The use of low power air-cooled lasers in conjunction with an intensified diode array for Raman spectroscopy

A range of air-cooled lasers operating with a single phase electricity supply has been evaluated for use in laser-Raman spectroscopy. Three main types of laser are available — helium-neon, argon, and helium-cadmium. Such lasers should prove valuable for applications such as on-line sampling in hostile environments, where their robust nature and low cost give distinct advantages over conventional water-cooled gas ion lasers.     

Stabilized lasers for advanced gravitational wave detectors

Second‐generation interferometric gravitational wave detectors require high‐power lasers with approximately 200 W of output power in a linear polarized, single‐frequency, fundamental‐mode laser beam. Furthermore very high temporal and spatial stability is required. This paper discusses the design of a 200 W pre‐stabilized laser (PSL) system and the underlying concepts. The PSL requirements for advanced gravitational wave detectors as well as for the laser system are described. The laser stabilization scheme proposed for the Advanced LIGO gravitational wave detector and the so‐called diagnostic breadboard will serve as examples to explain the general laser stabilization concepts and the achieved performance and its limitations.     

连续和准连续激光调制谱分析技术的比对研究

为了在面对不同检测需求时,能够选取适合的调谐激光吸收光谱技术方案,对直接吸收光谱、连续调制谱和准连续调制谱三种方法进行了理论分析和实验比较。在相同实验条件下,通过同一激光器测量不同浓度CO2气体,比较了这三种方法的技术特点、信号特征、检测灵敏度。结果表明,准连续调制谱技术具有与连续调制谱相当的检测灵敏度,但是受激光能量间断和较大的寄生幅度调制影响,检测信号相对于气体吸收谱的线形失真较大,因此不太适合依赖光谱线形和线宽的压力、流速测量。为选取更加适用的激光调制谱技术,提供了参考依据。     

The use of 752.5 and 799.3 nm laser excitation in Raman spectroscopy

The two continuous wave lasers normally used for Raman spectroscopy are the argon and krypton ion lasers. These routinely provide step tuning between 459.9 and 676.4 nm. However, it is possible, using suitably coated mirrors, to obtain far red lines from the Kr⁺ laser at 752.5 and 799.3 nm.This additional capability offers advantages for Raman spectroscopy in the areas of fluorescence rejection, sample decomposition and resonance Raman spectroscopy.     

Gold nanoparticle-coated silicon cone array for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

ABSTRACT

We demonstrate a silicon cone array substrate coated with gold nanoparticles and which was highly sensitive, homogeneous, and provided a large area for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A deep reactive ion-etching process was used to fabricate the high-density silicon cone array, and gold nanoparticles were formed on the silicon cone surface by magnetron sputtering. The substrate was tested with 10^?6 M rhodamine 6 G solution. Enhancement of the substrate was about 60-fold greater than that of flat substrate. Moreover, SERS signals obtained from 24 random areas on the substrate showed good homogeneity with an average standard deviation of 3.9%.     

Tunable diode lasers and two-tone frequency modulation spectroscopy applied to atmospheric gas analysis

In this paper, we discuss the main features of a class of gas analyzers based on spectroscopic techniques with the aim of realizing fully automated systems which can be used for practical purposes. The technique we deal with is based on semiconductor diode laser as sources, emitting in the near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the two-tone frequency modulation spectroscopy as the detection technique. We will describe the main features of a typical device and two particular apparata for industrial and biological applications.     

可调谐激光吸收光谱应用于气体二维浓度分布重建研究

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS),设计了气体浓度二维分布重建系统。将单路可调谐激光分为24路,交叉穿过目标区域,得到24组直接吸收信号(DA),并采用代数迭代法(ART)计算得到目标区域气体浓度二维分布。搭建了二维气体浓度分布测量试验台,利用中心波长在1.653μm的DFB激光器作为光源,选取HITRAN数据库CH4的2v3带R(3)线作为计算谱线进行数值模拟和试验验证,并对重建结果进行了误差分析。结果表明重建系统能很好的实现气体二维浓度分布重建测量。     

基于可调谐半导体激光器吸收光谱的高灵敏度甲烷浓度遥测技术

讨论了一种新的高灵敏度甲烷遥测方法,利用可调谐激光二极管的调制光谱技术扫描甲烷的吸收峰,通过在测量光路中插入参考气池,增强低浓度情况下的吸收峰辨识能力,以提高甲烷浓度遥测信号的信噪比.此外,可以将激光器的中心波长锁定至气体吸收峰的峰值位置从而使仪器工作于吸收峰锁定模式,进行甲烷浓度的连续监测.实验结果表明,在测量距离分别为10 m和20 m时,周围环境中的甲烷积分浓度探测极限可以分别达到5 ppm·m和16 ppm·m.在吸收峰锁定工作模式下,系统在37 m距离处具有22 ppm·m的检出限,并可以监测甲烷浓度的快速变化.     

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and normal anti-Stokes Raman scattering due to LO phonons in GaP using cw diode lasers

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and normal anti-Stokes Raman scattering (NARS) have been measured in (001) GaP at room temperature due to the 403 cm⁻¹ LO phonons using a continuous wave (CW) 785.0 nm fixed-wavelength pump laser and a CW Stokes laser tunable in the 800-830 nm wavelength range. CARS measurements are normally made using pulsed lasers. The use of CW diode lasers allows a more accurate comparison between the measured and calculated values of the CARS signal. The pump and Stokes laser beams were linearly polarized perpendicular to each other, same as the pump and normal Stokes/anti-Stokes scattered light for the GaP sample used in this work. The pump and Stokes laser powers incident upon the GaP sample, located in the focal plane of a 20 mm effective focal length lens, were <20 and 50 mW, respectively. The diameter of the laser beams in the focal plane of the focusing lens was determined to 40±5 μm. The pump and Stokes laser beam intensities incident upon the 0.3 mm thick GaP sample were <2 and 5 kW cm², respectively. The powers of the CARS and NARS signals were measured using a Raman spectrometer. The signal output of the Raman spectrometer was calibrated using the pump laser and several neutral density filters. The Raman linewidth (full-width at half-maximum) of the LO phonons was determined to be 0.95±0.05 cm⁻¹, using the variation of the CARS signal with the wavelength of the Stokes laser. The measured powers of the CARS and NARS signals are about a factor of 5 and 1.5, respectively, smaller than those calculated from the corresponding theoretical expressions.     

An investigation of coupled-cavity diode lasers

In this paper, the rate equations of coupled-cavity diode lasers are studied and their improvements in the case of strong coupling are presented, and therefore, the mechanism of single-mode oscillation of the devices is discussed.     

An investigation of coupled-cavity diode lasers

In this paper, the rate equations of coupled-cavity diode lasers are studied and their improvements in the case of strong coupling are presented, and therefore, the mechanism of single-mode oscillation of the devices is discussed.     

Structure optimisation of short-wavelength ridge-waveguide InGaN/GaN diode lasers

Room-temperature (RT) continuous-wave (CW) operation of the 405-nm ridge-waveguide (RW) InGaN/GaN quantum-well diode lasers equipped with the n-type GaN substrate and two contacts on both sides of the structure has been investigated with the aid of the comprehensive self-consistent simulation model. As expected, the mounting configuration (p-side up or down) has been found to have a crucial impact on the diode laser performance. For the RT CW threshold operation of the otherwise identical diode laser, the p-side up RW laser exhibits as high as nearly 68°C maximal active-region temperature increase whereas an analogous increase for the p-side down laser was equal to only 24°C. Our simulation reveals that the lowest room-temperature lasing threshold may be expected for relatively narrow and deep ridges. For the structure under consideration, the lowest threshold current density of 5.75 kA/cm² has been determined for the 2.2-μm ridge width and the 400-nm etching depth. Then, the active-region temperature increase was as low as only 24 K over RT. For wider 5-μm ridge, this increase is twice higher. An impact of etching depth is more essential for narrower ridges. Quite high values (between 120 and 140 K) of the characteristic parameter T₀ convince very good thermal properties of the above laser.     

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术的气体浓度测量温度影响修正方法研究

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术测量气体浓度时,由于测量氛围温度变化的影响引起解调的二次谐波信号发生变化,最终导致浓度测量的较大误差. 为了修正温度变化对浓度反演结果的影响,适应工业测量、燃烧诊断的需要,采用通过实验所得温度关系的数值拟合修正方法即经验公式修正和根据HITRAN数据库参数的理论关系即理论公式修正两种方法进行分析与讨论. 实验中采用在50 cm长的高温管式炉中通入高温安全的21%浓度的 氧气为目标测定气体,选定760.77 nm的中心吸收波长,测量了温度变化范围为300–900 K,间隔50 K的情况下所得到的谐波信号,并利用一次谐波比值消元法消除光强波动影响后的结果,得出了不同温度下未修正的原始浓度值和通过修正方法后的修正值. 实验结果表明所述的经验公式和理论公式两种修正方法对温度影响都有一定的抑制作用,可以应用到温度变化引起的气体浓度误差修正监测中,为下一步开展燃烧诊断实时在线监测提供了依据. 关键词： 可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱 (TDLAS) 温度修正 经验公式 理论公式     

非对称波导结构提高980 nm激光二极管电光效率的机理研究

采用高电流注入条件下的载流子扩散方程和复折射率波导模型情况下的亥姆霍兹方程,对980 nm高功率激光二极管外延材料的非对称和对称波导结构的光吸收损耗进行了理论计算。采用低压金属有机化学气相外延技术制备了两种波导结构的外延材料,并制作了激光器件,进行了光电特性测试和对比分析。理论计算和实验结果表明：与对称波导结构相比,非对称波导结构外延材料并未减小光吸收损耗,而是减小了串联电阻,因而降低了器件的焦耳热损耗,从而提高器件的电光效率。     

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱法监测二氧化碳的通量

含碳温室气体浓度增加所加剧的温室效应是气候变化的重要原因,大面积范围内二氧化碳气体通量的测量对于评价各类陆地生态系统对大气中主要温室气体浓度的贡献具有重要的意义。可调谐半导体激光吸收(TDLAS)光谱技术具有高分辨率、高灵敏度以及快速响应等特点,是痕量气体高灵敏快速监测的新方法。文章以可调谐分布反馈半导体激光器作为光源,通过波长调制方法对1.573μm附近二氧化碳气体某一吸收线的二次谐波信号测量,结合激光分束技术,实现对不同高度层面700多米光程范围内二氧化碳气体浓度的快速在线检测。结合大口径闪烁仪测量出来的莫宁-奥布霍夫长度和特征速度,通过公式计算得到一天内二氧化碳气体的通量在-1.5～2.5mg·(m2·s)-1范围内的波动,突破了目前对近地面痕量气体通量的监测只能提供局地结果的状况,使大面积范围内痕量气体通量的测量成为可能。     

阵列探测器的像点亚像素定位精度

本文研究阵列探测器的像点亚像素定位精度与内插算法及像斑大小的关系，文中提出一种校正算法误差、提高定位精度的方法。上述分析和论述通过实验证明是正确的。     

Trace-gas analysis using diode lasers in the near-IR and long-path techniques

Room-temperature, near-infrared, semiconductor diode lasers continue to gain importance for gas monitoring applications owing to their compactness, ease of use, reasonable cost and compatibility with telecommunications-grade optical fiber components. They may probe overtone or combination vibrational bands for a large variety of atmospheric relevant molecular species. These spectral bands exhibit line strengths orders of magnitude lower than those of fundamental vibrations, occurring in the mid-infrared. As a consequence, they are often used in conjunction with long-path techniques, enabling one to perform high sensitivity local measurements through long absorption path-lengths. At this purpose, resonant optical cavities can be fruitfully employed. This paper is devoted to a discussion of the main features of cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometers, operating with near-infrared diode lasers. We report on the operating principle as well as the achievable performance of these devices, also compared to more traditional apparatus, based on the multiple reflection cells. Experimental results on water vapour and oxygen detection are reported.     

可调谐激光吸收光谱法与气相色谱法监测甲烷的对比研究

甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,它对大气中温室效应的贡献仅次于二氧化碳.针对环境空气中甲烷的测定,从测量原理、测量过程和测量装置等方面比较了可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱和气相色谱法两种测量方法.结果表明用上述两种方法测得的甲烷的日变化趋势具有良好的一致性.相比较而言,后者造价更低,并且更方便.     

大功率半导体激光器阵列热串扰行为

以硬焊料传导制冷,30%填充因子半导体激光器阵列为例,建立了三维有限元模型,对阵列内部各发光单元之间的热串扰行为进行了分析研究。结果表明,当其连续波工作时间大于1.2 ms后,阵列内发光单元之间出现热串扰现象;当次热沉由CuW合金改为铜金刚石复合材料时,阵列内发光单元自热阻和相邻发光单元的串扰热阻降低,有效地降低了各发光单元之间的热串扰行为。保持阵列宽度、发光单元数目及发光单元周期不变,发现随阵列填充因子的增加,器件热阻以指数衰减趋势逐渐降低,而发光单元间的热串扰特性对此变化并不敏感;保持阵列单个发光单元输出功率,发光单元尺寸及阵列宽度不变,增加发光单元个数后,阵列内各发光单元之间热串扰加剧,填充因子越高阵列升温速率越快;但在最初约70 s内,包含不同数目发光单元的阵列最高温度差异仅约0.5 ℃,有利于多发光单元高填充因子器件高功率输出。     

940nm波长高功率线阵二极管激光器封装研究

 对940nm波长高功率线阵二极管激光器的封装结构进行了重新设计，并在此基础上开展了芯片的封装实验。封装出的线阵二极管激光器，在连续工作时输出激光功率达40W，在准连续工作时（占空比0.5%），输出峰值功率可达100W。