Phenanthrenequinone–polymethylmethacrylate composite for polarization phase recording

We present the results of an experimental study of photoanisotropy in polymethylmethacrylate layers containing phenanthrenequinone. We consider the characteristic features of inducing birefringence for different contents of the photosensitive molecules and temperatures of the layer. We propose a mechanism for appearance of photoinduced birefringence; we explain the concentration and temperature dependences of its magnitude based on the dimerization of phenanthrenequinone, established from the IR spectra. We have observed stability of the photoinduced birefringence relative to subsequent exposure to optical radiation, which can be used to improve contrast when converting polarization phase images to amplitude images.     

Holographic polymer materials with diffusion development: Principles, arrangement, investigation, and applications

We present a review of information that has been published in the scientific literature on the mechanism of formation (development, enhancement) of holograms at the expense of the photochemical attachment of phenanthrenequinone molecules and other compounds to polymer chains and diffusion mixing of unreacted molecules, on different types of light-sensitive materials that realize this mechanism, on the application of these materials to create volume holographic elements, on recording of information, and for research purposes.     

Holographic volume gratings in a glass-like polymer material

We demonstrate a possibility to write efficient and thermally stable volume holographic gratings in a glassy polymer material based on PMMA and phenanthrenequinone with layers prepared, by casting the liquid solution of ingredients on a substrate and drying to a solid state. A high concentration of phenanthrenequinone (up to 4 mol. %) makes it possible to use photosensitive layers of lower thicknesses (50–180 μm) for the recording of efficient holographic gratings. The exposing is followed by a thermal amplification of the grating due to diffusion of residual phenanthrenequinone molecules and fixation by an incoherent optical illumination. We present experimental temporal curves of the refractive index modulation and diffraction efficiency both under the exposure and the heating process. The behavior of the gratings under temperatures up to 140 °C has been studied. PACS 42.40.Eq; 42.70.Jk; 42.70.Ln     

Angular Selectivity of Amplitude-Phase Holographic Gratings in Polymer Material with Phenanthrenequinone

The values of the amplitudes of the refractive index and absorption coefficient modulations in volume hologram gratings, which were recorded in a polymer material with phenanthrenequinone (PQ), have been determined by the results of the approximation of the angular selectivity contours, which were measured at wavelengths of 450, 473, 532, and 633 nm before and after the development of holograms, resulting from the diffusion of PQ molecules in a glassy polymer. Immediately after recording, before the diffusion development, the holograms are mixed amplitude-phase in the PQ absorption spectral region and phase for the red light, which is not absorbed by it (633 nm), and become purely phase during the development regardless of the wavelength. The shape of the selectivity contour of the undeveloped hologram indicates the counterphase between the modulations of the absorption coefficient and refractive index, illustrating the concept of complementary gratings, on which the principle of hologram formation in the material under consideration is based.

     

Multiplexing holograms in LiNbO3:Fe:Mn crystals

Persistent holograms are recorded with red light in lithium niobate crystals doped with manganese and iron. Different erasure mechanisms are investigated, and a recording schedule for multiplexing holograms with equal diffraction efficiencies is proposed. To test the recording schedule experimentally, we multiplex 50 plane-wave holograms with the proposed recording schedule.     

Holographic storage stability in PQ-PMMA bulk photopolymer

Holographic storage stability is investigated experimentally in phenanthrenequinone (PQ) doped poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) photopolymer with high thickness and rigid polymer matrix. It is demonstrated that the stability consists of two continuous processes, dark enhancement and decay of holograms, which are corresponding to the diffusion of PQ and its photoproduct molecules, respectively. During dark enhancement the Bragg detuning of angle selectivity is observed. Therefore it is necessary to obtain steady holograms quality by adjusting the readout angle. After reaching steady state, the long-term stability of holograms is determined by the diffusion of photoproducts. Temperature is a most significant parameter for long-term stability, which can bring sufficient energy to increase the diffusion of photoproducts and reduce the stability. Finally low temperature and uniform exposure as alternative methods are proposed to optimize the storage stability after dark enhancement. Moreover the influence of humidity on the storage stability is neglectable.     

国产KL全色全息干板感光特性研究

为了用国产KL型全色全息干板制作真彩色反射全息图,对KL全息干板的感光特性进行了实验研究.介绍了实验的光路,化学处理方法,三基色的选择.测试了底片单波长记录的感光特性和波长灵敏度,对三基色波长记录的特性进行了实验和分析,结果表明KL全息干板可用于记录真彩色反射全息图.     

Cu-diffused layers in LiNbO3 for reversible holographic storage

Some holographic recording characteristics of Cu-diffused layers fabricated in Rh-doped LiNbO₃ have been examined in comparison with those fabricated in undoped lithium niobate.The diffusion layers, whose thickness depends on the diffusion temperature, are found to be enormously susceptible to optically-induced refractive index changes and to be able to attain a high diffraction efficiency. A distinguished difference is found between the persistence of holograms stored in Rh-doped and undoped LiNbO₃.     

Multiple-exposure holographic interferometry with rotation of a recording medium for investigation of fast processes

Some specific features of recording holograms with rotation of a recording medium between exposures are considered. It is shown that the rotation of the recording medium makes it possible to exclude completely the effect of aberrations of the recording/rerecording system in the formation of interference patterns characterizing the phase change by an object under study during the time interval between the instants at which the corresponding holograms are recorded.     

无透镜傅里叶变换全息图在欠采样条件下的数值再现分析

在理论分析无透镜傅里叶变换全息图记录的基础上，结合CCD的结构特点，用傅里叶频谱方法具体研究了无透镜傅里叶变换全息图在欠采样条件下的再现问题.指出在无透镜傅里叶变换全息术中，对有限尺寸物体而言，在记录过程不满足申农（Shannon）采样定理的条件下，仍能完整再现出物体的像.同时对再现像的变化特点进行了理论说明.所得的实验结果与理论分析一致.     

Characteristics of the reconstructed image upon multiplexing on-axis holograms

A comparative analysis of the experimental data on recording and multiplexing holograms, including speckle holograms, by an axial scheme is presented. The contrast and signal-to-noise ratio in the images reconstructed are compared. It is demonstrated that the thickness of the photosensitive material has an effect on the image quality during the recording of filamentary holograms.     

Dynamic holography in alkali metal vapour

Problems of dynamic hologram recording on resonant absorption lines of alkali metal vapour are discussed. Light beams and media parameters are determined that are necessary for hologram recording with usable efficiency. The effects of thermal atomic motion and the radiative transport of excitation influence on the spatial frequency transfer function of two-level media are investigated. Results of hologram recording in vapour of Rb (780.0 nm) and Cs (852.1 nm) using low-power CW-lasers are presented. Transmission holograms in the volume media and reflection holograms near the boundary of the resonant vapour and the dielectric are compared. For transmission holograms the advantage of collinear read-out when using pure vapour in comparison with a counterpropagating read-out is shown, and this makes it possible to achieve higher values of hologram efficiency over a wide range of atomic density. It is shown that reflection hologram recording is characterized by higher resolution, as compared with hologram recordings in the volume of extended media. Problems of metal vapour hologram usage for laser parameter control are discussed. The feasibility of holograms in Cs-vapour usage as a spectral-selective real-time feedback element in a semiconductor laser external cavity is shown.     

Localized holographic recording in doubly doped lithium niobate

Persistent holograms are recorded locally with red light in a LiNbO>(3) crystal doped with Mg and Fe. Selective erasure is realized by use of a focused UV sensitizing light. We demonstrate the recording of 50 localized images as well as selective erasure in a 4 mm x 4 mm x 4 mm crystal. A comparison of the total recording time for M holograms obtained with the conventional distributed-volume recording and the localized methods is presented.     

Permanent narrow-band reflection holograms for infrared light recorded in LiNbO3:Ti:Cu channel waveguides

Permanent refractive-index gratings are generated by thermal fixing of holograms in photorefractive lithium niobate channel waveguides. The guides are fabricated by successive indiffusion of titanium stripes and thin layers of copper. After high-temperature recording with green light, refractive-index modulations exceeding Δn=8×10^-5 for light of the telecommunication wavelength 1550 nm appear without the need of any development process of the written holograms. The gratings are stable in the dark and no compensation mechanism via dark conductivity is observed. Thus this method may be well suited for long-time applications in holography and integrated optics. Received: 2 October 2000 / Revised version: 25 January 2001 / Published online: 22 March 2001     

Effects of recording wavelength on three-dimensional vector holograms in photoreactive liquid crystal composites

Effects of recording wavelength on the recently proposed (Sasaki, 2008) three-dimensional vector holograms, in which the optical anisotropy is three-dimensionally modulated, are presented experimentally and theoretically. The polarization states of the interference light are three-dimensionally modulated due to both the polarization interference and optical anisotropy in the recording medium. These spatial distributions of the polarization states and the resulting diffraction properties in the three-dimensional vector holograms are strongly dependent on the recording wavelength. Theoretical consideration based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method reveals the mechanism of the optical characteristics of the three-dimensional vector holograms recorded by various kinds of light sources with different wavelengths.     

Multiple recording of rainbow holograms on the same section of a photosensitive material

Abstrac A technology is proposed for multiple recording of holograms on the same section of thin recording media using the technique for obtaining rainbow holograms. It is shown that in this case the individual holograms can be reconstructed and read independently of one another. Experimental results are presented. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 127–129 (February 1998)     

Computer-interferometric holograms used for laser beam scanners

We present a new technique to record holograms and its application to holographic laser beam scanners. “Computer-interferometric holograms” (CIH) are recorded interferometrically, one small facet at a time, and under computer control. Constructing scanner holograms by this technique allows for flexibility in the scan path, previously only achieved by computer-generated holograms (CGH). Experiments, demonstrating the useful application of the CIH recording technique to volume holograms, are described in a subsequent paper.     

Optimization of the recording conditions for holograms recorded in additively colored KCl crystals

The dependences of the characteristics of volume holograms recorded in additively colored crystals of potassium chloride on the spatial frequency and the recording temperature are studied. It is found that these dependences are nonmonotonic, which indicates the presence of nonlocal mechanisms of holographic recording in the crystals. These mechanisms involve diffusion and drift processes of redistribution of color centers between the nodes and antinodes of a recorded interference pattern. The results obtained are used to determine the recording conditions providing the maximum possible diffraction efficiency of the holograms.     

One-step two-dimensional rainbow-holographic technique with a nonlaser light source

A technique for recording two-dimensional rainbow holograms by use of a nonlaser light source is described. Multicolor holograms are recorded in one step. The optical setup is lensless. The recording light source is an InGa lamp that provides a spectrum from UV to blue. The slit effect is generated by replication from the slit master plates.