凹凸棒土应用于水样中铜和铅测定的研究

本文以凹凸棒土为固相萃取剂,与火焰原子吸收光谱(FAAS)法联用,富集并检测样品中的痕量金属离子。研究了凹凸棒土对痕量Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附作用,考察了吸附时间、凹凸棒土加入量等影响其吸附和解吸的主要因素、并考察了静态饱和吸附容量,及共存离子的影响。结果表明,当pH 6.0、凹凸棒土用量为0.25 g时,凹凸棒土对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附率达到90.3%和92.1%;用20 mL 0.1 mol.L-1的HNO3可将吸附在凹凸棒土上的Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)定量洗脱。凹凸棒土对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的静态饱和吸附容量分别为15.8 mg.g-1、23.7 mg.g-1;本法对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的检出限分别为2.80μg.L-1、0.25μg.L-1;相对标准偏差分别为1.9%和2.1%(Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ):0.40μg.mL-1,n=5)。在优化的实验条件下,实测了水样中Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的含量,加标回收率均在96%～105%之间,结果令人满意。     

香蕉皮对重金属离子铅的吸附性能研究

建立了香蕉皮快速、高效对重金属离子铅吸附性能的方法。采用分光光度法测定重金属离子铅的浓度,分别研究了7种不同形态的吸附剂对废水中重金属离子铅的吸附性能。在优化的实验条件下,重金属离子铅浓度与吸光度的线性相关系数R=0.999 83,且方法相对标准偏差(RSD)低于3%。结果表明,香蕉皮对废水中的重金属离子铅有良好的吸附效果,吸附率达到91.3%。利用香蕉皮去除废水中的重金属离子,可以变废为宝,且方法吸附率高、准确可靠、精密度高,可用于吸附废水中重金属离子铅。     

改性凹凸棒土对Mo(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

研究了改性凹凸棒土吸附Mo(Ⅵ)的性能和机理,探讨了Mo(Ⅵ)溶液的起始浓度、pH值、吸附时间以及温度对此吸附剂吸附Mo(Ⅵ)性能的影响,得出了适宜的吸附条件.用红外对适宜条件下的吸附产物进行了表征.结果表明:改性凹凸棒土吸附Mo(Ⅵ)的适宜条件为:Mo(Ⅵ)溶液初始浓度1.86 mg·L-1,pH值2.20,时间20 min,温度35 ℃.改性凹凸棒土与MoO42-离子间通过静电作用(化学吸附)以及物理吸附相结合.     

新型络合吸附剂的研究(Ⅲ)——镍离子模板高分子多乙烯多胺络合吸附剂的合成和特性

以金属Ni(Ⅱ)离子为模板,合成了高分子多乙烯多胺络合吸附剂.研究了它们对重金属离子(Cu²⁺,Ni²⁺,Zn²⁺,Co²⁺的吸附特性.结果表明,这类吸附剂对Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ),Zn(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)离子的吸附容量分别达239.60、231.30、131.83、81.23mg/g(千);相应选择性顺序为Cu(Ⅱ)≈Ni(Ⅱ)>Zn(Ⅱ)>Co(Ⅱ).     

载双硫腙螯合纤维制备及富集重金属离子研究

合成了一种聚苯乙烯基载双硫腙 (DzS) 螯合纤维,研究了该纤维对4种重金属离子的螯合性能,讨论了吸附酸度、吸附时间等对4种重金属吸附性能的影响,选择了适当的反应条件,得出了该螯合纤维对重金属离子吸附量及选择性大小顺序:Pd(Ⅱ)>Cu(Ⅱ)>Co(Ⅱ)>Cd(Ⅱ),指出该纤维与石墨炉原子吸收分光光度测定法结合,可成功地应用于环境检测天然水样中的重金属离子.     

在多孔有机聚合物中构筑广谱性重金属离子吸附活性位

以三维刚性结构的三蝶烯为单体, 通过简单的Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应制备得到高比表面积的三蝶烯基多孔有机聚合物(TPOP), 在TPOP中接枝乙二胺和氯乙酸钠, 构建了广谱重金属离子吸附剂(TPOP-CH₂EDTA). 获得的TPOP-CH₂EDTA具有微孔/介孔结构, 其微孔尺寸为1.6 nm, BET比表面积为634 m²/g, 利于重金属离子传递和配位作用的强化. TPOP-CH₂EDTA对重金属离子具有吸附广谱性, 其对Ag(Ⅰ), Cu(Ⅱ), Ni(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ), Sn(Ⅳ), Pb(Ⅱ), Cd(Ⅱ), Fe(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅲ)等10种重金属离子的去除率均高于98%. 以Pb(Ⅱ)为典型的重金属污染物, 通过Langmuir模型计算得到Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附容量高达184.5 mg/g; 具有拟二级吸附动力学特征, 吸附速率快, 动力学常数k₂为0.0173 g·mg^?1·min^?1; 经过5次循环使用后, Pb(Ⅱ)的去除效率仍高达95.8%. TPOP-CH₂EDTA对混合溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率均高于99%, 且对含有大量无机盐[如Ca(Ⅱ), Mg(Ⅱ), K(Ⅰ)和Na(Ⅰ)离子]和有机化合物的复杂真实水体系, Pb(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)的去除效率仍高于90%. 因此, 通过调控多孔有机聚合物微观结构(如比表面积、 孔径和吸附位点密度)而构筑的广谱性重金属吸附材料, 为协同去除复杂水系统中混合重金属离子提供了方案.     

有机改性凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的吸附性能研究

合成了十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)改性的凹凸棒土吸附剂,并研究了其对水中腐殖酸的吸附行为。通过FTIR、TG对改性前后凹凸棒土进行表征。结果表明,十六烷基三甲基氯化铵成功结合到凹凸棒土表面,结合到凹凸棒土表面的量为9.78%。在25℃时,腐殖酸在吸附剂上吸附行为符合Freundlich方程,吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学方程,初始浓度为54.60~200.20mg/L时,ATP-CTAC对腐殖酸的最大吸附量为253mg/g;温度对吸附行为影响不大;改性后的凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的吸附随pH的增大而降低;改性后的凹凸棒土显著地提高了对腐殖酸的吸附量。     

新型络合吸附剂的研究(Ⅳ)──铜(Ⅱ)、镍(Ⅱ)模板高分子多乙烯多胺吸附剂的记忆性

研究了铜(Ⅱ)、镍(Ⅱ)离子模板高分子多乙烯多胺络合吸附剂的动态吸附金属离子的行为。5个周期的动态吸附结果表明,合成的铜(Ⅱ)、镍(Ⅱ)模板吸附剂分别对铜(Ⅱ)和镍(Ⅱ)金属离子具有稳定的吸附能力,其动态饱和吸附量达4.357mmolCu(Ⅱ)/g[铜(Ⅱ)模板吸附剂]、3.153mmolNi(Ⅱ)/g[镍(Ⅱ)模板吸附剂];相对误差分别为±1.5%和±2.2%.     

巯基微球富集用于近红外光谱同时定量分析微量汞(Ⅱ)和银(Ⅰ)离子

针对近红外光谱技术的检出限高和金属离子在近红外区无信号响应的问题, 合成了巯基聚倍半硅氧烷微球(PMPSQ), 用以高效富集水溶液中的微量汞(Ⅱ)和银(Ⅰ)离子. 通过金属离子与巯基官能团螯合从而获得相应的近红外信号响应, 采集吸附了金属离子的PMPSQ的近红外漫反射光谱, 采用偏最小二乘法建立了定量校正模型. 结果表明, 采用巯基微球富集结合近红外光谱技术可以同时测定水中浓度分别为0.16~1.80 mg/L的汞(Ⅱ)离子和0.15~1.70 mg/L的银(Ⅰ)离子.     

有机硅修饰的剥层水滑石及其对废水中金属离子的吸附

对剥层的镁铝硝酸根水滑石(Mg2Al-NO3-LDHs)片表面进行了有机硅化合物(N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl)tris-(2-ethoxy)silane(KH-791)修饰,并研究了修饰后的水滑石片对废水中Pb2+,Cu2+和Zn2+离子的吸附行为。结果表明:在相同的温度和金属离子浓度条件下,被修饰的水滑石片对Pb2+吸附容量最大,达到378.0 mg.g-1;在以上几种金属离子的混合溶液中,修饰主体材料表现出对Pb2+高度的选择性吸附,对Pb2+吸附容量为85 mg.g-1,而对Zn2+和Cu2+的吸附容量只有30 mg.g-1左右。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小环化合物中饱和碳质子化学位移的计算

小环化合物由于其张力、构型、构象和各向异性效应等原因,环碳上质子化学位移缺乏规律性,难以预测,对此作者曾提出一种近似算法。本文根据303种小环化合物中饱和碳质子的化学位移实验数据,将适于计算这类质子化学位移的公式表述为:     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.