有限圆盘电极上计时电流方程式

本文报道一个形式简单、结果准确、适用于任何时间的有限圆盘电极上计时电流方程式,结果为i_t=4nFD_RT₀[θ/(1+θ)]C_R^*,f(τ)[式中 ,τ=4D_Rt/r₀²,r₀为电极半径,t为时间,0=expnF(E-E⁰)/RT]。     

苯胺在高氯酸溶液中恒电流法电化学聚合研究

本文在对苯胺在高氯酸溶液中电流聚合进行研究，内容包括在铂圆盘电极上影响苯胺电化学聚合的因素，如苯胺及高氯酸浓度，恒电流密度及聚合总电量（Ｑｒ）聚合电位等，实验结果表明，在合适的条件下制得的聚苯腚（ＰＡＮＩ）膜电极，其氧化还原电量（Ｑｔ）和Ｑｒ的比值接近了１００％的并对聚苯胺（ＰＡＮＩ）膜电极的电化学性质进行了探讨。     

苯胺电化学聚合机理的研究

主要应用电化学方法研究了苯胺及其电化学聚合产物─—聚苯胺的循环伏安曲线，同时讨论了苯胺的存在对４－氨基二苯胺循环伏安曲线的影响。结果表明：随着苯胺聚合的进行，聚苯胺同时发生降解；苯胺电化学聚合按“白催化机理”进行。     

恒电位法低浓度苯胺的电化学聚合研究

对恒电位法低浓度苯胺的电化学聚合进行了研究，推导了受扩散和电极反应同时控制的聚合电流方程式，成功地进行了验证，并对与聚合反应有关的电化学参量αＡ、ｋＢ，ＤＲ进行了测定。     

影响苯胺电化学计量聚合因素的探讨

本文对影响苯胺电化学计量聚合的因素进行了探讨，这些因素包括：电化学聚合方法、电极电位（Ｅ）、电流密度（Ｉ），以及苯胺单体和酸溶液的浓度等，实验结果表明，最合适的聚合方法为恒电流法，其条件为：电极电位不大于０．７０Ｖ（ｖｓ．ＳＣＥ）聚合电流密度（Ｉ）约为０．０５ｍＡ／ｃｍ＾２，苯胺单体浓度为１．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，酸（ＨＣｌ）的浓度则为２．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ     

超微电极上恒电位法苯胺的电化学聚合研究

本文对超微盘电极上苯胺的恒电位电化学聚合进行了研究，对聚合电流随时间的关系进行了详细的讨论，提出了径向聚合计时电流方程式并进行了验证，实验结果与理论相符。     

超微盘电极上苯胺的循环扫描伏安法电化学聚合

本文对超微盘电极上苯胺的循环扫描伏安法电化学聚合进行了研究。对研究过程的伏安曲线性质以及峰电流和单体浓度，循环扫描次数和速率及电位之间的关系作了详细的探讨，还给出了峰电流的经验式。     

苯胺在碱性溶液中的电化学聚合和聚合物的性质

苯胺在碱性溶液中电化学氧化时，阳极上形成深黄色的聚苯胺，其氧化峰电位为０．７Ｖ（ｖｓ．Ａｇ／ＡｇＣｌ含饱和ＫＣｌ溶液），比在酸性溶液中氧化约低０．３Ｖ，环一盘电极实验结果表明，在碱性溶液中，苯胺氧化时生成两种可溶性的中间物，形成的聚合物颜色不随电位和ｐＨ值而变化，在空气和碱性溶液中具有很高的稳定性，在紫外－可见光谱图上，聚合物的吸收峰出现在５００ｍ左右。     

圆环电极上计时电流理论及其验证

本文推导得到了圆环电极上计时电流方程式。该式形式简单、计算方便、适用于任何电极半径和时间。用微金环电极在K4Fe(CN)6-KCl体系中对该理论进行验证,实验结果与理论十分符合。     

Modified polyaniline through simultaneous electrochemical polymerization of aniline and metanilic acid

Simultaneous electropolymerization of aniline and metanilic acid in aqueous HClO₄ leads to a copolymer similar to that obtained by direct sulfonation of polyaniline. Characterization by electrochemical and spectroscopic methods (UV -visible, Fourier transform IR and proton NMR) indicated the presence of polyaniline linear chains in which metanilic acid units were inserted as spacers. Elemental analysis showed that the copolymer was 40% doped by the sulfonate side-groups intramolecularly (self-doping) and 20% doped by ClO₄⁻ intermolecularly. The presence of sulfonate functional groups decreased electronic conductivity and increased solubility in alkaline solvents, but the electtrochemical properties remained principally that of polyaniline.     

Preparation and electrochemical analysis of graphene/polyaniline composites prepared by aniline polymerization

Polyaniline (PANI)/graphene nanosheet (GNS) composites were prepared by a chemical oxidation polymerization. The morphology, structure, and crystallinity of the composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy, transition electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry in 1 M H₂SO₄ electrolyte. GNS are considered as supporting materials which can provide a large number of active sites. The PANI nanofibers with diameter of 50 nm were homogeneously coated on the surface of GNS. The PANI/GNS composites exhibited a better electrochemical performance than the pure individual components. The PANI/GNS composites showed the highest specific capacitance 923 Fg^?1 at 10 mVs^?1 compared to 465 Fg^?1 for pure PANI and 99 Fg^?1 for GNS.     

The polymerization of aniline at a solution-gelatin gel interface

Gelatin gel swollen with the solution of aniline hydrochloride was exposed to a solution of ammonium peroxydisulfate. The reactants met at the gel interface, and the redox reaction between them produced a polyaniline (PANI) interlayer, a PANI membrane, at first. The electrons abstracted from the aniline molecules in the gel during the oxidation are transferred through a conducting PANI membrane to oxidant molecules in the external solution. The reaction between aniline and peroxydisulfate thus takes place without the need for the reactant molecules to physically meet. PANI, therefore, grows from the interface into the gelatin gel. When the loci of reactants are reversed, i.e. the oxidant is inside the gelatin gel and aniline hydrochloride in the surrounding solution, PANI grows from the gel interface into the aniline solution but some PANI is produced inside the gelatin gel, too. Composite PANI-gelatin gels were separated and gelatin was removed from them by acid hydrolysis. The resulting PANI had a granular morphology and a conductivity of the order of units S cm⁻¹, slightly lower compared with PANI prepared in a common way by mixing the solutions of reactants. The differences in the details of molecular structure are discussed on the basis of FTIR spectra.     

Electrochemical polymerization of aniline in SDS admicelles

The electrochemical polymerization of aniline was studied in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) admicelles. The results demonstrate that electrochemical polymerization of aniline can be catalyzed by admicelles. The catalytic efficiency in SDS solutions increased slowly with SDS concentration when the SDS concentration was very low, but increased rapidly when SDS admicelles formed on the electrode surface. The catalytic efficiency decreased with the addition of n-pentanol. The polyaniline films formed in SDS admicelles were nanometer films and the size of particles in the films increased with SDS concentration, but decreased with the addition of n-pentanol. Therefore, n-C₅H₁₁OH can be used to regulate the electrochemical polymerization of aniline in SDS admicelles.     

Electrochemical polymerization of aniline in phosphoric acid

The electrochemical synthesis of common conductive polymers such as polyaniline in phosphoric acid is a little different from that in other acidic media such as sulfuric acid. Electropolymerization in phosphoric acid is difficult, and this electrolyte medium is not applicable for this purpose. However, it is possible to overcome this problem by the addition of a small amount of sulfuric acid. In this case, the electropolymerization process can be successfully performed when the phosphate ion is doped. For instance, polyaniline films electrodeposited from an electrolyte solution of phosphoric acid have good stabilities and useful morphologies. Interestingly, phosphate doping results in the formation of nanostructures, whereas the polymer surface is macroscopically smooth. In an appropriate ratio, a mixed electrolyte of H₃PO₄ and H₂SO₄ can be used for the electropolymerization of aniline; thus, H₂SO₄ acts as a required agent for successful polymer growth, and H₃PO₄ acts as a doping agent. In this case, a small amount of sulfate is incorporated into the polymer matrix, which does not participate in the electrochemical insertion/extraction process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3304–3311, 2006     

Electrochemistry of conductive polymers 40. Earlier phases of aniline polymerization studied by Fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Earlier stages of aniline polymerization have been studied by Fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (FTEIS) experiments. Initial oxidation of aniline leads to the formation of a thin layer passivating the electrode surface, which is depassivated upon a further increase in potential and mediates a further electron transfer from aniline to the electrode. The charge-transfer resistance was first shown to decrease upon increasing the potential, which leads to the inductive behavior upon further increase in the overpotential. The oligomer-polymer film thus formed was shown to undergo a transition from its passive state to neutral oligomer-polymer molecules via a conducting state; its oxidation was then observed during the anodic scan. It is this transition to the conductive states that leads to the propagation of the conductive zone throughout the nonconductive film, leading to further growth of polyaniline, as was clearly shown by the FTEIS measurements.     

A study of the mechanism of aniline polymerization

A chemical polymerization of aniline is quenched at specific reaction time intervals and the amounts of unreacted aniline and formed p-aminodiphenylamine is observed. Oxidation of aniline to generate p-aminodiphenylamine is observed. Oxidation of aniline to generate p-aminodiphenylamine is the slow step in the plymerization. Furthermore, the tetramer of aniline is used as starting material for polymerization under the same conditions as polymerization of aniline. Direct coupling of two tetramers leading to polymer is not observed. A mechanism of polymerization of aniline is proposed     

Electrochemical polymerization of aniline inside ordered macroporous carbon

3D ordered macroporous multicomponent composite materials have been fabricated by electrochemical deposition of aniline on the inner surface of macroporous carbon; the maximum thickness of polyaniline (PANI) deposited is dependent on the concentration of the aniline as well as the dimension of the windows in the macroporous carbon.     

In situ polymerization of aniline in electrospun microfbers简

Conductive microfibers with an average diameter of ca. 1.0 mm were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline, in which poly(vinylchloride-acrylonitrile)(PVC-AN) was used as the filament-material in electrospinning to form precursor microfibers and carry the aniline monomers. Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) results demonstrated that PANi was successfully polymerized in the microfibers. The morphology of the PVC-AN-PANi microfibers was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Results of differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the polymer composite of PVC-AN-PANi formed via molecular interactions. Although the conductivity of PVC-AN-PANi microfibers was still limited(2.2 fi 10à8S/cm), this method provided an effective and convenient approach for preparing highly uniform and soft microfibrous electrodes.