假二元微乳液体系标度律

微乳液是在表面活性物质存在下形成的油 -水混合热力学稳定体系 ,在一定条件下 ,表面活性剂双 -2 -乙基己基硫代琥珀酸钠 (AOT) -水 -正构烷烃可形成油包水型微乳液体系 ,其中分散颗粒的大小仅由水与 AOT的物质的量比 x确定[1] .这类微乳液体系有一个低临界温度 Tc,当温度高于 Tc时体系分成两相 ,两相中分散颗粒的大小相同 ,但颗粒浓度不同 ,因此 ,可看成一个假二元体系 .近年来 ,有关这类微乳液体系在临界区域与温度相关的标度律是否符合 3 D-Ising模型方面存在争论 [2～ 4 ] .本文通过精确测量 AOT-水 -正构烷烃假二元微乳液体系在…     

阳离子型微乳液聚合丙烯酰胺的表征

自从Hoar[1]和Schulman[2]利用乳化剂、水和油制得均一透明的微乳液以来,微乳液在许多领域中得到广泛应用.Candau[3,4]通过微乳液聚合得到分子量很高(105～106)的纳米级聚合物粒子,且聚合物分子链采取紧密缠绕的构象.Antonietti[5]在对苯乙烯微乳液聚合的研究报道中认为,聚合物分子链是以一种类似于网状交联结构的形态存在的,这些结果表明,通过微乳液聚合所得聚合物可能存在着一些特殊的性质.本文采用阳离子型乳化剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和脂肪族醇助乳化剂制备的油包水(W/O)型反相微乳液体系来聚合丙烯酰胺(Am),并与使用相同乳…     

SDS/正戊醇-二甲苯-水(盐水)拟三元体系相图和电导研究及纳米ZnO的制备

实验绘制了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/正戊醇(n-C₅H₁₀OH)-二甲苯[C₆H₄(CH₃)₂]-水[或Zn(NO₃)₂溶液]四组分微乳液体系在不同温度时的拟三元相图. 测定了电导率随水(或盐溶液)含量变化的规律, 电导的规律与相图吻合. 依据电解质理论探讨了微乳液的微观结构, 研究表明, 温度对油包水(W/O)反相微乳液区域影响不大, 电解质的加入对油包水(W/O)反相微乳液区域影响较大. 通过SDS/正戊醇-二甲苯-H₂O及SDS/正戊醇-二甲苯-盐水的拟三元体系的相图观察及实验研究, 选择乳化剂(SDS/正戊醇)与二甲苯质量比为4:6的微乳液作为最佳条件, 制备出了ZnO纳米粒子.     

微乳液法制备YF3:Er纳米材料

微乳液[1～2]通常是由表面活性剂、助表面活性剂(通常为醇类)、油(通常为碳氢化合物)和水(或电解质水溶液)组成的透明的、各向同性的热力学稳定体系.微乳液中,微小的水池被表面活性剂所组成的单分子层界面所包围而形成微乳颗粒,其大小可控制在几至几十纳米之间.微小的"水池"尺度小且彼此分离,因而构不成水相,通常称为"微反应器".本文采用了CTAB、正丁醇、正辛烷和水等组成的微乳液体系[3].     

微乳液体系中溶剂热合成Co纳米纤维

纳米材料的小尺寸及大的表面积使其在光学、电学、磁学以及化学性质上与体相材料具有显著的差异 ,从而在催化、电子、光学、磁性存储和超导等多方面具有很大的应用前景 [1] .目前 ,已经开发出许多制备纳米颗粒的技术 ,如溅射法、共沉淀法、溶胶 -凝胶法、水热法和微乳液法等 .其中利用微乳液等两亲分子有序组合体进行化学反应制备纳米材料是近十几年发展起来的新方法 ,该方法由于具有实验装置简单、易于操作和粒度可控等优点而引起人们的重视 [2 ] .微乳液是一种高度分散的间隔化液体 ,水 (或油 )相在表面活性剂 (助表面活性剂 )的作用下以…     

水性涂料用聚丙烯酸酯微乳液的合成及其表征

低污染、低能耗的乳液涂料在建筑涂料中得到了广泛应用,具有核壳结构的聚合物乳液对胶膜的力学性能有较大的改善[1],微米(或纳米)级乳液具有优异的成膜性能,两者均是近年来高分子材料科学中发展十分迅速的新领域[2]。但微乳液聚合时乳化剂用量大,单体含量少。本文采用阴非离子复合乳化剂体系,单体预乳化工艺,种子乳液聚合法,通过正交实验优化聚合工艺参数及体系配方,合成了纳米级聚丙烯酸酯微乳液。并对乳液聚合物的粒径及分布、热性能、分子量及分布、结构等进行了表征。1　实验部分1 1　主要原料及乳液表征苯乙烯(St)、甲基丙烯酸甲…     

苯丙乳液的裂解气相色谱-质谱分析

苯乙烯一丙烯酸酯共聚乳液(简称苯丙乳液)是一种苯乙烯改性的丙烯酸酯系的共聚物乳液涂料.它用苯乙烯全部或部分代替纯丙乳液中的甲基丙烯酸甲酯,由于引入了苯乙烯链段,从而可提高涂膜的耐水性、耐候、耐碱性等,而且以水为介质,避免了传统油性涂料造成的环境污染和高成本,已广泛用于建筑涂料、地面涂料、粘合剂和胶粘剂等[1-2].     

SDBS/n-C8H18/n-C4OH/盐水体系中相微乳液双连续结构

微乳液是指由水（盐水）、油（烃）、一种或几种表面活性剂组成的热力学稳定体系,这类体系具有低粘度、各向导性、透明或半透明的性质[1],微乳液在许多工业实际问题中,例如润滑、以洗涤、催化等方面得到了应用[2],近年来,微乳液和反向胶束中酶催化技术的开发[3]以及分离蛋白质中的应用[4],使微乳液在生化技术研究中倍受青睐．与过剩盐水相和过剩油相达三相平衡时的微乳液即为中相微乳液。中相微乳液具有既可增溶水又可增溶油的特殊性质,并且微乳液与过剩水相和过剩油相间的界面张力（飞uw和7;n。;）极低顺干2．0。10－’1liN·111…     

甲基丙烯酸正丁酯正相微乳液可控/“活性”光聚合动力学研究

以末端含溴原子的光引发剂2-溴异丁酰氧基-2-甲基-1-苯基甲酮(HMPP-Br)为引发剂,2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基(TEMPO)和2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶醇(TMP)为调控剂,采用光聚合方法研究了甲基丙烯酸正丁酯(n-BMA)/十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/水/正丁醇 O/W型正相微乳液体系的光聚合反应动力学.结果表明,改性后的引发剂具有一定的引发活性,且聚合微乳液体系较稳定,聚合反应获得了良好的ln[M]₀/[M]与时间、数均分子量与转化率之间的线性动力学关系,制备了分子量分布较窄的Poly(n-BMA)均聚物.     

CdS纳米粒子的水热微乳法制备

0引言CdS是一种重要的Ⅱ-Ⅵ族半导体,其独特的光电化学性能引起人们的广泛关注,而其性能与晶粒尺寸、晶体结构等密切相关,因而CdS的纳米结构的研究备受关注[1￣3]。目前,制备CdS纳米粒子的主要方法有溶剂热法[4],化学浴沉积法[5],微乳液法[6]等。微乳液是合成球形纳米粒子的良好介质,具有实验装置简单,操作方便,应用领域广并且有可控制微粒的粒度等优点[7]。但其在室温条件下合成的CdS粒子的结晶性较差,严重影响其光电性能。Gan和Liu等[8]曾在NP5-NP9/PE/SOL微乳液中,在室温及水热条件下合成ZnS:Mn发光纳米材料,来提高在微乳液中制…     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.