Free surface deformation due to a source and a sink of equal strength in Stokes flow

Two-dimensional Stokes flow due to a source and a sink of equal strength below the free surface is analyzed and free surface shape and cusp formation are discussed. The source-sink pair below the free surface are aligned vertical to the free surface. In the analysis, the Stokes' approximation is used and surface tension effects are included, but gravity is neglected. The solution is obtained by using conformal mapping and complex function theory. From the solution, typical free surface shapes are shown and formation of a cusp on the free surface is discussed. As the capillary number increases, the converging free surface shape becomes singular and tends to form a cusp for sufficiently large capillary number. Typically, streamline patterns for some capillary numbers are also shown. As the capillary number vanishes, the solution is reduced to the linearized potential flow solution.     

Free-surface deformation due to spiral flow owing to a source/sink and a vortex in Stokes flow

The free-surface shape and cusp formation are analyzed by considering a viscous flow arising from the superposition of a source/sink and vortex below the free surface where the strength of the source and vortex are arbitrary. In the analysis, Stokes’ approximation is used and surface tension effects are included, but gravity is neglected. The solution is obtained analytically by using conformal mapping and complex function theory. From the solution, shapes of the free surface are obtained, and the formation of a cusp on the free surface is discussed. Above some critical capillary number with a sink, the free-surface shape becomes singular and an apparent cusp should form on the free surface below a real fluid. On the other hand, no cusp would occur for sources of zero or positive strength. Typical streamline patterns are also shown for some capillary numbers. As the capillary number vanishes, the solution is reduced to a linearized potential flow solution.     

Cusped ripples at the plane surface of a viscous liquid

Summary We study the time-evolution of periodical ripples of a viscous liquid at the plane free surface under the action of a distant pure straining flow. We neglect inertial forces (Stokes flow) and include surface tension effects. The solutions for a contracting surface and constant strain rate show that the ripples may develop near-cusps during a stage of the evolution, though later the free surface inevitably asymptotically tends to a smooth plane with vanishing ripples due to the action of capillarity. We obtain the condition for cusp formation in this intermediate stage in terms of the initial capillary number and aspect ratio. If the capillary number is kept constant, the surface tends to shrink through a succession of self-similar trochoidal shapes, whose aspect ratio is given by the capillary number. Received 23 March 1998, accepted for publication 23 July 1998     

Flow of a viscous heat-conducting gas and binary mixtures in a sink

The class of exact solutions of the one-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations corresponding to gas flows from a spherical source or sink has been investigated analytically and numerically on a number of occasions (see, for example, [1, 2]). Here, the solution for a sink is considered in the presence of heat transfer from the ambient medium. Apart from seeking the solution itself, the object of the investigation was to establish the conditions of transi tion from viscous to inviscid flow in the sink as the Reynolds number tends to infinity. As shown in [3], for zero heat flux at an infinitely remote point there is no such transition for flow in a sink. The sink flow characteristics of a binary gas mixture are investigated in detail. In the transonic flow region an asymptotic solution is obtained.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 56–62, January–February, 1989.     

Incompressible flow in a rapidly rotating cylinder with a source/sink distribution in the lateral wall and a free inner boundary

The flow of an incompressible fluid in a rapidly rotating right circular cylinder is considered. A source/sink mass distribution at the lateral wall, which is azimuthally uniform and symmetric across the midplane, causes a deviation from wheel flow. The container is only partially full and the inner free surface is allowed to deviate slightly from the vertical. A finite-difference solution of the full axisymmetric, non-linear governing equations was used to obtain the flow field. A special implicit technique for the Coriolis terms which maintains geostrophy was developed and is described. The results obtained for a low Rossby number flow compare quite favourably with the linearized solution. Results are also presented for a case wherein the non-linear terms are important.     

Flows with a moving contact line

The problem of a two-dimensional viscous fluid drop which steadily moves along a horizontal rigid surface is considered. Such motion arises if the rigid surface wettability is nonuniform. A sequence of solutions for the velocity field and the free surface shape with the successively increasing applicability region near the moving contact lines is obtained for small capillary numbers Ca. The solution of the problem is found in the case when the distortion of the free surface of the drop during motion can be neglected. The problem is then reformulated using functions of a complex variable and expanded variables are introduced. In the new variables a more accurate solution of the same problem is found, with a much more narrow inapplicability region near the moving contact lines. In the solution obtained the free surface approaches the receding contact line at an angle of 180° and the advancing line at a zero angle. The solution is applicable up to the receding contact line and here approaches the known asymptotics. Near the advancing contact line the solution is applicable until the angle between the free surface and the rigid substrate becomes of the order of Ca^1/3.     

Three-dimensional isothermal lava flows over a non-axisymmetric conical surface

Within the thin-layer approximation for a highly-viscous heavy incompressible fluid, a hydrodynamicmodel of a 3D isothermal lava flow over a non-axisymmetric conical surface is constructed. Using analytical methods, a self-similar solution for the law of leading-edge propagation is obtained in the case of a flow from a non-axisymmetric source located at the apex of a conical surface with smoothly varying properties. In the case of a flow over a substantially non-axisymmetric surface, it is shown that there exists a self-similar solution for the free-surface shape and the law of leading-edge motion. This solution is studied numerically for particular examples of the substrate surface and the source. In the general case of a non-self-similar flow over a substantially non-axisymmetric conical surface, a local analytical solution is obtained for the free-surface shape and the velocity field near the leading flow front.     

Two regimes of liquid film flow on a rotating cylinder

A steady flow of a thin film of a viscous incompressible liquid on a rotating cylinder (the cylinder axis is perpendicular to the direction of the force of gravity) is considered. Capillary effects are taken into account on the free surface. Thin-layer equations derived by Pukhnachov, which depend on the Galileo number and capillary number, are solved. If the first parameter equals zero, the force of gravity also equals zero. If the second parameter equals zero, the surface-tension coefficient also equals zero. The values of these parameters that ensure the solution existence and the number of solutions are determined by the method of collocations. One more solution corresponding to the drop-shaped free surface is found numerically. Variations of flow parameters caused by variations of the Galileo number and capillary number are considered. Branching of the solutions is examined numerically. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 68–78, January–February, 2007.     

Translational motion of a cylinder below the free surface of a fluid

A method of solving the problem of the translational motion of a cylinder of given shape below the free surface of an infinitely deep heavy fluid is developed. As distinct from existing techniques, the method permits the obtaining of a solution which becomes exact as the Froude number increases without bound. The solution of the problem of the motion of a circular cylinder is considered in detail. Suggestions are made concerning the characteristic properties of an exact solution of the general problem.Kazan'. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 9–22, November–December, 1996.     

Effects of thermal buoyancy and variable thermal conductivity on the MHD flow and heat transfer in a power-law fluid past a vertical stretching sheet in the presence of a non-uniform heat source

The paper considers the flow of a power-law fluid past a vertical stretching sheet. Effects of variable thermal conductivity and non-uniform heat source/sink on the heat transfer are addressed. The thermal conductivity is assumed to vary linearly with temperature. Similarity transformation is used to convert the governing partial differential equations into a set of coupled, non-linear ordinary differential equations. Two different types of boundary heating are considered, namely Prescribed power-law Surface Temperature (PST) and Prescribed power-law Heat Flux (PHF). Shooting method is used to obtain the numerical solution for the resulting boundary value problems. The effects of Chandrasekhar number, Grashof number, Prandtl number, non-uniform heat source/sink parameters, wall temperature parameter and variable thermal conductivity parameter on the dynamics are shown graphically in several plots. The skin friction and heat transfer coefficients are tabulated for a range of values of the parameters. Present study reveals that in a gravity affected flow buoyancy effect has a significant say in the control of flow and heat transfer.     

Three-dimensional viscous jet flow with plane free boundaries

The problem of steady three-dimensional viscous flow with plane free boundaries, induced by a linear source or sink, is solved. The nonuniqueness of the solution in the case of a source and its vanishing in the case of a sink, as the Reynolds number reaches a certain critical value, is proved. The problem is investigated within the framework of the known class of the exact solutions of Navier–Stokes equations generalized in this study.     

Surface tension and buoyancy-driven flow in a non-isothermal liquid bridge

The Navier–Stokes–Boussinesq equations governing the transport of momentum, mass and heat in a non-isothermal liquid bridge with a temperature-dependent surface tension are solved using a vorticity-stream-function formulation together with a non-orthogonal co-ordinate transformation. The equations are discretized using a pseudo-unsteady semi-implicit finite difference scheme and are solved by the ADI method. A Picard-type iteration is adopted which consists of inner and outer iterative processes. The outer iteration is used to update the shape of the free surface. Two schemes have been used for the outer iteration; both use the force balance normal to the free surface as the distinguished boundary condition. The first scheme involves successive approximation by the direct solution of the distinguished boundary condition. The second scheme uses the artificial force imbalance between the fluid pressure, viscous and capillary forces at the free surface which arises when the boundary condition for force balance normal to the surface is not satisfied. This artificial imbalance is then used to change the surface shape until the distinguished boundary condition is satisfied. These schemes have been used to examine a variety of model liquid bridge situations including purely thermocapillary-driven flow situations and mixed thermocapillary- and bouyancy-driven flow.     

Growth and structure of nematic spherulites under shallow thermal quenches

The growth kinetics, shape, interfacial and internal orientation texture of a submicron nematic spherulite arising during the isotropic-to-nematic liquid crystal phase transformation under shallow thermal quenches is analyzed using theory, scaling, and numerical simulations based on the Landau – de Gennes model (The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 2nd edn. Clarendon, Oxford). The numerical computations from this model yield interfacial cusp formation that relaxes through the nucleation of two disclination lines of topological charge +1/2 and subsequently leads to intra-droplet texturing and a net topological charge within the spherulite of +1. The timing of these events suggests that cusp formation at the interface is intimately associated with the interfacial defect shedding mechanism (J. Chem. Phys. 124:244902, 2006) for shallow quenches. These results are different than predictions for deep quenches (J. Chem. Phys. 124:244902, 2006) where interfacial defect shedding leads to four defects and a net topological charge of +2. A liquid crystal dynamic shape equation is derived from the Landau – de Gennes model to account for the interface shape changes in terms of surface viscosity, the driving forces due to the uniaxial nematic-isotropic free energy difference, capillary forces, and friction forces, and used to semi-quantitatively show that during cusp formation and defect shedding, gradient elasticity, capillary forces and friction play significant roles in decelerating and accelerating the surface. An interfacial eigenvalue analysis shows that during the shallow quench, disclination lines nucleate within the interface itself and then texturize the nematic droplet as they migrate from within the interface to the bulk of the growing nematic droplet. After defect shedding, the spherulite is nearly circular and grows with constant velocity, in agreement with experiments. The results shed new light on intra-spherulite texturing mechanisms in phase ordering under weak driving forces.      

Free surface asymptotics for thermocapillary flow at high marangoni numbers

Formal asymptotic expansions of the solution of the steady-state problem of incompressible flow in an unbounded region under the influence of a given temperature gradient along the free boundary are constructed for high Marangoni numbers. In the boundary layer near the free surface the flow satisfies a system of nonlinear equations for which in the neighborhood of the critical point self-similar solutions are found. Outside the boundary layer the slow flow approximately satisfies the equations of an inviscid fluid. A free surface equation, which when the temperature gradient vanishes determines the equilibrium free surface of the capillary fluid, is obtained. The surface of a gas bubble contiguous with a rigid wall and the shape of the capillary meniscus in the presence of nonuniform heating of the free boundary are calculated.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 61–67, May–June, 1989.     

Sessile drop deformations under an impinging jet

The problem of steady axisymmetric deformations of a liquid sessile drop on a flat solid surface under an impinging gas jet is of interest for understanding the fundamental behavior of free surface flows as well as for establishing the theoretical basis in process design for the Aerosol \({{\rm Jet}^{\circledR}}\) direct-write technology. It is studied here numerically using a Galerkin finite-element method, by computing solutions of Navier–Stokes equations. For effective material deposition in Aerosol \({{\rm Jet}^{\circledR}}\) printing, the desired value of Reynolds number for the laminar gas jet is found to be greater than ~500. The sessile drop can be severely deformed by an impinging gas jet when the capillary number is approaching a critical value beyond which no steady axisymmetric free surface deformation can exist. Solution branches in a parameter space show turning points at the critical values of capillary number, which typically indicate the onset of free surface shape instability. By tracking solution branches around turning points with an arc-length continuation algorithm, critical values of capillary number can be accurately determined. Near turning points, all the free surface profiles in various parameter settings take a common shape with a dimple at the center and bulge near the contact line. An empirical formula for the critical capillary number for sessile drops with \({45^{\circ}}\) contact angle is derived for typical ranges of jet Reynolds number and relative drop sizes especially pertinent to Aerosol \({{\rm Jet}^{\circledR}}\) printing.     

Primary and Secondary Infiltration of Wetting Liquid Sessile Droplet into Porous Medium

The infiltration of a wetting droplet into the porous medium is a two-step process referred to as primary and secondary infiltration. In the primary infiltration there is a free liquid present at the porous medium surface, and when no fluid is left on the surface, the secondary infiltration is initiated. In both situations the driving force is the capillary pressure that is influenced by the local medium heterogeneities. A capillary network model based on the micro-force balance is developed with the same formulation applied to both infiltrations. The only difference between the two is that the net liquid flow into the porous medium in the secondary infiltration is equal to zero. The primary infiltration starts as a single-phase (fully saturated) flow and may proceed as a multiphase flow. The multiphase flow emerges as the interface (flow front) becomes irregular in shape. The immobile clusters of the originally present phase can be locally formed due to entrapment. Throughout the infiltration, it was found that portions of the liquid phase can be detached from the main body of the liquid phase forming some isolated liquid ganglia that increase in number and decrease in size. The termination of the secondary infiltration occurs once the ganglia become immobile due to their reduction in size. From the transient solution, the changes in the liquid saturation and capillary pressure during the droplet infiltration are determined. The solution developed in this study is used to investigate the droplet infiltration dynamics. However, the solution can be used to study the flow in fuel cell, nano-arrays, composites, and printing.     

Sources of acoustic resonance generated by flow around a long rectangular plate in a duct

This paper describes a numerical investigation of the acoustic resonance occurring at specific flow speeds when a long two-dimensional rectangular plate is placed on the centre-line of a duct. The flow Mach number is sufficiently small that the flow and acoustic fields can be modelled separately; however, the effect of the acoustic field in modifying the flow field is accounted for and, in turn, the flow field solution determines the time-dependent source distribution for the acoustic model. This allows the range of flow speeds, or equivalently the associated Strouhal numbers, where resonance is possible to be predicted. It is shown that the Strouhal number based on plate chord (or length) displays a stepping behaviour as the plate length is increased. The main source or sink region where energy is transferred between the acoustic and flow fields is shown to be immediately downstream of the trailing edge of the plate. Visualizations of the numerical solution show that the timing when the vortices enter this region relative to the phase of the acoustic cycle is crucial in determining if resonance can occur and is the cause of the observed stepwise increase. Comparison is made with previous physical experiments.     

Lift Force of an Airfoil in the Form of an Arc with a Sink

The problem of maximizing the lift force of an airfoil in the form of an arc with a sink modeling flow removal is studied within the framework of the classical model of a steady ideal incompressible liquid flow. For a sink with a fixed flow rate, an optimal position on the upper surface of the arc is found, which ensures the greatest increase in the lift force. It is shown that, in the presence of a sink, the optimal shape of the arc with a limited curvature and chord length coincides with the optimal shape of the arc without a sink, which was designed by M. A. Lavrent'ev (an arc of a circle). The flow rate corresponding to the maximum lift force is determined, and the mechanism of the influence of flow removal on the lift force is examined.     

双自由面溶质?热毛细液层的不稳定性

溶质?热毛细对流是流体界面的浓度和温度分布不均导致的表面张力梯度驱动的流动, 它主要存在于空间微重力环境、小尺度流动等表面张力占主导的情况中, 例如晶体生长、微流控、合金浇筑凝固、有机薄液膜生长等. 对其流动进行稳定性分析具有重要意义. 本文采用线性稳定性理论研究了双自由面溶质?热毛细液层对流的不稳定性, 得到了两种负毛细力比(η)下的临界Marangoni数与Prandtl数(Pr)的函数关系, 并分析了临界模态的流场和能量机制. 研究发现: 溶质?热毛细对流和纯热毛细对流的临界模态有较大的差别, 前者是同向流向波、逆向流向波、展向稳态模态和逆向斜波, 后者是逆向斜波和逆向流向波. 在Pr较大时, Pr增加会降低流动稳定性; 在其他参数下, Pr增加会增强流动稳定性. 在中低Pr, 溶质毛细力使流动更加不稳定; 在大Pr时, 溶质毛细力的出现可能使流动更加稳定; 在其他参数下, 溶质毛细力会减弱流动稳定性. 流动稳定性不随η单调变化. 在多数情况下, 扰动浓度场与扰动温度场都是相似的. 能量分析表明: 扰动动能的主要能量来源是表面张力做功, 但其中溶质毛细力和热毛细力做功的正负性与参数有关.