100 kA微秒导通时间等离子体断路开关研究

 研制了最大导通电流约为100 kA的微秒导通时间等离子体断路开关,开展了该导通电流下的等离子体断路开关性能实验,得到的负载电流上升时间为54-76 ns,最高开关电压为1.38 MV,最高电压倍增系数达到4.9。建立了导通阶段开关区等离子体运动的二维雪耙模型,初步数值模拟结果表明,该模型对目前开展的实验有较好的预估能力。     

基于磁开关和带状线的长脉冲超低阻抗脉冲发生器(英文)

设计了一台基于磁开关和带状线的超低阻抗长脉冲脉冲发生器。设计输出脉冲电压20kV,电流40kA,脉宽230ns,由初级储能系统、脉冲变压器、磁开关、带状脉冲形成线、轨道开关和负载组成。脉冲发生器的关键设备是40kV级磁开关,它能将40kV,10μs的脉冲压缩为40kV,2μs的脉冲;超低阻抗卷绕型带状脉冲形成线,其特性阻抗0.5Ω,电长度115ns,由铜带和聚酯薄膜卷绕而成,为全固态化脉冲形成线。在大功率匹配负载上得到了电压17.8kV,电流35.6kA,脉宽约270ns的准方波脉冲。实验结果与理论计算及数值模拟结果基本一致。     

平板Blumlein线多通道轨道开关

 设计制作了一个有多通道连接的类似轨道的平行电极结构的开关,给出了开关的结构,对开关内的电场分布做出分析,利用Pspice软件对安装在实验装置中的开关的电压电流进行了计算。实验测得此开关在实验系统中耐压约为500 kV,导通时通过阻值为1 kΩ的水电阻负载的电流为400 A左右。实验所得电压电流波形与模拟结果基本吻合。实验证明此开关具有体积小、更适于平板传输线的结构等优点。     

GBH-1单匝二倍压回路放电的短路技术

在快收缩等离子体物理实验装置中,储能电容器通过起动开关、传输电缆和集电板对负载线圈脉冲放电.由于在这样的脉冲回路中, ,所以负载内的电流是衰减振荡的.这一振荡过程使等离子体的平衡和稳定受到不利影响.为了减少这种影响,往往采用箝位电路即短路回路,使负载内的电流由振荡的变成单向的,从而延长等离子体的约束时间,提高等离子体的电子温度. 进行单匝二倍压回路短路实验.是为了研究GBH-1高比压环形等离子体物理实验装置上使用场畸变短路开关的可行性.实验结果证明,二倍压短路回路可获得较长的衰减时间(～100μs)和较小的纹波系数(～15…     

“强光一号”等离子体断路开关及负载的数值计算

 等离子体断路开关（POS）是“强光一号”加速器产生短脉冲γ射线的关键器件之一。应用POS融蚀模型分析了“强光一号”加速器POS与二极管系统的基本工作过程，通过该模型计算获得了POS与二极管系统的总电流以及电子束电流，计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。计算结果表明，“强光一号”POS在工作时并未达到完全磁绝缘状态，其阻抗最终为21.5 Ω，约有60％总电流在二极管负载导通时流过POS，且融蚀模型对POS阻抗增长预测偏高，但由于电流变化较大，二极管负载电压仍能达到4.5 MV左右。     

不同驱动电流和电极尺寸下的等离子体断路开关性能

 开展了驱动电流为45,75和105 kA以及阴极直径分别为Φ20 mm和Φ40 mm下的等离子体断路开关性能实验研究。结果表明：随着发生器驱动电流增加,负载电流上升时间逐渐减小,最高电压倍增系数逐渐增加。与阴极直径为Φ20 mm的等离子体开关相比,阴极直径为Φ40 mm的等离子体开关导通时间和负载电流上升时间增加,开关电压和电流转换效率降低。实验获得的最高电压倍增系数和电流转换效率分别为4.9和97%,负载电流上升时间小于100 ns。     

聚龙一号电磁脉冲形成与传输过程的全电路模拟北大核心CSCD

为研究聚龙一号驱动器内部电磁脉冲的形成与传输规律,优化调节其运行状态,获得满足负载设计需求的电流波形,建立了描述驱动器各关键部件充放电过程的全电路数值模拟程序。该程序与负载动力学程序耦合模拟,能够在一定范围内得到与实验结果符合较好的电压和电流波形。在典型的丝阵Z箍缩实验条件下,模拟分析了各段水介质传输线上电磁脉冲宽度逐级压缩,功率逐级放大的过程,驱动器充压65kV时,大约1MJ的电磁能量传输到绝缘堆位置。在典型的磁驱动准等熵压缩实验条件下,模拟分析了激光触发气体开关对驱动器24路模块分时放电的控制过程,模拟的O121发实验负载区电流上升时间（0～100％）为450FIS、峰值约6MA。     

Z箍缩直线变压器驱动源原型模块设计

介绍了用于Z箍缩驱动器的快脉冲直线型变压器驱动源(LTD)原型模块设计和初步实验结果。该模块采用32个子块并联,每个子块由两台100kV/100nF脉冲电容器和一只200kV多间隙气体开关串联组成。32只开关由4路高压脉冲分别触发。模块直径为2.9m,厚度约27cm。电路模拟结果表明,在±90kV充电电压下,输出电流幅值为1.0MA,电流上升时间(10%~90%)约118.6ns。初步实验结果表明,在约90mΩ近似匹配电阻负载上获得的电流为995kA,上升时间(10%~90%)为120.8ns,脉冲宽度约335.2ns。实验结果与电路模拟结果较为接近。     

容性耦合射频氩等离子体放电诊断研究及仿真模拟

针对中等气压、中等功率下射频容性耦合(CCRF)等离子体的放电特性,采用基于流体模型的COMSOL软件仿真,建立一维等离子体放电模型,以Ar为工作气体,研究同一气压时不同射频输入功率下等离子体电子温度和电子密度的分布规律。同时依据仿真模型设计制作相同尺寸的密闭玻璃腔体和平板电极,实验测量了不同射频输入功率时放电等离子体的有效电流电压及发射光谱,进而计算等离子体的电子温度及电子密度;利用玻耳兹曼双线测温法,得到光谱法下等离子体的电子温度及电子密度。结果表明:当气体压强为250 Pa、输入功率为100~450 W时,等离子体电压电流呈线性关系,电子密度随功率的增大而增大,而电子温度并未随功率的变化而有明显变化,其与功率无关。运用仿真模拟验证了实验的准确性,通过比较,三种方法所得的结果相近。通过结合等效回路法、光谱法和数值模拟仿真法初步诊断出中等气压下等离子体的放电参数,提出了结合三种方法作为实验研究的方法,使实验结果更具说服力,证明其方法的可靠性,也为进一步的等离子体特性研究提供依据。     

基于半导体断路开关的8 MW,10 kHz脉冲发生器

 功率器件半导体断路开关具有高重复频率工作能力。采用高速绝缘栅双极晶体管组件作为初级充电回路的主开关,建立了一台工作频率为10 kHz的脉冲发生器。脉冲发生器采用磁饱和脉冲变压器、磁开关及高压脉冲电容器组等固态器件进行两级脉冲压缩,产生小于100 ns的电流脉冲,对半导体断路开关进行泵浦,半导体断路开关反向截断泵浦电流在负载上产生高压脉冲输出。实验装置在电阻负载上得到了脉冲输出功率约为8.6 MW,脉冲宽度约10 ns,重复频率10 kHz的高压脉冲输出。     

Energetic electron and ion beam generation in plasma openingswitches

In this paper, we present measurements of ion and electron flows in a nanosecond plasma opening switch (NPOS) and a microsecond plasma opening switch (MPOS), performed using charge collectors. In both experiments, an electron flow toward the anode, followed by an ion flow, were observed to propagate downstream toward the load side of the plasma during the plasma opening switch (POS) conduction. In the MPOS, ion acceleration was observed to propagate axially through the entire plasma. These results are in satisfactory agreement with the predictions of the electron magnetohydrodynamics (EHMD) theory and the results of fluid and particle-in-cell (PIC) code simulations. At the beginning of the POS opening, a high-current density (≈2 kA/cm²) short-duration (10-30 ns) axial ion flow downstream toward the load was observed in both experiments, with an electron beam in front of it. These ions are accelerated at the load side of the plasma and are accompanied by comoving electrons. In the NPOS, the ion energy reaches 1.35 MeV, whereas in the MPOS, the ion energy does not exceed 100 keV. We suggest that in the NPOS the dominant mechanism for the axial ion acceleration is collective acceleration by the space charge of the electron beam, while in the MPOS, axial ion acceleration is probably governed by the Hall field in the current carrying plasma     

The Jon Beam Opening Switch

Plasma opening switches (POS's) have shown excellent characteristics in pulsed power applications. Proposed POS scaling predicts that the fastest opening time for a given conducted current should occur using a high-velocity low-density plasma as the switch medium. The ion beam opening switch (IBOS) uses a charge-neutral ion beam of 100-300 kV, ? 120 A/cm2 as the switch "plasma." Its velocity of up to 600 cm/?s and density of ~1012/cm3 make this a very fast low-density plasma compared with typical 10 cm/?s and 1013/cm3 POS plasmas. The IBOS has conducted ? 70 kA flowing in a parallel-plate transmission line driven by a 4-? pulser. IBOS opening time is load dependent, being ? 4 ns into a 15-nH load and about twice as long into a 4-? electron diode load. However, switch impedance is not zero during the entire conduction time, rising to ? 3 ? by the time of peak current. Peak current conducted before opening does not vary linearly with either injected ion current or switch axial length. Instead, the conduction current scales with plasma density in the switch, and is nearly independent of switch area until the area is restricted to a narrow (~1 cm) strip.     

Plasma density evolution in plasma opening switch obtained by a time-resolved sensitive He-Ne interferometer

To understand the formation process of vacuum gap in coaxial microsecond conduction time plasma opening switch (POS), we have made measurements of the line-integrated plasma density during switch operation using a time-resolved sensitive He-Ne interferometer. The conduction current and conduction time in experiments are about 120 kA and 1 μs, respectively. As a result, more than 85% of conduction current has been transferred to an inductive load with rise time of 130 ns. The radial dependence of the density is measured by changing the radial location of the line-of-sight for shots with the same nominal POS parameters. During the conduction phase, the line-integrated plasma density in POS increases at all radial locations over the gun-only case by further ionization of material injected from the guns. The current conduction is observed to cause a radial redistribution of the switch plasma. A vacuum gap forms rapidly in the plasma at 5.5 mm from the center conductor, which is consistent with the location where magnetic pressure is the largest, allowing current to be transferred from the POS to the load.     

Simulations of a Plasma Flow Switch

In a portion of the experimental program using the SHIVA Star capacitor bank at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory (AFWL), a cylindrical foil load is imploded using an inductive store and a plasma flow switch. We have performed a number of two-dimensional simulations of the switch and load using the MHD code MACH2. In addition to explaining the data from the first series of experiments, the simulations led to design modifications of the basic plasma flow switch that resulted in improved current delivery and in enhanced radiation yield. The experimental results are reported in a companion paper by Degnan et al. The key modification was closing portions of the vane structure. The switch must be sealed shut or else substantial current will flow in the diffuse gas that is ablated from the walls of the switch barrel.     

Plasma-opening-switch-based repetitive generator

Operation peculiarities of the RS-20 generator based on the plasma opening switch (POS) including its repetitive operation capabilities are reviewed. They are: limited current value, gas emission, pulsed heat loads, etc. The feasibility of a POS with maximum impedance and relatively low (100 kA and lower) drive current is being investigated. The evolution of the POS design used in the repetitive X-ray generator RS-20 is presented in various schemes. The “reflecting” scheme has a variable anode transparency in the direction of the load and another scheme uses an external pulsed magnetic field. The paper describes a combined X-ray converter having a multilayer structure: a thin layer of fine-grained tungsten is placed between two layers of carbon film. The progress achieved in improvement of the RS-20 main units (Marx Generator, Plasma Opening Switch, X-ray Converter) made it possible to increase their lifetime to more than 10⁷ pulses without replacement     

Plasma opening switch research for DECADE

Plasma opening switch (POS) research for the DECADE radiation effects test facility is reviewed. This research was first performed on a half-scale generator, DECADE Prototype Module 1, and indicated the importance of the POS electrode geometry to obtain the required impedance at appropriate conduction times. It also was demonstrated that the conduction time jitter was suitable for a multimodule system. Preliminary experiments at full energy were then conducted on DECADE Module 1 that indicated significant current loss when using a bremsstrahlung load, limiting the output radiation to about half of the DECADE requirement. These results initiated an effort to thoroughly diagnose the power-flow region downstream of the switch, an effort that ultimately provided improved understanding of POS operation and improved coupling to bremsstrahlung loads. At the conclusion of this effort, it had been demonstrated that it is possible for the POS-driven system to meet the DECADE requirements     

The Application of a Plasma Erosion Opening Switch to a Nanosecond Generator at the Power Level of 1010 W

This paper is devoted to experimental studies of a short-pulse (80 ns) inductive system with a coaxial plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS), operating at the 2-5 × 1010 W level. Scalings of the PEOS and ion diode characteristics with different parameters (PEOS plasma density and velocity, PEOS electrode geometry, load impedance, type and strength of an external magnetic field) were carried out. It was seen that for the most efficient energy and power switching to the load by the PEOS, the following conditions are preferable: high velocity and low density of the plasma flow, negative polarity of the inner PEOS electrode, coincidence of the switch current and injected plasma flow directions, the absence of an external magnetic field, and the presence of an additional self-field in the PEOS region. Power enhancement of a factor of 3 and pulse shortening by a factor of 2 were obtained under optimal conditions.     

Interferometry of flashboard and cable-gun plasma opening switcheson Hawk

Interferometry of plasma opening switch (POS) plasmas on the Hawk generator has shown many important features of the plasma evolution during conduction and opening. Opening occurs when a low-density region forms at a radial location determined by plasma redistribution during the conduction phase, consistent with J×B forces and the measured plasma distributions produced by the sources alone. High neutral densities have been detected in the POS region during conduction. Low-density plasma appears between the POS and the load at the time current appears in the load, and high-density plasmas appear there later in time. There are two important differences between the density evolution of POS's utilizing flashboard and cable-gun plasma sources. 1) There is a substantial (two-three times) increase in the electron inventory during conduction using cable guns that is not detected using flashboards. This is attributed, primarily, to ionization of ions and neutrals for the cable-gun case. 2) The conduction scaling with plasma density implies that the cable-gun POS has an effective ion mass/charge ratio about double that for the flashboard POS