An Experimental Method to Determine the Tensile Strength of Concrete at High Rates of Strain

In the present work, dynamic tensile strength of concrete is experimentally investigated by means of spalling tests. Based on extensive numerical simulations, the paper presents several advances to improve the processing of spalling tests. The striker is designed to get a more uniform tensile stress field in the specimen. Three methods proposed in the literature to deduce the dynamic strength of the specimen are discussed as well as the use of strain gauges and a laser extensometer. The experimental method is applied to process data of several tests performed on wet micro-concrete at strain rates varying from 30 to 150/s. A significant increase of the dynamic tensile strength with strain-rate is observed and compared with data of the literature. In addition, post-mortem studies of specimens are carried to improve the analysis of damage during spalling tests.     

Decoupling of Autogenous Shrinkage and Tensile Creep Strain in High Strength Concrete at Early Ages

Appropriately interpreting the measured creep strain is critical for obtaining the actual creep strain, especially for high-strength concretes characterized by a low water/cement ratio (w/c) because autogenous shrinkage is significant in such concrete at early ages. To investigate the interaction between the autogenous shrinkage and tensile creep of concrete at early ages, various tests were conducted on concretes with water/cement (w/c) ratios =0.3 and 0.4, including basic tensile creep, strength, autogenous shrinkage, and the internal relative humidity (RH) measurements. The load was applied at the ages of 1 and 7 days at the stress/strength levels of 40% and 70%, respectively. It was found that the measured early-age tensile creep strain becomes negative due to the large autogenous shrinkage involved. The principle of superposition can be used for creep-autogenous shrinkage decoupling to obtain the actual basic tensile creep, as there is virtually no additional RH reduction or stress-induced shrinkage in concrete due to the sustained tensile load at early ages. An average tensile strength gain of 8.2% was found in specimens after sustained tensile loading compared to the unloaded specimens. An exponential function is proposed to quantify the autogenous shrinkage effect on the basic tensile creep in terms of specific creep/autogenous shrinkage ratio.     

用圆孔平台巴西圆盘确定岩石拉伸强度的非局部应力方法

对用圆孔平台巴西圆盘确定岩石拉伸强度的方法进行了研究.用有限元法分析了试件加载直径上的双向应力分布.由于加载直径靠近孔边处存在较大的拉伸应力梯度,如果以加载直径与中心圆孔相交点的最大拉伸应力来确定岩石的拉伸强度σt,拉伸强度的试验值会随着中心圆孔与圆盘半径之比r/R的增加而减小.采用非局部应力方法,考虑双向应力状态作用下发生破坏的Griffith强度准则的等效应力σG,在加载直径上选取材料特征尺寸,让σG"在特征尺寸上积分后取均值后得到岩石的拉伸强度σt.利用该方法得到的圆孔平台巴西圆盘测得的σt值不随r/R的变化而变化,其平均值大约为平台巴西圆盘测试值的1.23倍左右.     

An Apparatus for Tensile Characterization of Materials within the Upper Intermediate Strain Rate Regime

Experimental Mechanics - A new “Drop-Hopkinson bar” apparatus has been successfully developed for material tensile property characterization at intermediate strain rates. This new...     

基于Burgers模型考虑损伤的岩石蠕变全过程研究

岩石蠕变是一个显著的非线性问题，而经典的Burgers 模型是一种线性蠕变模型，必然不能全面地描述岩石蠕变的全过程．当岩石处于高应力水平下的加速蠕变阶段，岩石内部损伤会不断产生和累积，蠕变呈现出明显的非线性特征．为了更好地描述考虑损伤的岩石蠕变全过程，本文假定加速蠕变阶段的损伤演化方程，将损伤引入到Burgers 模型中，提出了一种非线性蠕变损伤模型．然后以乔后盐矿试件蠕变实测数据为分析案例，验证模型在应用于实际工程时的准确性和适用性．最后根据Origin 软件数值拟合的结果，表明本文所提出的非线性蠕变损伤模型能很好地描述岩石蠕变全过程，模型参数取值也在合理范围之内，模型拟合曲线与实验所得数据具有较好的一致性．     

Load-Inversion Device for the High Strain Rate Tensile Testing of Sheet Materials with Hopkinson Pressure Bars

A high strain rate tensile testing technique for sheet materials is presented which makes use of a split Hopkinson pressure bar system in conjunction with a load inversion device. With compressive loads applied to its boundaries, the load inversion device introduces tension into a sheet specimen. Two output bars are used to minimize the effect of bending waves on the output force measurement. A Digital Image Correlation (DIC) algorithm is used to determine the strain history in the specimen gage section based on high speed video imaging. Detailed finite element analysis of the experimental set-up is performed to validate the design of the load inversion device. It is shown that under the assumption of perfect alignment and slip-free attachment of the specimen, the measured stress–strain curve is free from spurious oscillations at a strain rate of 1,000 s^?1. Validation experiments are carried out using tensile specimens extracted from 1.4 thick TRIP780 steel sheets. The experimental results for uniaxial tension at strain rates ranging from 200 s^?1 to 1,000 s^?1 confirm the oscillation-free numerical results in an approximate manner. Dynamic tension experiments are also performed on notched specimens to illustrate the validity of the proposed experimental technique for characterizing the effect of strain rate on the onset of ductile fracture in sheet materials.     

岩石材料动态破坏的近场动力学方法数值模拟

裂纹的聚集、扩展、分叉是岩石等脆性材料破坏失效的关键因素，本文在验证了近场动力学方法在研究岩石类材料裂纹动态扩展方面的有效性之后，采用近场动力学方法分别对冲击载荷作用下含有双裂纹岩石材料和单轴压缩作用下含单斜裂纹的岩石材料进行数值模拟．结果表明，对于双垂直裂纹，其裂纹扩展路径大致与预制裂纹成70°夹角；对于单裂纹，裂纹的扩展路径随裂纹倾角的变化而变化，最终导致构件的整体破坏．数值模拟结果表明近场动力学方法可以很好地模拟岩石等脆性材料的裂纹扩展直至破坏的过程，反映裂纹扩展的物理机理；其作为一种新的基于非局部理论的数值方法，在地下岩体工程方面及页岩气的开采方面会有很好的发展前景．     

室内模型实验中低强度桩侧应变片粘贴技术与应用

表面粗糙的桩与桩间土共同受力后发生相对位移,在低强度桩侧面有效粘贴应变片以测试轴力传递规律是一个难点.在组合群桩复合地基室内模型试验中,本文结合传统内贴法和外贴法两种贴片方式的优点,提出并采用凹槽法在低强度实心模型桩外侧面贴片,即在桩侧预留凹槽、用环氧树脂对贴片部位进行表层处理,在贴片后密封凹槽,并给出了典型测试结果.分析认为:凹槽法贴片技术有效可行,可供室内含桩地基基础模型试验借鉴.     

韧性材料颈缩主应力面上应变分布假定的研究

为了深入研究韧性材料主应力面的应变分布情况,讨论Bridgman关于主应力面上应变均布假定的精度．本文首先结合断口学基本理论与在室温条件下拉伸断裂的Q235钢、40Cr钢和45#钢断口电子显微镜扫描结果,从微观角度分析其韧窝分布后发现应变均布假定存在一定的误差;然后基于体积守恒和Aramis三维应变观测系统测得的试验结果,将计算值和试验值进行对比分析发现,三种材料中除含碳量较高的45#钢外,应变均布假定并不适用于分析颈缩主应力面上应变分布．本文的研究成果可为进一步研究韧性材料颈缩大塑性阶段的应力、应变本构关系提供一定的参考．     

基于强度表征的混凝土脆性指标影响因素研究

借鉴岩石脆性指标的评价方法,依据峰值抗压强度和残余抗压强度对混凝土脆性指标进行了计算.讨论了粗骨料粒径和试样形状对混凝土脆性指标的影响,分析了抗压强度、峰值应变、单位体积吸收能、破碎分形维数与脆性指标的关联.结果表明:棱柱体试样的脆性指标均比同粒径的圆柱体试样脆性指标高;棱柱体试样与圆柱体试样的脆性指标均随粗骨料粒径的增大、抗压强度的降低而呈增大趋势;棱柱体试样与圆柱体试样的脆性指标均随峰值应变的减小、单位体积吸收能的减小和破碎分形维数的减小而增大.     

Size Effect on The Bending And Tensile Strength of Micromachined Polysilicon Films for MEMS

I. INTRODUCTION Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have achieved impressive progress and become a very area of research. But long-term durability of various MEMS devices requires a fundamental understaof the fatigue and fracture characteristics of su…     

一种基于应变模态分析的舰船分布式挠曲姿态测量方法

针对舰船所处的恶劣环境，以及舰船导航和武器系统对姿态测量精度日益提高的要求，根据应变模态分析理论，建立了应变信息与姿态信息的变换关系，并提出了利用光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)传感器测量甲板的应变，求取由挠曲变形引起的姿态信息误差的方法。通过对简易模型的实验，验证了这种方法是有效的并且具有较高的精度。     

金属拉伸试验方法的关键及其对策

本文首先指出金属拉伸试验方法的关键问题是试验时的应力速率及应变速率控制,首次提出应用传感器及计算机技术,以一只比例节流阀为控制器构成旁路节流式微机控制电液系统,具有压力和速度双重控制功能,在液压式万能材料试验机上获得良好的应力速率及应变速率控制的试验结果,为我国液压材料试验机功能扩展和开发新一代机型奠定基础,以适应２１世纪静强度检测的需要。     

功能梯度材料热传导问题的近场动力学模型

当材料中存在不连续性缺陷的时候,传统的基于连续介质理论的方法在研究热传导问题时存在诸多不便．我们基于近场动力学方法(Peridynamics)建立了功能梯度材料的热传导模型,并且研究了在温度荷载作用下功能梯度材料的温度场的变化表现．该文概述了PD方法应用于热传导问题时的详细理论基础,描述了其建模思路以及计算体系,给出了使用PD方法模拟结构承受温度荷载时的计算格式,讨论了不同梯度形式对功能梯度材料内热传导的影响．算例结果表明：通过PD模型所得到的温度场与解析解吻合较好,证明了PD方法在分析功能梯度材料热传导行为等问题时的可行性．     

Elastoplastic Axisymmetric Stress–Strain State of Thin Shells Made of Materials with Different Compressive and Tensile Moduli

International Applied Mechanics - A technique of numerical analysis of the elastoplastic axisymmetric stress–strain state of thin isotropic shells with different tensile and compressive...     

基于统一强度理论的钢管混凝土柱承载力计算

从Von Mises屈服准则和双剪统一强度理论出发,对钢管和核心混凝土的受力性能进行分析．从核心区混凝土所受侧向压应力的角度出发,基于大量实验数据,得到核心区混凝土约束系数计算公式．从而完善了钢管混凝土柱的轴心受压承载力计算公式,使公式的精确性和适用性有所提高．所得计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,并与目前公式的计算结果进行对比,说明所提出公式的合理性．从尺寸大小和材料强度两个方面,对钢管混凝土柱承载力的影响因素进行探讨．     

高温下混凝土化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模拟及破坏分析

提出了一个用于模拟高温下混凝土中化学-热-湿-力学耦合行为的化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模型.发展了用于积分率形式的耦合本构方程的三步算子分裂算法.导出了化学-热-湿-力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型的一致性切线模量矩阵,以保证对于全局耦合控制方程Newton迭代过程的二阶收敛率.算例数值结果显示了本文发展的化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模型在重现火灾和热辐射条件下的混凝土中化学-热-湿-力学耦合行为的有效性.