵化试剂的要高,但机械强度差。在相同条件下,提高反应温度,有利于膜的季铵化反应,而不利于膜的磺化反应。所制备的阴、阳离子交挟膜膜交换当量、膜电导率、吸水率及膜电位四者的关系是膜交换当量高则膜电导率、含水率高,而膜电位则下降。     

磺化聚乙烯中空纤维膜渗透蒸发分离水／乙二醇混合物的研究

采用异相氯磺化的方法，使聚乙烯（ＰＥ）中空纤维膜进行氯磺化反应，并将反应产物进一步水解和离子交换，可获得具有离子交换功能的磺化聚乙烯（ＳＰＥ）中空纤维离子交换膜。应用渗透蒸发膜分离方法，研究磺化聚乙烯中空纤维离子交换膜对水／乙二醇混合物的分离效果。讨论了反离子的种类、渗透蒸发分离温度和水／乙二醇混合液的组成等对磺化聚乙烯中空纤维离子交换膜的分离效果的影响。     

离子交换剂在分析化学中的新应用

本文介绍了离子交换树脂及其它离子交换材料在分析化学中的新应用,包括离子交换树脂比色法,离子交换膜比色法,树脂悬浮比色法和在电化学分析中的应用。     

钠型斜发沸石Na+-K+离子交换特性研究(Ⅱ)--过程传质模型及动力学特性研究

利用浅床实验法研究查明了钠型斜发沸石Na -K 离子交换过程以液膜扩散为主的控制机理,依据传质膜理论,推导出液膜控制下的离子交换传质速率模型,并测定了离子交换动力力学曲线和过程传质系数.研究结果表明:钠型斜发沸石Na -K 离子交换速率与溶液流速、温度和溶液的K 浓度成正比,与溶液粘度和沸石粒径成反比,过程总传质系数的模型计算值 与实验值拟和较好.     

一种适合于电解隔膜使用的离子交换膜——聚偏氟乙烯型离子交换膜的研制

一、前言六十年代以来,离子交换膜电渗析技术已被大规模应用于浓缩海水制盐,咸水淡化制取淡水以及处理工业废水等方面。稍后,作为电极反应隔膜的应用也获得了推广,如:丙烯腈电解还原二聚制取尼龙66的原料已二腈,铀的电解还原以及电解食盐制取低含盐量的氢氧化钠等。作为电极反应隔膜用的离子交换膜和一般电渗析膜的要求不同,因为它要接触电极室的渗液,所以除一般要求外,还应具有耐酸、碱、化学腐蚀,耐温性好,抗氧化性好的特点。随着我国社会主义建设的发展,离子交换膜电渗析技术在国内已得到了广泛的应用,并对适于电解隔膜应用的离子交换膜提出了要求。为了寻找一种具有上述性能的离子交换膜,我们开     

全氟4-甲基-3,6-二氧杂-△~7-辛酸甲酯的合成

在离子交换膜法制碱中,全氟羧酸离子交换膜是比全氟磺酸离子交换膜(Nafion)优良的电解隔膜。它不需经过化学改性就能直接应用于食盐电解,且可在电解制取30～40％浓碱的情况下保持90％以上的电解电流效率。全氟羧酸离子交换膜为四氟乙烯与一种含有羧酸甲酯的全氟烯醚的共聚物:     

辐照三嵌段聚苯乙烯-丁二烯-4-乙烯基吡啶共聚物离子交换膜性能的研究——Ⅰ.季铵化、磺化试剂、反应温度对膜性能的影响

 本文分别研究了以氯磺酸、浓硫酸为磺化试剂及一碘甲烷、二碘甲烷为季铵化试剂所制备的辐照聚笨乙烯-丁二烯-4-乙烯基吡啶离子交换膜的膜交换当量、吸水率,膜电位及膜电导率的性能。研究表明以氯磺酸为磺化试剂所制备的离子交换膜其离子交换当量比以浓硫酸寿磺化试剂的要高。以一碘甲烷为季铵化试剂制备的离子交换膜其离子交换当量要比以二碘甲烷为季铵化试剂的要高,但机械强度差。在相同条件下,提高反应温度,有利于膜的季铵化反应,而不利于膜的磺化反应。所制备的阴、阳离子交挟膜膜交换当量、膜电导率、吸水率及膜电位四者的关系是膜交换当量高则膜电导率、含水率高,而膜电位则下降。     

离子交换树脂膜(续)

(7)离子交换膜的化学稳定性离子交换膜在实际应用中经常遭遇到各种化学试剂的浸渍,所以它的化学稳定性极其重要,直接关系到交换膜使用的寿命和使用的范围。离子交换膜是由离子交换树脂和黏合剂相混和而成薄膜,所以它的化学稳定性也是分别由离子交换树脂和黏合剂所决定。制作阳离子交换膜的聚乙烯苯磺酸树脂和制作阴离子交换膜的聚乙烯苯三甲季胺树脂都是比较稳定的离子交换树脂。在浓硫酸,浓氢氧化钠溶液里,在常温下都不起变化。聚乙烯苯磺酸遇稀硝酸亦稳定,但聚乙烯苯三甲季胺易被氧化。并且不耐温度特别是变成(?)H-式后即使在常温下也渐渐分解:     

钠型斜发沸石Na~+–K~+离子交换特性研究(II)—过程传质模型及动力学特性研究

利用浅床实验法研究查明了钠型斜发沸石Na~+–K~+离子交换过程以液膜扩散为主的控制机理,依据传质膜理论,推导出液膜控制下的离子交换传质速率模型,并测定了离子交换动力力学曲线和过程传质系数。研究结果表明:钠型斜发沸石Na~+–K~+离子交换速率与溶液流速、温度和溶液的K+浓度成正比,与溶液粘度和沸石粒径成反比,过程总传质系数的模型计算值与实验值拟和较好。     

燃料电池汽车氢源选择的研究进展和预测

燃料电池汽车被认为是能源和交通领域的新方向之一,而目前氢源问题已成为其商业化的技术瓶颈。本文从国内外燃料电池汽车的发展现状出发,结合国外对燃料电池汽车氢源选择的评估和预测,及国内863计划“燃料电池汽车氢源基础设施工程前期研究”项目的研究结论,对我国燃料电池汽车的技术发展和商业化进程进行了预测。     

Direct methanol fuel cells for vehicular applications

Dramatic technological advances for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell have focused attention on this technology for motor vehicles. The fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have the potential to compete with the petroleum-fueled internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in cost and performance while effectively addressing air quality, energy insecurity, and global warming concerns. Methanol being a liquid can be easily transported and can be supplied from the existing network of oil company distribution sites. Recently, combining improved catalysts with fuel cell engineering, it has been possible to overcome some of the difficulties that have frustrated previous research and development efforts in realizing a commercially viable direct methanol fuel cell. Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) with power densities between 0.2 and 0.4 W/cm² at operational temperatures in the range 95–130 °C have been developed. These power densities are sufficient to suggest that stack construction is well worth while. This paper reviews recent advances and technical challenges in the field of DMFCs. Received: 27 May 1997 / Accepted: 25 November 1997     

Electric vehicles,hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles : state of the art and perspectives

In urban areas, due to their beneficial effects on the environment, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles are an important factor for the improvement of traffic and more particularly for a healthier environment. We are quite rapidly reaching the end of the cheap oil era. This could happen around 2010 and is nowadays probably indicated by the steadily growing oil price. Therefore the need for alternative energy sources is growing and the competitiveness of alternatives against oil is becoming more and more realistic. Electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles are offering the best possibility for the use of new energy sources, because electricity can result from a transformation with high efficiency of these sources and is always used with the highest possible efficiency in systems with electric drives or components. Some basic considerations about the situation, today and in a mid and long-term perspective, are presented together with the infrastructure developments.     

电化学储能研究22年回顾

本文回顾了22年来作者的电化学储能研究活动,共分三个部分. 第一部分叙述高比能量、高比功率储能器件研究,包括锂硫电池研究（硫复合正极材料、锂硫电池制作、锂硼合金作为锂硫电池负极、硫-锂离子电池新体系）、超级电容器研究（超级活性炭、以酚醛树脂为原料制备电容炭、碳纳米管阵列中寄生准电容储能材料、氧化镍干凝胶准电容储能材料、归纳出电容炭材料的性能要求、电容器研制、确定“第四类”超级电容器）、锂离子电池研究（锂离子电池与可再生燃料电池的对决、双变价元素正极材料、磷酸钴锂正极材料、高功率锂离子电池的制作）. 第二部分叙述规模储能电池研究,包括液流电池新体系研究（蓄电与电化学合成的双功能液流电池、全金属化合物单液流电池、有机化合物正极的单液流电池）、致力于振兴铅酸电池（推广铅蓄电池新技术、铅炭电池的研究、铅酸电池新型板栅的研究）,储能电池（站）的经济效益计算方法. 第三部分叙述电动汽车发展路线研究,包括氢能燃料电池电动汽车、纯电动汽车与混合动力汽车、对我国电动汽车发展路线的建议、力争电动汽车补贴的合理化、坚守电动汽车“节能减排”宗旨、提出“发电直驱电动车”. 最后的结束语谈了三点感悟.     

Determination of trace organic chlorides in hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles by gas chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry

A method for the determination of organic chlorides in hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles by gas chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry was established. Organic chlorides were separated by a non-polar gas chromatography column and detected in the negative ion mode of the ion mobility spectrometer. The effect of operating parameters of ion mobility spectrometer including drift gas flow rate and drift tube temperature on sensitivity and resolution were evaluated. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of seven organic chlorides were from 0.65 to 6.73 nmol/mol, which met the requirement of detection for the specification limit of 50 nmol/mol of total halogen impurities in hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles. Compared with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector under the same gas chromatography conditions, gas chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry method demonstrated higher sensitivity for detection of organic chlorides under study. Based on the portability of the device and its detection capabilities, gas chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry has the potential to perform online detection of impurities in hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles.     

车用燃料电池启停工况性能衰减

车用燃料电池(质子交换膜燃料电池)技术经过二十余年的持续研发和不断突破,使得燃料电池汽车性能基本满足了商业化指标,并成为当前备受瞩目的新能源汽车。然而,质子交换膜燃料电池伴随实际车况变化会经历燃料供应、湿度、温度、电流、电压等复杂循环过程,造成燃料电池的关键材料衰减加速,并且车用燃料电池的耐久性问题棘手且涉及面广。本文针对车用燃料电池的启停工况,归纳分析了启停工况下燃料电池的研究过程、衰减机理、实验论证、建模分析,并从燃料电池系统管理角度分析了启停衰减的缓解策略。通过对已有启停工况下质子交换膜燃料电池性能衰减失效的梳理,提出了本文的观点、分析和解释。     

Advances in rapid and effective break-in/conditioning/recovery of automotive PEMFC stacks

Automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks need to meet manufacturer specified rated beginning-of-life (BOL) performance before being assembled into vehicles and shipped off to customers. The process of “breaking-in” of a freshly assembled stack is often referred to as “conditioning.” It has become an intensely researched area especially in automotive companies, where imminent commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) demands a short, energy- and cost-efficient, and practical conditioning protocol. Significant advances in reducing the conditioning time from 1 to 2 days to as low as 4h or less, in some cases without the use of additional inert gases such as nitrogen, and with minimal use of hydrogen, and specialized test stations will be discussed.     

A comprehensive review of battery technology for E-mobility

Electric vehicles are proven to be a potential alternative to traditional transport technologies and contribute largely to reducing fossil fuel consumption. In this review, various battery technologies used in electric vehicles are discussed in detail with their research advancements. In the market, various types of electric vehicles along with hybrid vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles demand batteries with high energy density, easy charging and discharging with good cycle life and low cost. Hence this article mainly focuses on the types of battery with these parameters in detail. Many battery technologies are currently employed in electric vehicles but the most frequently used batteries are Lithium-ion batteries. Thus, a greater focus is given to Li-ion batteries and their development by detailing the material-specific advancements in their electrode and electrolyte system.     

表面修饰型铂基氧还原电催化剂研究进展

氧气还原反应是燃料电池中的重要电极反应,但其动力学过程非常迟缓,需高度依赖资源稀缺、价格高昂的贵金属Pt.加之Pt基催化剂还面临着实际工况下耐久性不足的问题,这些都严重阻碍了燃料电池的产业化进程.对Pt基纳米催化剂进行表面功能化修饰可有效优化和提升其氧还原活性和稳定性.本文综述了最近几年表面修饰型Pt基氧还原催化剂的最...     

Stimuli responsive polymers for biomedical applications

Polymers that can respond to external stimuli are of great interest in medicine, especially as controlled drug release vehicles. In this critical review, we consider the types of stimulus response used in therapeutic applications and the main classes of responsive materials developed to date. Particular emphasis is placed on the wide-ranging possibilities for the biomedical use of these polymers, ranging from drug delivery systems and cell adhesion mediators to controllers of enzyme function and gene expression (134 references).