周期性两相层状带隙材料优化模型

研究并建立了一种在给定频段具有带隙性质的周期性两相层状材料的优化设计模型。首先基于层状材料波传播问题的解析解,得到了波数余弦函数与层状材料微结构参数间的解析表达式。进而分析了波数余弦函数与衰减系数的关系,提出了以波数余弦函数的平方在给定频段的积分为弹性波带隙特性的描述指标,以最大化该指标实现在给定频段使弹性波衰减系数最大化的思想,建立了设计在给定频段具有最优带隙性质的周期性两相层状材料优化提法和求解方法。最后,以几个典型的设计算例为对象,得到了给定微结构尺度约束下在特定频段具有最优带隙性质的材料微结构参数,讨论了材料微结构尺寸对最优材料结构参数的影响,以及最优结构参数对材料带隙性质的鲁棒性,验证了本文优化模型的有效性。     

Optimum design of band-gap beam structures

The design of band-gap structures receives increasing attention for many applications in mitigation of undesirable vibration and noise emission levels. A band-gap structure usually consists of a periodic distribution of elastic materials or segments, where the propagation of waves is impeded or significantly suppressed for a range of external excitation frequencies. Maximization of the band-gap is therefore an obvious objective for optimum design. This problem is sometimes formulated by optimizing a parameterized design model which assumes multiple periodicity in the design. However, it is shown in the present paper that such an a priori assumption is not necessary since, in general, just the maximization of the gap between two consecutive natural frequencies leads to significant design periodicity.The aim of this paper is to maximize frequency gaps by shape optimization of transversely vibrating Bernoulli–Euler beams subjected to free, standing wave vibration or forced, time-harmonic wave propagation, and to study the associated creation of periodicity of the optimized beam designs. The beams are assumed to have variable cross-sectional area, given total volume and length, and to be made of a single, linearly elastic material without damping. Numerical results are presented for different combinations of classical boundary conditions, prescribed orders of the upper and lower natural frequencies of maximized natural frequency gaps, and a given minimum constraint value for the beam cross-sectional area.To study the band-gap for travelling waves, a repeated inner segment of the optimized beams is analyzed using Floquet theory and the waveguide finite element (WFE) method. Finally, the frequency response is computed for the optimized beams when these are subjected to an external time-harmonic loading with different excitation frequencies, in order to investigate the attenuation levels in prescribed frequency band-gaps. The results demonstrate that there is almost perfect correlation between the band-gap size/location of the emerging band structure and the size/location of the corresponding natural frequency gap in the finite structure.     

二维格栅材料带隙特性分析与设计

周期性材料或结构常表现出阻断特定频段的波传播的特异性质(带隙性质),通过合理设计可以调整带隙的位置和带宽等, 带隙材料在滤波、导波、隔音、隔振等方面有巨大的应用潜力. 据此背景, 研究了材料微结构构型对带隙性质的影响. 分析和比较了三角形、米字形、四边形、六边形、反六边形、Kagome形和钻石形等7种典型拓扑构形格栅材料的带隙性质与弹性波在其中的局部衰减特性, 提出了可表征特定带隙性质的目标函数, 从而对不同构型的材料进行选优; 进一步得到并数值验证了材料微结构中几何参数对带隙性质的影响规律, 为通过改变构型几何参数设计具有特定性质的带隙材料提供参考.      

低频弹性波超材料的若干进展

超材料是一类新兴的具有超常物理性质的人造周期/拟周期材料, 能够改变电磁波、声波以及弹性波等在介质中的传播特性. 因在航天、国防以及民用科学等方面的巨大应用潜力, 超材料自被提出后便受到极大的关注并引发研究热潮. 弹性波超材料是超材料的一种, 能够基于弹性波与超材料结构的相互耦合作用实现对弹性波的操控. 带隙是评估弹性波超材料实现弹性波操控的重要工具, 其性质与超材料的材料参数、晶格常数以及局域振子的固有频率相关. 受制于超材料的承载能力、外观尺寸以及局域振子结构等因素, 利用传统超材料开启低频(约100 Hz)弹性波带隙依然存在较大困难. 文章首先简要介绍超材料开启弹性波带隙的基本原理, 然后从低频弹性波超材料基本结构与低频带隙实现方法、低频带隙优化与调控策略、低频带隙潜在应用等三个方面详细总结低频弹性波超材料的研究工作. 其中, 低频带隙超材料的基本结构主要包括布拉格散射型超材料、传统局域共振型超材料以及准零刚度局域共振超材料. 文章通过总结低频弹性波超材料的研究进展, 分析了目前研究中的不足并对未来低频弹性波的研究方向进行了展望.      

Phononic layered composites for stress-wave attenuation

The aim is to design a layered metamaterial with high attenuation coefficient and high in-plane stiffness-to-density ratio using homogenization to calculate and optimize the dynamic effective stiffness and mass density of layered periodic composites (phononic layers) over a broad frequency band. This is achieved by: (1) minimizing the frequency range of the first pass band, (2) maximizing the frequency range of the stop band, and (3) creating local resonance over the second pass band. To verify the theoretical calculation, laboratory samples were fabricated and their attenuation coefficient were measured and compared with the theoretical results. It is observed that over 4–20 kHz frequency range the attenuation per unit length in the optimally designed composite can exceed 500 dB/m; which increases with increasing frequency. A dynamic Ashby chart, depicting attenuation coefficient vs. in-plane stiffness-to-density ratio, is presented for various engineering materials and is compared with the fabricated metamaterial to show the significance of our design. This method can be used in variety of applications for stress wave management, e.g., in addition to match the impedance of the resulting composite to that of its surrounding medium to minimize (or essentially eliminate) stress wave reflection.     

考虑可制造性约束的声子晶体多目标拓扑优化

对声子晶体进行拓扑优化可得到具有目标带隙特性的声子晶体结构, 在减振、隔声等领域具有潜在应用价值. 然而, 优化结果常会出现孤立材料单元而导致的制造困难问题. 针对该问题, 本文提出协同考虑带隙性能和可制造性约束的二维多相声子晶体多目标拓扑优化方法. 以在特定频率段带隙最宽和结构质量最小为优化目标, 在对微结构进行连通性分析的基础上, 引入考虑可制造性因素的附加约束, 并利用有限元法和具有精英选择策略的非支配排序遗传算法对该优化模型进行数值求解. 通过数值算例验证了本文模型及方法的合理性和有效性. 结果表明, 附加可制造性约束的拓扑优化模型可有效避免二维声子晶体构型中出现孤立材料单元的情况, 优化结果在满足带隙性能预期指标的同时也可兼顾到实际可制造性要求. 与仅仅考虑带隙性能的单目标优化结果相比, 本文提出的同时兼顾带隙性能和可制造因素的多目标优化模型可以针对实际应用和制造条件, 实现不同目标间的平衡, 具有显著优势和良好的应用前景.      

Theoretical investigation of the behavior of an acoustic metamaterial with extreme Young's modulus

A mechanical model with local resonators is proposed as an acoustic metamaterial that exhibits an unusual frequency-dependent effective stiffness. If treated as an equivalent elastic solid, its effective Young's modulus can become unbounded or vanishingly small at two respective frequencies. Moreover, in a certain frequency range, the effective Young's modulus would become negative, resulting in a band gap that coincides with this frequency range. The wave attenuation behavior and mechanism are studied through numerical simulations on the acoustic metamaterial model. The capability of the metamaterial to selectively block or filter unwanted waves is demonstrated by a numerical simulation example.     

Simulation-based conceptual design of an acoustic metamaterial with full band gap using an air-based 1-3 piezoelectric composite for ultrasonic noise control

This paper aims at proposing a novel type of acoustic metamaterials with complete band gap composed of piezoelectric rods with square array as inclusions embedded in an air background (matrix). A modified plane wave expansion method accompanied with the principles of the Bloch–Floquet method with electromechanical coupling effect and also impedance spectra are used to get a band frequency and to investigate the passband for the selected cut of piezoelectric rods. We investigate both the electromechanical coupling coefficient and mechanical quality factor and their dependency to passband and bandwidth, which depends on both the density and the wave impedance of the matrix and the inclusions (rods). The ratio of the volume of inclusion to the matrix is used to define the fill factor or the so-called inclusion ratio, to introduce the bandwidth as a function of that. Furthermore, the fabrication method is presented in this paper. The results make a suitable foundation for design purposes and may develop an inherently passive ultrasonic noise control. In addition, the results provide the required guidance for a simulation-based design of elastic wave filters or wave guide that might be useful in high-precision mechanical systems operated in certain frequency ranges and switches made of piezoelectric materials; they also propose a novel type of elastic metamaterials, which is independent of the wave direction and has an equal sensitivity in all directions in which it reacts omnidirectionally and mitigates the occupational noise exposure.     

超材料混凝土的带隙特征及对冲击波的衰减效应

借鉴超材料的研究思路,在混凝土中引入谐振骨料,设计出具有消波特性的超材料混凝土。首先,通过结构动力学方法计算超材料混凝土的有效质量,从而建立了超材料混凝土带隙起始频率及截止频率的简化模型,并给出了带隙起始频率及截止频率的理论表达式。然后,分析了涂层弹性模量、芯柱密度、基体密度、骨料体积占比和芯柱边长与软涂层厚度比对超材料混凝土带隙特征的影响。最后,采用数值模拟的方法,对比了超材料混凝土和普通混凝土对冲击波的衰减效应。研究结果表明:(1)低弹性模量涂层能够形成低频带隙,但带隙宽度较窄,而高弹性模量涂层能够形成较宽的带隙,但带隙起始频率较高;(2)通过选择高密度芯柱材料和低密度基体材料,可以得到低频、宽带隙特征;(3)通过增大骨料体积占比和芯柱边长与软涂层厚度比可以实现扩宽带隙的目的;(4)与普通混凝土相比,超材料混凝土对冲击波具有更好的衰减作用。     

最优二维固/固声子晶体带隙特性研究

声子晶体是一种具有弹性波带隙特性的周期性复合材料,其带隙特性受单胞拓扑形状的影响。通过拓扑优化技术,能够突破传统设计方法的局限,实现对声子晶体的主动设计。本文基于遗传算法和改进的平面波展开法,通过两阶段的优化过程,得到具有最大相对带隙的二维铜/环氧树脂声子晶体结构,并进一步研究不同带隙最优声子晶体单胞拓扑形状及其带隙特性。结果表明,利用所开发的带隙优化程序,能够得到满足带隙要求的具有全局最优的声子晶体结构;声子晶体最低带隙所对应的单胞是简单晶格结构,其散射体形状简单,而且对应的带隙频率最低,相对带隙最大,对于隔音减振最有实用价值。     

基于微形态模型的颗粒材料中波的频散现象研究

基于颗粒材料冲击与波动响应特性的调控波传播行为的超材料设计受到广泛关注,设计这类材料需要对颗粒材料的波传播机制及调控机理有深入认识. 波在颗粒材料中传播的频散现象及频率带隙等行为与材料的非均匀性密切相关,通常讨论频散现象是基于弹性理论框架建立微结构连续体或高阶梯度连续体等广义连续体模型来进行. 本研究基于细观力学给出了一个颗粒材料的微形态连续体模型. 在该模型中,考虑了颗粒的平动和转动,且颗粒间的相对运动分解为两部分:即宏观平均运动和细观真实运动. 基于此分解,提出了一个完备的变形模式,得到了对应于不同应变及颗粒间运动的宏细观本构关系. 结合宏观变形能的细观变形能求和表达式,获得了基于细观量表示的宏观本构模量. 应用所建议模型考察了波在弹性颗粒介质的传播行为,给出了不同形式的波的频散曲线,结果显示此模型具有预测频率带隙的能力.      

Local resonance phononic band gaps in modified two-dimensional lattice materials

In this paper,modified two-dimensional periodic lattice materials with local resonance phononic bandgaps are designed and investigated.The design concept isto introduce some auxiliary structures into conventional periodic lattice materials.Elastic wave propagation in this kindof modified two-dimensional lattice materials is studied using a combination of Bloch’s theorem with finite elementmethod.The calculated frequency band structures of illustrative modified square lattice materials reveal the existenceof frequency band gaps in the low frequency region due tothe introduction of the auxiliary structures.The mechanismunderlying the occurrence of these frequency band gaps isthoroughly discussed and natural resonances of the auxiliarystructures are validated to be the origin.The effect of geometric parameters of the auxiliary structures on the width ofthe local resonance phononic band gaps is explored.Finally,a conceptual broadband vibration-insulating structure basedon the modified lattice materials is designed and its capability is demonstrated.The present work is anticipated to beuseful in designing structures which can insulate mechanicalvibrations within desired frequency ranges.     

分级周期梁结构的振动带隙特性优化研究

针对分级周期梁结构,进行了振动带隙特性优化研究,以期提高结构的减振性能.采用谱元法计算分级周期梁的频响曲线,并结合传递矩阵法计算结构的色散关系,将两种方法相结合来研究结构的振动带隙特性.构建带隙占比函数作为优化目标函数,将单胞结构的尺寸作为优化参数进行带隙特性优化.经过优化,使得在研究频段内带隙特性大大提高.通过与有限...     

A physical perspective of the length scales in gradient elasticity through the prism of wave dispersion

The goal of this study is to understand the physical meaning and evaluate the intrinsic length scale parameters, featured in the theories of gradient elasticity, by deploying the analytical treatment and experimental measurements of the dispersion of elastic waves. The developments are focused on examining the propagation of longitudinal waves in an aluminum rod with periodically varying cross-section. First, the analytical solution for the dispersion relationship, based on the periodic cell analysis of a bi-layered laminate and Bloch theorem, is compared to two competing models of gradient elasticity. It is shown that the customary gradient elastic model with two length-scale parameters is able to capture the dispersion accurately up to the beginning of the first band gap. On the other hand, the gradient elastic model with an additional length scale (affiliated with the fourth-order time derivative in the field equation) is shown to capture not only the first dispersion branch before the band gap, but also the band gap itself and the preponderance of the second branch. Closed form relations between the microstructure parameters and the intrinsic length scales are obtained for both gradient elasticity models. By way of the asymptotic treatment in the limit of a weak contrast between the laminae, a clear physical meaning and scaling of the length-scale parameters was established in terms of: (i) the microstructure (given by the size of the unit cell and the contrast between the laminae), and (ii) thus induced dispersion relationship (characterized by the location and the width of the band gap). The analysis is verified through an experimental observation of wave dispersion, and wave attenuation within the band gap. A comparison between the analytical treatment, the gradient elastic model with three intrinsic length scales, and experimental measurements demonstrates a good agreement over the range of frequencies considered.     

Topology optimization of piezocomposite resonator for maximizing excitation strength and synthesizing desired eigenmodes

A topology optimization method is proposed for the design of piezocomposite resonator with the aim of maximizing excitation strength and synthesizing desired eigenmodes.The objective function consists of maximizing the electromechanical coupling strength at the mode of interest.The topology layout of a structure with desired eigenmodes is obtained by adding the modal assurance criterion as additional constraint in the topology optimization model.Numerical examples are presented and the results illustrate that aside from maximizing the electromechanical coupling strength,the existing eigenmode of the piezocomposite resonator can be modified to be the desired one at the mode of interest.     

Self-consistent methods in the problem of axial elastic shear wave propagation through fiber composites

Summary Two self-consistent schemes (effective medium method and effective field method) are applied to the problem of monochromatic elastic shear wave propagation through matrix composite materials containing cylindrical unidirected fibers. Dispersion equations of the mean wave field in such composites are derived by both methods. In the long-wave and short-wave ranges, analytical solutions of these equations are obtained and compared with each other, while numerical solutions are constructed for a wide range of frequencies. In particular, velocities and attenuation factors of the mean wave fields obtained by the two methods are compared for various volume concentrations, elastic properties and densities of inclusions in a wide range of frequencies of the incident field. The main discrepancies in the predictions made by the two methods are indicated, analyzed and discussed.     

线黏弹性球面发散应力波的频率响应特性

基于线黏弹性球面波Laplace域的理论解, 得到了不同传播距离处粒子速度、粒子位移、应力、应变等力学量的传递函数。以标准线性固体模型为例, 重点讨论了粒子速度频率响应函数的传播特征, 指出随着传播距离的增加, 粒子速度幅频响应函数的高频响应会低于低频响应, 而在理想弹性条件下, 粒子速度幅频响应函数的高频响应一直高于低频响应。以弹性半径为0.025 m的空腔爆炸为例, 采用Laplace数值逆变换方法对粒子速度波形的演化进行了分析, 给出了粒子速度强间断幅值及粒子速度峰值随传播距离变化的衰减规律曲线, 指出黏弹性介质中粒子速度幅值的衰减曲线介于理想弹性介质中粒子速度幅值衰减曲线和黏弹性介质中粒子速度强间断幅值衰减曲线之间。     

考虑微结构连接性的双尺度结构自然频率拓扑优化

多孔材料因具有轻量化、高孔隙率和减振/散热等优良多物理特性,在航空航天等领域具有广阔应用前景。采用拓扑优化方法对含多种多孔材料的结构进行结构与材料微结构构型一体化设计,有助于获得具有优良力学性能的结构设计。然而,传统逆均匀化微结构设计方法无法确保不同多孔材料微结构之间的连接性,设计结果不具备可制造性。本文面向含多种多孔材料的双尺度结构基频最大化设计问题,考虑不同微结构之间的连接性,协同设计多孔材料的微结构构型及其在宏观尺度下的布局。采用均匀化方法计算多孔材料的宏观等效力学性能,通过对不同多孔材料微结构单胞的边界区域采用相同的拓扑描述确保双尺度优化过程中任意空间排布下不同微结构的连接性,并通过优化算法确定微结构间的连接形式及微结构拓扑。在宏观尺度,提出结合离散材料插值模型和RAMP插值模型RAMP (Rational Approximation of Material Properties)的多孔材料各向异性宏观等效刚度及质量插值模型,获得清晰的多孔材料宏观尺度布局并减轻优化过程中伪振动模态的影响。建立以双尺度结构基频最大化为目标,以材料用量为约束的优化列式,推导灵敏度表达式,并基于梯度优化算法求解双尺度结构拓扑优化问题。数值算例表明,采用本文优化方法能够有效确保基频最大化双尺度结构设计中不同多孔材料微结构之间的连接性,增强优化设计结果的可制造性。     

蜂窝材料的弹性波传播特性

通过研究蜂窝材料的弹性波频散关系,分析了其弹性波传播特性. 采用基于小波理论的分析方法,将材料参数和位移均展开为双正交周期小波基函数的形式,利用Bloch定理将波动方程转化为特征值方程,求解该方程得到3种典型结构------正方、三角与六角排列的铝(Al)和聚丙烯(PP)蜂窝材料的频散关系,并进行了比较分析. 结果显示:结构形式的不同显著地影响其波动特性,而制作材料的不同则没有影响;3种结构形式都不存在完全带隙,但正方和三角形结构在一定的传播方向范围内存在方向带隙,而六角形结构则在任何方向都不存在方向带隙;与正方结构相比,三角结构在相同孔隙率下,在更广的传播方向内和更低的频率下,能产生较宽的方向带隙.      

缺陷岩体中弹性波传播的多次散射效应分析

弹性波在岩体中传播时与岩体缺陷相互作用形成复杂的传播图案。为研究缺陷对弹性波多次散射作用的影响,建立了双椭圆缺陷模型,基于Green函数基本解,采用边界积分的计算方法,得到了反映缺陷界面条件的刚度矩阵,分析了弹性波在双椭圆缺陷间的多次散射效应。结果表明：与单椭圆缺陷模型相比,双缺陷的相互作用使得弹性波频散和衰减效应增强,定量给出了缺陷的影响区域,从而明确了多次散射效应的尺度界限。进一步探讨了弹性波传播的多尺度效应,结果表明频散的Rayleigh峰、Mie峰和衰减的峰值频率同椭圆长轴和入射波波长两个尺度密切相关,存在明确的定量关系。相应的数值模拟结果表明,弹性波和缺陷相互作用在缺陷界面上诱发界面波,该界面波也存在频率相关性,影响了弹性波宏观传播的频散和衰减特征。