丹-锡高速公路两侧土壤中重金属元素污染的测定与评价（英文）

论文对丹-锡高速公路两旁土壤中重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Fe、Ni和Mn元素的含量进行了采样调查。分别用单项污染指数、内梅罗指数和地累积指数对土壤中重金属元素的污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:高速公路两旁栽种防护林对土壤重金属污染起到一定的防护作用。随着距路基中心距离的增加,土壤pH值变化范围不大,土壤略呈弱酸性,土壤中Pb、Zn、Mn、Cd和Cu的含量呈现下降的趋势,Fe、Cr、Ni的含量在距路基10~30m范围内略有增加。公路两侧土壤中Pb含量超过背景值,但没有引起污染,Zn、Cr和Cd含量处于轻度到中度污染。土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn、Fe和Cu来自于同一类污染源。     

冶炼厂烟囱降尘农田土壤重金属含量及潜在生态风险评价

摘要：为了研究冶炼厂下风向烟囱降尘对农田土壤重金属污染影响程度,以济源市某一冶炼厂工业烟囱下风向降尘覆盖农田土壤为研究对象,依次对距离该厂烟囱大约为750m-3000m的7个农田研究区（P1-P7）土壤中重金属（Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、）含量进行污染状况分析,采用了单项潜在生态风险指数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法对冶炼厂下风向烟囱降尘土壤中重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明：在3 km2研究区域范围内,距离冶炼厂越近土壤重金属含量越高,Pb、Cd为重度污染,超过了《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB15618-2018）农用地土壤污染风险管制值的1.2倍,距离冶炼厂烟囱下风向P1区土壤中重金属As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn超过土壤环境质量农用地土壤风险筛选值,Cd 在浓度值均超过农用土壤污染风险管制值1.8倍,As元素平均浓度值超农用土壤污染风险管制值1.7倍,Pb、Cu和Zn污染较严重,Cd、Hg对综合指数（RI）贡献值较大分别为68.63和22.4。单项潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示Cd存在极严重的潜在生态风险,Pb、Cu存在较严重潜在生态风险,冶炼厂下风向土壤中综合潜在生态风险指数评价显示,冶炼厂下风向降尘土壤重金属具有较强的生态风险。     

长沙市公园土壤重金属调查与评价

根据对长沙市公园土壤的重金属含量测定结果,采用内梅罗综合污染指数对其进行了评价,并运用相关分析、聚类分析进行了统计分析。研究结果表明,岳麓山公园、烈士公园土壤重金属含量较低,月亮岛土壤重金属含量较高。通过内梅罗综合污染指数评价,认为岳麓山公园土壤属于安全级别,未发生重金属污染;烈士公园土壤中Cr、Hg、Cd属轻污染,其余重金属无污染;月亮岛中土壤重金属污染相对严重,其中Zn、Cd属重污染。通过相关分析表明,与pH值呈正相关的为Cr、Zn、Pb、As;聚类分析研究表明,在距离为20分为两大类Cr、Zn;Hg、Cd、Cu、As、Pb、pH。     

贵阳污灌区菜地土壤团聚体中有机碳和重金属的含量特征及相关性分析

以贵阳某污灌区菜地土壤为研究对象,分别采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法和水合热重铬酸钾氧化分光光度法分析不同粒径土壤团聚体中重金属和有机碳的含量特征,并对有机碳和重金属的相关性进行分析。结果表明,以2mm粒径团聚体的含量为最高,约占75%。Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb在0.25～0.5mm粒径团聚体中含量最高,Cr在5～8mm粒径团聚体中含量最高,As在不同粒径团聚体中的含量变化不大,重金属含量随土层深度增大而减小。土壤重金属富集因子表现为CuPbCdZnCrAs,Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb在0.25～0.5mm粒径团聚体中分布因子最高,而在5～8mm粒径团聚体中重金属的质量负载因子最大。土壤有机碳含量随团聚体粒径的增大表现为先增大后减小,不同粒径团聚体中Cu、Cd、Pb和As含量与有机碳含量均呈显著正相关(p0.05)。污灌区菜地土壤Cr、As在5～8mm粒径团聚体中富集现象显著,Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb在0.25～0.5mm粒径团聚体中均表现出显著的富集特征。6种重金属在5～8mm粒径团聚体中的质量负载因子均为最高,表明6种重金属在5～8mm粒径团聚体中的贡献最大。     

湖南长沙城市土壤地质环境综合评价

对长沙市土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As污染现状进行了调查与评价。结果表明,长沙市110个样本中总体Cd、Cr污染程度已经属于重污染,Zn、As属于中污染,Cu、Pb、Hg属于轻度污染;不同母岩类型土壤中泥盆纪砂页岩、新生代沉积物、花岗岩的重金属含量较高。     

重庆都市圈土壤重金属元素形态分析

选取重庆市表层土壤样品,采用Tessier A连续提取法研究了土壤中Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni等6种重金属元素进行形态分析。结果表明,在该区域表层土壤中Cd以离子交换态为主,其余的重金属元素均以残渣态为主,说明Cd较活泼,对环境有潜在的影响力,Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr相对比较稳定。     

云当归与土壤中微量元素的测定及其相关性分析

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法对云当归以及土壤中11种微量元素进行了分析.结果显示,土壤中微量元素的含量依次为Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Fe＞Mg＞Mn＞Ni＞Cr＞ Cd＞ As＞ Hg;云当归中Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn中含量较高,而As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg等元素中含量相对较低,均低于药典标准.土壤中As与Cr、Pb与Zn存在极显著正相关(r=0.785,0.808);Mn与Cr存在极显著负相关(r=-0.733),As与Cu存在显著负相关(r=-0.631).云当归中Fe与Ni极显著正相关(r=0.731),Cd与Cu极显著负相关(r＝-0.714);Zn与Hg显著相关(r=0.655),Ni与As、Fe与Pb、Fe与Cd显著负相关(r=-0.658,-0.637,-0.673).云当归与土壤中的As存在显著相关(r=0.707).     

煎煮对几种特色南药中重金属元素含量和形态影响

考察了几种特色南药中重金属(Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb,Sr,Zn)的含量状况,并采用形态连续萃取法分析重金属在药材中的形态分布,研究了药材煎煮时药材中重金属的释放及煎煮过程对药材中重金属形态分布的影响。结果表明,几种南药中Cr,Pb,Zn的含量较高,且巴戟天中的重金属总量高于限量标准;原药材中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb和Zn主要存在于有机态和残留态,Fe和Sr主要存在于残留态。煎煮使南药中大量重金属迁移到药汤中;药汤中Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Zn主要来自于其在药材中的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和有机态,而药汤中Sr,Ni和Fe不仅包含其非残留态,更多来自于它们的残留态。为减少药汤中重金属,对于Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Zn既要控制在药材中的总量,且需降低它们在药材中的非残留态含量;对于Fe,Ni和Sr则主要是控制其在药材中的总量。     

洛阳市蔬菜基地土壤中重金属含量抽样分析及评价

为了解洛阳市蔬菜基地土壤中重金属污染状况,对郊区白马寺镇蔬菜基地靠近公路、铁路、社区边和远离这些区域的菜地土壤抽样,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了样品中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr 5种重金属元素含量,并根据国家土壤环境质量二级标准对检测结果进行单因子污染指数和综合污染指数评价。结果表明,土样中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr的平均含量分别为37.09、106.09、50.10、0.56、16.13 mg.kg-1。其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr含量均能达到清洁级,而Cd含量在靠近公路边、铁路边和社区边的抽样中明显高,接近或超出国家土壤环境质量二级标准值,在远离交通和社区的抽样中处于清洁级。由综合评价可知,在所采集的11个土壤样品中,4个样处于安全级水平,5个样处于警戒级水平,2个样处于轻度污染状态。可见,交通运输和社区生活是引起土壤重金属污染的重要因素。     

杭州西郊茶园土壤重金属的积累特点与来源分析

选择了杭州市西部近郊、远郊和农村等3个受人为不同程度影响的区块,分析了同为第四纪红土母质发育的茶园与附近林地土壤剖面中重金属垂直分布的特点,探讨了茶园土壤重金属的来源。结果表明,相同区块的茶园与附近林地土壤重金属Pb、Cd和Hg剖面分布相似,均随剖面深度下降,表土Pb、Cd和Hg含量随离城市距离增加而下降,说明研究区茶园土壤中重金属Pb、Cd和Hg的积累主要与大气沉降有关;茶园与附近林地土壤重金属Cu和Zn也随剖面深度而下降,但同一区块中茶园表土重金属Cu和Zn含量明显高于附近林地土壤,说明施肥等农业措施对茶园土壤Cu和Zn的积累有较大的影响;茶园土壤中Cu和Zn的积累与地理位置关系不大。茶园土壤中Cr和Co的积累不明显,并有淋失的趋势。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

Use of NAA in marine environment and in archaeology in Greece

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a very sensitive and accurate multielement analytical method that is widely applied to the investigation of environmental and archaeological problems. The first part of this paper is a review of pollution studies of toxic trace elements in sediments, seawater and marine organisms of Saronikos Gulf, Greece by NAA. The second part of this paper is a review of provenance studies based on minor and trace element research in ancient ceramics, obsidian, flint, limestone, marble and lead by Instrumental NAA, performed at the NCSR Demokritos.     

Electrolysis in nanochannels for in situ reagent generation in confined geometries

In situ generation of reactive species within confined geometries, such as nanopores or nanochannels is of significant interest in overcoming mass transport limitations in chemical reactivity. Solvent electrolysis is a simple process that can readily be coupled to nanochannels for the electrochemical generation of reactive species, such as H(2). Here the production of hydrogen-rich liquid volumes within nanofluidic structures, without bubble nucleation or nanochannel occlusion, is explored both experimentally and by modeling. Devices comprised of multiple horizontal nanochannels intersecting planar working and quasi-reference electrodes were constructed and used to study the effects of confinement and reduced working volume on the electrochemical reduction of H(2)O to H(2) and OH(-). H(2) production in the nanochannel-embedded electrode reactor output was monitored by fluorescence emission of fluorescein, which exhibits a pH-dependent emission intensity. Initially, the fluorescein solution was buffered to pH 6.0 prior to stepping the potential cathodic of E(0)' for the generation of OH(-) and H(2). Because the electrochemical products are obtained in a 2:1 stoichiometry, local measurements of pH during and after the cathodic potential steps can be converted into H(2) production rates. Independent experimental estimates of the local H(2) concentration were then obtained from the spatiotemporal fluorescence behavior and current measurements, and these were compared with finite element simulations accounting for electrolysis and subsequent convection and diffusion within the confined geometry. Local dissolved H(2) concentrations were correlated to partial pressures through Henry's Law and values as large as 8.3 atm were obtained at the most negative potential steps. The downstream availability of electrolytically produced H(2) in nanochannels is evaluated in terms of its possible use as a downstream reducing reagent. The results obtained here indicate that H(2) can easily reach saturation concentrations at modest overpotentials.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Conferences in Chemistry Held in 2022

Russian Chemical Bulletin -