On the relation of the Methagalaxy mass to the gravitation constant. 1. from Einstein’s theory to the Einstein–Cartan theory

The notion of the dimensionless gravitational charge defined through the Planck mass and the fundamental constants specifying this mass itself is introduced. The Big Bang is related to the unified physical interaction decay and the drop of Newton’s gravitational constant by 40.67 orders of magnitude in comparison with the electromagnetic constant taken as unity. This causes an increase in theMetagalaxy curvature radius by the same value and a decrease in the average density of space–time curvature sources by 122 orders of magnitude: from the maximum allowable Planck density to the observed critical density. The microphysics appears naturally related to cosmology.     

Measurement of Eccentricity of the Centre of Mass from the Geometric Centre of a Sphere

The eccentricity of the centre of mass from the geometric centre of a spherical attracting mass in determining the Newtonian gravitational constant G is tested by means of an electronic balance. The experimental result shows that the eccentricity of the sample is about 0.31 μm with uncertainty of 0.05μm. Two density distribution models are discussed to estimate the uncertainty to G by the eccentricities of the attracting masses.     

Origin of the E.S.R. hyperfine anisotropy and the cos2 θ rule of the β-fluorine couplings

The origin of the hyperfine couplings of β-fluorine nuclei in free radicals has been studied using the hyperfine tensors determined for and in single crystals. The direction of the maximum principal element of the β-fluorine coupling tensor in was found to be very close to the direction of the maximum overlap of the fluorine 2p π orbital with the half-filled carbon 2p π orbital. This means that the spin density in the fluorine 2p π orbital is mainly due to the direct overlap with the carbon 2p π orbital and the contributions from the hyperconjugation and the spin polarization mechanisms are less important. The cos²θ rule, B ₀ + B cos²θ, for the β-fluorine coupling tensor was also derived from the conformational dependence of the overlap integral. Using the ratio of B/B ₀ calculated from the overlap integral together with the observed hyperfine tensor for , the absolute values of B ₂ and B were determined and results were applied to the β-fluorine coupling tensor of the rotating CF₃ group in . The calculated tensor is in very good agreement with the one observed.     

Studies of the radionuclide content of fuel particles sampled from the chernobyl nuclear power plant’s No. 4 reactor unit

Spectroscopic studies are performed of the L _x , K _x , and ?? emanations from fuel particles sampled in 2011 inside the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant??s (ChNPP??s) No. 4 reactor unit. The isotope ratios for ^134,135Cs, ^154,155Eu, Pu isotopes, ^241,243Am, and ²⁴³Cm are measured. The data on ?? emitters for all radionuclides above ²⁴¹Am exhibit considerable inconsistency with the theoretically calculated values. A systematic deviation of the ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs ratios for the fuel component from the 1986 data is observed. Zirconium is shown to be the main radionuclide in the fuel particles.     

Evidence of the Non-Strange Partner of Pentaquark from the Elementary K +Λ Photoproduction

The existence of the J ^p  = 1/2⁺ narrow resonance predicted by the chiral soliton model has been investigated by utilizing the new kaon photoproduction data. For this purpose, we have constructed two phenomenological models, which are able to describe kaon photoproduction from threshold up to W = 1,730 MeV. By varying the resonance mass, width, and KΛ branching ratio in this energy range we found that the most convincing mass of this resonance is 1,650 MeV. Using this result we estimate the masses of other antidecuplet family members.     

Another calculation of the Higgs mass and the top mass from the principles of H. B. Nielsen: m H ≅ 163GeV for M t ≅ 190GeV

We calculate the Higgs mass and the top mass starting from the principle that there are two, essentially degenerate minima in the Higgs effective potential; the second is at about the Planck energy scale M _P = 1.2 × 10¹⁹ GeV. Thus the parameter of the quartic self-coupling λ _h vanishes, as does β _λH at M _P. The new element is the addition of a quantum interaction term which couples the square of the Higgs field to the square of a pseudoscalar field, in the domain of the energy scale between about 10¹⁴ GeV and M _P. We modify β _λH at one loop. The pseudoscalar field which is introduced may be the field which is responsible for a spontaneous breakdown of discrete symmetry — for CP noninvariance at an energy scale of (10¹⁵–10¹⁶) GeV. The result is then a closer value for m _H ? 163 GeV for the top pole-mass M _t ? 190 GeV; both values are now close to the electroweak scale parameter $\langle {\phi _H}\rangle /\sqrt 2 = 175{\text{ GeV}}$ . In terms of dimensionless running coupling parameters, which determine the masses near to the electroweak scale, we get $\sqrt {{\lambda _H}} \cong 0.06$ and $gt/\sqrt 2 \cong 0.72$ , values that are close to each other and close to unity.     

Influence of ligands on the photoluminescent properties of Eu in europium β-diketonate/PMMA-doped systems

Three kinds of europium β-diketonates Eu(DBM)₃, Eu(BA)₃ and Eu(TTA)₃ (DBM: Dibenzoylmethane; BA: 1-Benzoylacetone; TTA: Thenoyltrifluoroacetone) were doped in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. The doped systems were studied by using photoluminescent (PL) spectroscopy, emission decay experiments and X-ray diffractometry. Eu(III) ions in the doped Eu(DBM)₃/PMMA systems have two distinct symmetric sites and the emission band changes greatly with the compositions. Eu(III) in the Eu(BA)₃/PMMA systems gives only one symmetric site in the doped systems and the emission band changes slightly with the compositions. Although two distinct symmetric sites of Eu(III) can be distinguished in the doped systems of Eu(TTA)₃/PMMA, the two sites have similar ⁵D₀ lifetimes and the luminescent spectra almost do not change with the compositions. XRD reveals that crystallites were formed in the doped Eu(DBM)₃/PMMA systems that have different crystalline structure from that of the chelate, and Eu(BA)₃ and Eu(TTA)₃ exist in amorphous state in the doped systems. The difference between the PL properties and structures of the doped systems for the three kinds of chelates should be attributed to different interactions between the chelate molecules and between the chelate and PMMA.     

Nobel Prizes in the “light” of Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation. To the 125th anniversary of the birth of S.I. Vavilov

The objective of this paper is not a detailed review or an analysis of the studies in the field of high-energy physics initiated by the discovery of Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation, occurred more than 80 years ago at the Lebedev Physical Institute, and awarded Nobel Prizes. The paper is written to emphasize the historical significance of the discovery of the effect and its key role in further studies in high-energy physics, commended by the high award of the Nobel committee. In 1958, 24 years after the first publication about the new phenomenon, i.e., emission of electrons moving in matter with the superlight speed, discovered by P.A. Cherenkov under the supervision by S.I. Vavilov, the Nobel Prize was awarded to a group of scientists of the Lebedev Physical Institute, P.A. Cherenkov, I.M. Frank, and I.E. Tamm “for the discovery and explanation of the Cherenkov effect”. Since then, practical application of Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation is widely spread.     

Determination of the fission barrier of232Pu from β-delayed fission and the problem of the first barrier

A delayed fission activity with a half-life of (55±7) s and a production cross section of (5±1)nb has been observed in the irradiation of²³⁷Np with 104 MeVα particles. It is tentatively assigned to the electron capture decay of²³²Am followed by fission of²³²Pu With a probability of (1.3 _?0.8 ⁺⁴ )· 10^?2 A barrier height of (5.3±0.4) MeV is extracted for²³²Pu exceeding theoretical barrier heights by about 2MeV. Systematic deviations between experimental and theoretical barrier heights previously observed in particular for U and Th isotopes are now also established for neutron deficient Pu isotopes indicating severe defects in the procedure of calculating static fission barriers.     

Photoconductivity derived from an exact modelling of the uncompensated one-donor model. III—problem of fitting the exact model with approximate models

Abstract

The paper is essentially devoted to a quantitative comparison of the exact (1D) model developed in Part I, with two approximate models indicated by Kittel (1D_a1) and by Van der Ziel (1D_a2). And this is made for identical values of their common parameters. This allows to show that models 1D and 1D_a1 generally present no suitable intervals for fitting. The model of Van der Ziel is more suited, for, a good fitting with the 1D model can be obtained, for relatively reduced G values, and for temperatures bounded upward by the characteristic temperature T ₀ defined previously. The role played by the sub-models, obtained after simplifying the 1D_ai model equations, is studied also.     

From extensive air showers to the characteristics of primary cosmic rays. To the 120th Anniversary of the Birth of D. V. Skobel’tsyn

The works by D.V. Skobel’tsyn that laid the foundation of the contemporary physics of cosmic rays and the physics of high energies are considered. Skobel’tsyn demonstrated that cosmic rays contain particles whose energy substantially surpasses the energies that are typical of radioactive decay, discovered the existence of air showers, i.e., when several particles hit an array simultaneously, and performed a series of investigations into extensive air showers that resulted in the discovery of a nuclear-cascade process in the atmosphere. The results that Skobel’tsyn obtained were of primary importance for the further development of cosmic-ray physics.     

Dark Energy： Relating the Evolutions of the Universe from the Past to the Future

Using the evolution history of the universe, one can make constraint on the parameter space of dynamic dark energy models. We discuss two different parameterized dark energy models. Our results further restrict the combined constraints obtained from supernova and the first-year Wilkinson-microwave-anisotropy-probe observations. From the allowed parameter space, it is found that our universe will experience an eternal acceleration. We also estimate the bound on the physically relevant regions both in the re-inflationary and inflationary phases.     

Determination of the constantg ωρπ from QCD sum rules

The ωρπ coupling constant is calculated using a modified form of sum rules for the vertex function 〈0|T(J _μ(x),J _ν(0))|π〉 accounting for the axial anomaly. The resultg _ωρπ=16 GeV^?1 is in good agreement with the estimates of the Vector Meson Dominance model. We show that the standard procedure gives forg _ωρπ a considerably smaller value compared to the experimental number.     

Experimental Study of the Intensity Spatial Distribution Uniformity of the Output Field from Multimode Fibers

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Abstracts of reports from the Russian Acoustical Society 2010 Yearbook,S.A. Rybak’s Seminar “Acoustics of Inhomogeneous Media”

Information

Abstracts of reports from the Russian Acoustical Society 2010 Yearbook, S.A. Rybak’s Seminar “Acoustics of Inhomogeneous Media”     

‘Factors of ignorance’ and the rationalized M.K.S.A. system of units

An attempt is made, by means of an allusive (rather than a systematic) historical account of the development of the subject, to exhibit the essentially unique character of the rationalized M.K.S.A. system of units. The establishment of this system involved one arbitrary decision—the determination to retain unaltered the size of the previously accepted unit of current. Thereafter, any choice of derived units, other than the choice actually made, would have destroyed the basic symmetry of the formulation.     

Exclusive measurement of coherent η-photoproduction from the deuteron

Coherent photoproduction of η-mesons from the deuteron has been measured from threshold up to E _γ≈ 750 MeV using the photon spectrometer TAPS at the tagged photon facility at the Mainz microtron MAMI. For the first time, differential coherent cross-sections have been deduced from the coincident detection of the η-meson and the recoil deuteron. A missing-energy analysis was used for the suppression of background events so that a very clean identification of coherent η-photoproduction was achieved. The resulting cross-sections agree with previous experimental results except for angles around 90^° in the γd c.m. system where they are smaller. They are compared to various model calculations. Received: 5 April 2001 / Accepted: 3 September 2001