Organic Reactions in Microdroplets: Reaction Acceleration Revealed by Mass Spectrometry

The striking finding that reaction acceleration occurs in confined‐volume solutions sets up an apparent conundrum: Microdroplets formed by spray ionization can be used to monitor the course of bulk‐phase reactions and also to accelerate reactions between the reagents in such a reaction. This Minireview introduces droplet and thin‐film acceleration phenomena and summarizes recent methods applied to study accelerated reactions in confined‐volume, high‐surface‐area solutions. Conditions that dictate either simple monitoring or acceleration are reconciled in the occurrence of discontinuous and complete desolvation as the endpoint of droplet evolution. The contrasting features of microdroplet and bulk‐solution reactions are described together with possible mechanisms that drive reaction acceleration in microdroplets. Current applications of droplet microreactors are noted as is reaction acceleration in confined volumes and possible future scale‐up.     

化学反应动力学在有机合成条件优化中的应用

影响有机合成选择性和收率的因素主要包括反应机理、反应温度、立体效应、副反应等。由于缺乏相关数据和方法,一般很难对反应的影响因素（如溶剂和反应温度）进行理论预测,这使得合成路线的优化非常繁琐耗时。本论文基于反应的可能机理,在估算活化能的基础上,利用物理化学原理对温度的影响进行了讨论。结果表明,运用物理化学原理进行简单分析即可对有机合成路线的优化提供有益的理论指导。     

温度和时间对有机合成反应影响的探讨

根据物理化学和有机合成原理,从动力学、热力学、反应机理及溶解度等各方面详细分析了反应温度和反应时间对有机合成反应的影响。通过这些分析,可以让同学们更好地在合成反应课程的学习中掌握和分析反应温度和反应时间对反应的影响。     

Selective Synthesis in Microdroplets of 2-Phenyl-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione from Phenyl Hydrazine with Phthalic Anhydride or Phthalic Acid

Pyridazine derivatives are privileged structures because of their potential biological and optical properties. Traditional synthetic methods usually require acid or base as a catalyst under reflux conditions with reaction times ranging from hours to a few days or require microwave assistance to induce the reaction. Herein, this work presents the accelerated synthesis of a pyridazine derivative, 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione (PDHP), in electrosprayed microdroplets containing an equimolar mixture of phenyl hydrazine and phthalic anhydride or phthalic acid. This reaction occurred on the submillisecond timescale with good yield (over 90 % with the choice of solvent) without using an external catalyst at room temperature. In sharp contrast to the bulk reaction of obtaining a mixture of two products, the reaction in confined microdroplets yields only the important six-membered heterocyclic product PDHP. Results indicated that surface reactions in microdroplets with low pH values cause selectivity, acceleration, and high yields.     

光诱导电子转移反应在有机合成中的应用

对近十年来报道的在有机合成中有重要意义的光诱导电子转移反应做了简要的总结. 包括六个部分: (1)光诱导电子转移(PET)反应的基本原理, (2) PET诱导的自由基离子裂解和去保护基反应, (3) PET诱导的加成和环加成反应, (4) PET诱导的环化反应和串联环化反应, (5)不对称PET反应, (6)微反应器中的PET反应.     

串联反应的有机合成应用新进展

串联反应具有无需分离中间体、产率高等优点. 综述了最近几年加成(尤其是Michael加成)、取代、环化、重排等串联反应类型在有机合成中, 特别是在不对称合成及杂环体系合成中的应用.     

Accelerating Electrochemical Reactions in a Voltage-Controlled Interfacial Microreactor

Microdroplet chemistry is attracting increasing attention for accelerated reactions at the solution–air interface. We report herein a voltage-controlled interfacial microreactor that enables acceleration of electrochemical reactions which are not observed in bulk or conventional electrochemical cells. The microreactor is formed at the interface of the Taylor cone in an electrospray emitter with a large orifice, thus allowing continuous contact of the electrode and the reactants at/near the interface. As a proof-of-concept, electrooxidative C−H/N−H coupling and electrooxidation of benzyl alcohol were shown to be accelerated by more than an order of magnitude as compared to the corresponding bulk reactions. The new electrochemical microreactor has unique features that allow i) voltage-controlled acceleration of electrochemical reactions by voltage-dependent formation of the interfacial microreactor; ii) “reversible” electrochemical derivatization; and iii) in situ mechanistic study and capture of key radical intermediates when coupled with mass spectrometry.     

烯反应在有机合成方面的新进展

烯反应是新近被用于有机合成的简单而重要的反应。本文主要论述了烯反应在有机合成方面的研究现状和发展趋势,着重讨论了目标分子合成中有机化学家所感兴趣的某些策略问题。     

The Role of the Interface in Thin Film and Droplet Accelerated Reactions Studied by Competitive Substituent Effects

Based on a study of competitive substituent effects in a Claisen–Schmidt reaction, interfacial effects have been shown to play an important role in accelerated reactions that occur in thin films and droplets. A role for the interface in an accelerated C?C bond‐formation reaction between 6hydroxy‐1‐indanone and aromatic aldehydes is indicated by cooperative interactions between p‐methylbenzaldehyde and p‐nitrobenzaldehyde. Additional acceleration over that occurring in bulk reactions is seen for p‐methylbenzaldehyde, but only in the presence of p‐nitrobenzaldehyde. A decrease in the degree of acceleration is detected when the reaction is forced electrostatically to occur inside the thin film, and the interface is shown to participate in the accelerated reactions. This experimental evidence for interfacial thin film and droplet acceleration supports a recent model and builds on earlier work which locates molecules within evaporating droplets in electrosprays.     

铟试剂促进的水相化学反应及其在有机合成中的应用

金属铟在空气中不会被氧化,在水中也很稳定,而且无毒,易被制成各种铟盐和有机铟试剂并参与化学反应。铟盐与其他Lewis酸相比也具有良好的水相稳定性。由于铟具有低的亲杂性,在反应过程中大多数官能团都不受影响,因而铟试剂成为有机合成中常用的导向试剂,受到了人们极大的关注。本文综述了近年来金属铟、铟盐及有机铟试剂参与的水相化学反应,介绍了铟试剂促进的一些新型反应的特点和优势及在有机合成中的应用,总结了水相中铟试剂参与化学反应的最新进展,提出了铟试剂今后研究和发展的重点和方向。     

Direct analysis of anabolic steroids in urine using Leidenfrost phenomenon assisted thermal desorption-dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry

Rapid detection of trace level anabolic steroids in urine is highly desirable to monitor the consumption of performance enhancing anabolic steroids by athletes. The present article describes a novel strategy for identifying the trace anabolic steroids in urine using Leidenfrost phenomenon assisted thermal desorption (LPTD) coupled to dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ionization mass spectrometry. Using this method the steroid molecules are enriched within a liquid droplet during the thermal desorption process and desorbed all-together at the last moment of droplet evaporation in a short time domain. The desorbed molecules were ionized using a dielectric barrier discharge ion-source in front of the mass spectrometer inlet at open atmosphere. This process facilitates the sensitivity enhancement with several orders of magnitude compared to the thermal desorption at a lower temperature. The limits of detection (LODs) of various steroid molecules were found to be in the range of 0.05–0.1 ng mL⁻¹ for standard solutions and around two orders of magnitude higher for synthetic urine samples. The detection limits of urinary anabolic steroids could be lowered by using a simple and rapid dichloromethane extraction technique. The analytical figures of merit of this technique were evaluated at open atmosphere using suitable internal standards. The technique is simple and rapid for high sensitivity and high throughput screening of anabolic steroids in urine.     

Intramolecular Ene Reactions in Organic Synthesis

Thermal cyclizations of appropriate dienes, enynes and related unsaturated systems, some of them carried out on an industrial scale, demonstrate increasingly the preparative power of the intramolecular ene reaction. A variety of substituted, fused and bridged ring systems, including natural products, are thus easily accessible in a regio- and stereo-selective manner. Numerous examples are discussed systematically illustrating the possibilities, limitations, and common features of this cyclization reaction and its reverse ring-opening process.     

不对称有机合成和反应的分类

不对称有机合成和反应是制备对映纯化合物的方法之一,它具有广泛而不同的含义。对基于反应产物的“立体选择合成”,基于反应物的“立体辨别反应”和“去对称”以及基于不对称诱导方式的“代”分类方法作了介绍和评述。另外,对几个与不对称合成有关的制备对映纯化合物的方法也作了阐述。对“双重不对称合成”的立体化学,以Michael反应为例进行了讨论。参考文献34篇。     

Asymmetric Diels-Alder and Ene Reactions in Organic Synthesis. New Synthetic Methods (48)

Rapidly accumulating evidence shows the value of asymmetric Diels-Alder and ene reactions for the syntheses of enantiomerically pure molecules. This article presents a systematic and critical treatment of various stereoface-differentiating principles, including very recent spectacular advances. The chiral information is mainly provided by covalently bound auxiliaries, some of which are crystalline, inexpensive, and readily available from naturally occurring monoterpenes, hydroxy acids, amino acids, steroids, and sugars. Non-destructive transfer of chirality leads to the efficient creation of up to four chiral centers with predictable relative and absolute configurations. Regenerative cleavage of the auxilary group from the diastereomerically pure adducts furnishes a range of polyfunctional, optically pure building blocks. Their synthetic potential is illustrated by strategic applications to the syntheses of physiologically interesting, chiral natural products such as prostaglandins, antibiotics, terpenoids, shikimic acid, alkaloids, and kainoids.     

三氯化铈促进的反应及其在有机合成中的应用

综述了近年来三氯化铈促进的多种有机反应及其在有机合成中的应用, 其中重点讨论了三氯化铈促进下的碳—碳原子键、碳—杂原子键的形成反应以及多种保护基团的选择性脱保护反应等.     

Synthesis and thermal decomposition of ditetrazol-5-ylamine

Ditetrazol-5-ylamine (DTA) was synthesized from cyanuric chloride in four steps. The thermal decomposition of DTA in the solid state was studied by thermogravimetry, volumetry, mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and calorimetry. Under isothermal conditions at 200–242 °C, thermal decomposition obeys the first order autocatalytic kinetics. The kinetic and activation parameters of DTA decomposition were determined. The composition of gaseous reaction products and the structure of condensed residue were studied. The thermal effect of thermal DTA decomposition is 281.4 kJ mol⁻¹. The nitrogen content in a mixture of gaseous products formed by the reaction in a temperature interval of 200–242 °C exceeds 97 vol.%. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1660–1664, July, 2005.     

固相有机合成中钯催化的交叉偶联反应研究进展

过渡金属钯催化交叉偶联反应是形成碳一碳键的一种十分有效的方法,因此钯催化的C—C偶联反应引起了更多人们的广泛关注,并发展了多种不同的C—C偶联反应,包括Heck反应、Negishi反应、Suzuki偶联和Stille偶联等。固相有机合成具有反应条件温和、可使多种活性官能团兼容、受空间位阻影响小、具有高度的化学选择性、毒...     

电喷雾电离质谱鉴定合成莱克多巴胺的副反应产物

采用电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)结合碰撞诱导解离(CA)技术分析了合成莱克多巴胺(Ractopamine)产品溶液中目标化合物和副反应产物。根据一级和二级质谱图确定了反应副产物的化学结构,4种副产物分别为Ractopamine脱去水分子、再氢化及烃羟基甲醚化和乙醚化而形成的。质谱方法提供的分子量、分子结构信息对改进反应条件、减少副反应发生、提高产品收率具有指导作用。     

有机反应中的极性转化方法

极性转换方法是一种重要的有机合成新方法 ,对极性转换的概念和应用作了论述 ,并对一些极性转换的新技术作了简介     

水相中一些有机合成反应的研究进展

水作为有机合成反应的介质具有价廉、安全、无污染、产物易于分离等优点. 综述了近年来水介质中一些有机合成反应的研究进展, 这些反应包括氧化、还原、烯丙基化、环加成、克来森、迈克尔、维悌希、缩合、偶联、自由基、有机光化学、取代等.